BASIC ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1 Introduction

Workers such as electricians, apprentices,

power line workers, and other groups of
employees work directly with electricity and
may be exposed to dangerous conditions if
adequate precautions are not taken. When
shortcuts are taken and safe procedures are not
followed, loss of life, permanent disfigurement,
lost work time, increased worke
compensation costs, and lawsuits can occur

Electricity can kill or severely injure people and cause damage to property. Every year many
accidents at work involving electric shock or burns are reported. Most of the fatal incidents are
caused due to contact with overhead power lines. Even non-fatal shocks can cause severe
and permanent injury. For example, shocks from faulty equipment may lead to falls from
ladders, scaffolds or other work platforms. Those using or working with electricity may not be
the only ones at risk poor electrical installations and faulty electrical appliances can lead to
fire, which may also cause death or injury to others. Most of these accidents can be avoided
by careful planning and straightforward precautions.

2 Electricity

Though we cannot see electricity, we are aware of issues in countless ways. We cannot taste
or smell electricity, but we can feel it (when it converted to any other form of energy).

Basically, there are two kinds of electricity - static (stationary) and dynamic (moving). We
discuss about dynamic electricity because that is the kind commonly put to use. Electricity
(dynamic) is characterized by the flow of electrons through a conductor. To understand this
phenomenon, elementary idea about chemical elements and atoms needs to be known.

Elements and Atoms

Elements are the most basic of materials. Every known substance - solid, liquid, or gas - is
composed of elements. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains all the

35 | P a g e
properties of that element. Each element has its own kind of atom; i.e., all hydrogen atoms
are alike, and they are all different from the atoms of other elements. However, all atoms have
certain things in common. They all have an inner part, the nucleus, composed of tiny particles
called protons and neutrons. An atom also has an outer part. It consists of other tiny particles,
called electrons, which orbit around the nucleus. Neutrons have no electrical charge, but
protons are positively charged. Electrons have a negative charge. The atoms of each element
have a definite number of electrons, and they have the same number of protons. An aluminum
atom, for example, has thirteen of each. The opposite charges - negative electrons and
positive protons - attract each other and tend to hold electrons in orbit. As long as this
arrangement is not changed, an atom is electrically balanced. This is illustrated in the fig. 1.

However, the electrons of some atoms are easily

moved out of their orbits. This ability of electrons to
move or flow is the basis of current electricity. When
electrons leave their orbits, they are referred to as free
electrons. If the movement of free electrons is
channelled in a given direction, a flow of electrons
occurs. As previously stated, the flow of electrons
through a conductor characterizes dynamic electricity. Figure 31: Electron configuration of
Aluminium

Electrical Materials

A material that contains many free electrons and is capable of carrying an electric current is
called a conductor. Metals and (generally) water are conductors. Gold, silver, aluminum and
copper are all good conductors. Materials that contain relatively few free electrons are called
insulators. Non-metallic materials such as wood, rubber, glass and mica are insulators. Fair
conductors include the human body, earth, and concrete.

3 Generating Electricity

There are several ways to produce electricity. Friction, pressure, heat, light, chemical action,
and magnetism are among the more practical methods used to make electrons move along a
conductor.

Now-a-days magnetism is the most inexpensive way of producing electrical power. Because
of the interaction of electricity and magnetism, electricity can be generated economically and
abundantly and electric motors can be used to drive machinery. Electricity is produced when
a magnet is moved past a piece of wire. Or, a piece of wire can be moved through a magnetic
field. A magnetic field, motion, and a piece of wire are needed to produce electricity.

36 | P a g e
 Voltage

A force or pressure must be present before water will flow through a pipeline. Similarly,
electrons flow through a conductor because a force called electromotive force (EMF) is
exerted. The unit of measure for EMF is the volt. The symbol for voltage is the letter E. A
voltmeter is used to measure voltage.

Current

For electrons to move in a particular direction, it is necessary for a potential difference to exist
between two points of the EMF source. The continuous movement of electrons past a given
point is known as current. It is measured in amperes. The symbol for current is the letter I
and for amperes, the letter A. It is sometimes necessary to use smaller units of measurement.
The mill ampere (mA) is used to indicate 1/1000 (0.001) of an ampere. If an even smaller unit
is needed, it is usually the microampere (µA). The microampere is one-millionth of an ampere.

An ammeter is used to measure current in amperes. A micro ammeter or a mill ammeter may
be used to measure smaller units of current.

Ohms Law

proportional to applied potential difference across it

Then we can write Figure 32:Georg Simon Ohm

Where R is the proportionality constant known as

Resistance (OHM). Conductance (G) is the
Figure 33: example of V-I characteristics of Ohms Law
reciprocal of resistance (R). The unit of
conductance is MHO.

37 | P a g e
 Resistance

The movement of electrons along a conductor

meets with some opposition. This opposition is
known as resistance. Resistance can be useful
in electrical work. Resistance makes it possible
to generate heat, control current flow, and supply
the correct voltage to a device. The symbol for Figure 34: Symbol of resistor
resistance is shown in the accompanying figure
37.

In general, resistance in a conductor depends on four factors: the material from which it is
made, the length, the cross-sectional area, and the temperature of the material.

Material: - Different materials have different resistances. Some, such as silver and copper,
have a low resistance, while others, such as iron have a higher resistance.

Length: - For a given material that has a constant cross-sectional area, the total resistance is
proportional to the length. The longer the conductor, the greater the resistance.

Cross-Sectional Area: - Resistance varies inversely with the cross-sectional area of the
conductor. In other words, the resistance decreases as the cross-sectional area increases.

Temperature: - Generally, in metals, the resistance increases as the temperature increases.

For non-metals, the reverse is usually true.

The symbol for resistance is the letter R. Resistance is measured by a unit called the ohm.
) is used as the symbol for electrical resistance.

Direct Current (DC) Circuits

Although alternating current is more commonly used in electrical work, direct current has its
own unique applications and advantages. Direct current always flows in one direction. Some
DC motors, for example, have speed control characteristics that are better in some production
operations. Direct current is used to charge storage batteries, for plating operations, for
aluminium refining, and to operate electromagnetic lifting devices and most welding
equipment.

38 | P a g e
3.5.1 Complete Circuit
A complete circuit is necessary for the
controlled flow or movement of electrons along
a conductor. A complete circuit is made up of a
source of electricity (e.g., battery), a conductor,
and a consuming device (load).

The orientation of the positive (+) and negative

(-) terminals of the battery remains constant. Figure 35: Sample Circuit

Since this voltage polarity does not change, the

electrons flow in one direction. The negatively
charged electrons flow away from the (-)
terminal of the voltage source and toward the
(+) terminal of the voltage source. By
convention, the direction of current flow is the
direction in which positive electricity would move Figure 36: Series circuit (Req= R1 + R2 + R3)

to cause the same effects as are produced by

the actual motion of electricity. Therefore, the
direction of current, as it is usually considered,
is in the opposite direction to the motion of the
electrons.

The movement of the electrons along the

completed path provides energy. If the circuit is Figure 37: parallel Circuit (1/Req=1/ R1 +1/ R2 +1/
so arranged that the electrons have only one R3)

path, the circuit is called a series circuit. If there are two or more paths for electrons, the circuit
is called a parallel circuit.

3.5.2 Open Circuit

An open circuit is one which
does not have a complete path
for electrons to follow.
Therefore, there is no current
flow. Such an incomplete path
is usually brought about by a
loose connection or the
opening of a switch. Figure 38: Open Circuit

39 | P a g e
3.5.3 Short Circuit
A short circuit is one which has a path
of low resistance to electron flow. It is
usually created when a low-resistance
wire is placed across a consuming
device. A greater number of electrons
will flow through the path of least
resistance rather than through the
consuming device. A short circuit
usually generates an excess current Figure 39: Short Circuit

flow which results in overheating, possibly causing a fire or other damage.

4 Basic Electrical Safety Rule

The OSHA regulation regarding electrical safe practices states two very important basic
points. The first is that live parts shall be de-energized before working on or near them. The
second point is that even after the exposed parts have been de-energized, they shall still be
treated as energized until they are locked out and/or tagged out. That is why the Basic Rule
for electrical safe practices procedure is stated as follows;

it conductors, bare or insulated, are assumed to be

energized until proven otherwise. They shall be de-energized, locked out and
tested for the absence of voltage before working on them or working near them.
Work on electrical circuit conductors may only be performed by qualified

As with any procedure, revisions are commonplace. Workers should always check to ensure
they are working from the latest revision when using a procedure. The safest way to avoid
electrical hazards is to de-energize the conductors to be worked on or near, and, assure that
they cannot be re-energized. This is known as putting the conductors in an electrically safe
work condition and should always be your first consideration. An electrically safe work
condition will be achieved and verified by the following process:

1. Determine all possible sources of electrical supply to the specific equipment. Check
applicable up to date drawings, diagrams and identification tags.
2. After properly interrupting the load current, open the disconnecting device(s) for each
source.

40 | P a g e
 3. Where it is possible, visually verify that all blades of the disconnecting devices are fully
open or that draw out type circuit breakers are withdrawn to the fully disconnected
position.
4. Apply lockout/tag out devices in accordance with a documented and established
policy.
5. Use adequately rated voltage detector to test each phase conductor or circuit part to
verify they are de-energized. Before and after each test, ensure that the voltage
detector is operating satisfactorily.
6. Where the possibility of induced voltages or stored electrical energy exists, ground the
phase conductors or circuit parts before touching them. Where it could be reasonably
anticipated that the conductors or circuit parts being de-energized could contact other
exposed energized conductors or circuit parts, apply ground connecting devices rated
for the available fault duty.

Hazards of Electricity

Basically, electrical hazards can be categorized into three types. The first and most commonly
recognized hazard is electrical shock. The second type of hazard is electrical burns and the
third is the effects of blasts which include pressure impact, flying particles from vaporized
conductors and first breath considerations.

5 Hazard Recognition

Cords & Equipment

Power tools and extension cords must be

inspected each time they are used. They
must be taken out of service immediately
upon discovery of worn or broken insulation.
Visually inspect electrical equipment before
each use for damage and/or external defects
such as loose, missing or deformed parts,
pinched or crushed outer jackets or insulation.
This type of external damage may indicate
internal damage to the equipment. Electrical
cords that are worn or damaged must be Figure 40: Damaged Cord
replaced without delay. Before cleaning
electrical equipment, turn it off and unplug it.

41 | P a g e
 Electrical Panels

Electric panels must be kept clear of any

obstructions at all times. Storage is not
allowed in electrical vault or service panel
rooms. Find another place for storage of
materials, products, etc.

Trip Hazards

create
pinch points for cords. If you must run a Figure 41: Electric Panels

cord temporarily across the floor, protect your co-workers by covering the cord appropriately.

Exposed Wiring

Assume all exposed wiring is

energized until proven otherwise.
Stop, protect the area, and contact
supervision if you encounter this
situation.

Power Strips
Figure 42: Exposed Wiring
Never daisy chain multi-outlet strips
(plugging into each other). Junction
boxes, pull boxes, and fittings must
have approved covers in place. Unused
openings in cabinets, boxes, and
fittings must be closed (no missing
knockouts). Report these situations to
your supervisor.
Figure 43: Power Extension Process

Electrical Shock

Electric shock occurs when the human body becomes part of a path through which electrons
can flow. The resulting effect on the body can be either direct or indirect. Shocks can happen
in three ways.

A person may come in contact with both conductors in a circuit.

A person may provide a path between an ungrounded conductor and the ground.

42 | P a g e
 A person may provide a path between the ground and a conducting material that is in
contact with an ungrounded conductor.

The terms high voltage and low voltage are

relative terms. In transmission-line terminology,
"low voltage" is much higher than the 600 volts.
At home, you would not think of 600 volts as being
low voltage. Even when applied to 120-volt
circuits, the term low voltage is deceiving. Some
people think that low voltage means low hazard.
Actually, low voltage does not necessarily mean
low hazard, because potential difference is only
one factor making up the dangerous effects of
electricity. For purposes of this discussion, you
can think of "low voltage" as being a potential
difference of 24-600 volts. The extent of injury
accompanying electric shock depends on three
Figure 44: Electrical shock
factors.

The amount of current conducted through the body.

The path of the current through the body.
The length of time a person is subjected to the current. The amount of the current
depends on the potential difference and the resistance.

The effects of low current on the human body range from a temporary mild tingling sensation
to death. An electric shock can injure you in either or both of the following.

A severe shock can stop the heart or the breathing muscles, or both.
The heating effects of the current can cause severe burns, especially at points where
the electricity enters and leaves the body.

Other effects include severe bleeding, breathing difficulty, and ventricular fibrillation. In
addition, you may strike something, or have some other accident as a result of your response
to the shock. The effects of electric current are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Range of currents lasting for 1 second will illicit the following reactions

Current in mili amperes Effects

1 or less No sensation; probably not noticed

43 | P a g e
 1 to 5 Mild sensation not painful

3 to 5 Painful shock

6 to 30 Painful shock. Muscular control is lost. This is the range were

ramps.

30 to 50 Respiratory paralysis

50 to 150 Extremely painful shock, respiratory arrest, (breathing stops)

and severe muscle contractions.

150 to 1000 Ventricular Fibrillation

1000 to 4300 (1A-4.3A) Arrhythmic heart pumping action, muscles contract, and nerve
damage occurs. Death is likely.

10,000+ milliamps (10 A) Cardiac arrest and tissues beings to burns. Heart muscles
cramp and heart stops beating. Death is probable.

5.6.1 Effects of Electrical Current on the Human Body

Current is the killing factor in electrical
shock. Voltage is important only in that it
determines how much current will flow
through a given body resistance. The
current necessary to operate a 10 watt
light bulb is eight to ten times more current
than the amount that would kill a person.
A pressure of 120 volts is enough to cause
a current to flow which is many times
greater than that necessary to kill.

Figure 45: water content in a human body

Table 2: Human Resistance to Electrical Current

TYPE OF RESISTANCE RESISTANCE VALUES

Dry skin 100,000 to 600,000 Ohms
Wet skin 1,000 Ohms
Hand to Foot 400 to 600 Ohms
Ear to Ear 100 Ohms

44 | P a g e
With 120 volts and a skin resistance plus internal resistance totalling 1200 Ohms, we would
have 1/10 ampere electric current that is 100 mill amperes. If skin contact in the circuit is
maintained while the current flows through the skin, the skin resistance gradually decreases.
During this time, proper first aid can mean the difference between life and death. Sufficient
circulation can sometimes be maintained by heart compression, which should always be
supported with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. This combination of treatments is commonly
known as CPR.

The longer the exposure, the increased danger of shock to the victim.
Low voltage can be extremely dangerous because the degree of injury depends not
only on the current, but on the length of time in contact with the circuit.

Example: A current of 100mA applied for 3 seconds is as dangerous as 900mA applied for
0.03 seconds.

High voltages lead to additional injuries such as:

Violent muscular contractions.

o Muscle contractions may cause bone fractures from either contractions or from
falls
Internal bleeding, destruction of tissues, nerves and muscles

Electrocution

Electrocution results when a human is exposed to a lethal amount of electrical energy.

Currents as low as 50mA at 120V have caused death.

Low Voltage does not mean low hazard.

5.7.1 Lethal Effects of Electric Current:

A. Current flow greater than the "let-go" threshold of an individual may cause a person to
collapse, become unconscious and can result in death. The current flow would most
often have to continue for longer than five seconds. Although it may not be possible
to determine the exact cause of death with certainty, asphyxiation or heart failure are
the prime suspects.
B. Current flow through the chest, neck, head or major nerve centers controlling
respiration may result in a failure of the respiratory system. This is usually caused by
a disruption of the nerve impulses between the respiratory control center and the
respiratory muscles. Such a condition is dangerous since it is possible for the
respiratory failure to continue even after the current flow has stopped.

45 | P a g e
 C. The most dangerous condition can occur when fairly small amounts of current flow
through the heart area. Such current flow can cause ventricular fibrillation. This
asynchronous movement of the heart causes the hearts' usual rhythmic pumping
action to cease. Death results within minutes.
D. When relatively large currents flow through the heart area, heart action may be stopped
entirely. If the shock duration is short and no physical damage to the heart has
occurred, the heart may begin rhythmic pumping automatically when the current
ceases.
E. Extensive tissue damage, including internal organ damage due to high temperatures,
occurs when very large currents flow through major portions of the body.
F. There are recorded cases of delayed death after a person has been revived following
an electrical shock. This may occur within minutes, hours or even days after the person
gets shock.

Electrical Burns

The nonfatal injury caused by electrical shock is

known as burn. Burns caused by electricity may be
of three types:

Electrical burns
Arc burns
Thermal contact burns

Electrical burns need to be given immediate

medical attention. It occur when a person touches
electrical wiring or equipment which is not
Figure 46: Electrical Burn
maintained properly. Typically, such burn injuries
occur on the hands. Clothing may catch on fire and a thermal burn may result for the heat of
the fire.

Arc-Blast

Arc-blasts occur from high-amperage currents

arcing through air. This abnormal current flow (arc-
blast) is initiated by contact between two energized
points. This contact can be caused by persons who
have an accident while working on energized
components, or by equipment failure due to fatigue
or abuse. Temperatures as high as 35,000 F have Figure 47: Electrical Arc

46 | P a g e
been recorded in arc-blast research. The three primary hazards associated with an arc-blast
are:

5.9.1 Thermal Radiation.

In most cases, the radiated thermal energy
is only part of the total energy available from
the arc. Numerous factors, including skin
colour, area of skin exposed, type of clothing
have an effect on the degree of injury.
Proper clothing, work distances and
overcurrent protection can improve the
chances of curable burns.
Figure 48: Thermal radiation

5.9.2 Pressure Wave.

A high-energy arcing fault can produce a considerable pressure wave. Research has shown
that a person 2 feet away from a 25 kA arc would experience a force of approximately 480
pounds on the front of their body. In addition, such a pressure wave can cause serious ear
damage and memory loss due to mild concussions.

In some instances, the pressure wave may propel the victim away from the arc-blast, reducing
the exposure to these thermal energy. However, such rapid movement could also cause
serious physical injury.

5.9.3 Projectiles.
The pressure wave can propel relatively large objects over a considerable distance. In some
cases, the pressure wave has sufficient force to snap the heads of 3/8 inch steel bolts and
knock over ordinary construction walls.

The high-energy arc also causes many of the copper and aluminium components in the
electrical equipment to become molten. These "droplets" of molten metal can be propelled
great distances by the pressure wave. Although these droplets cool rapidly, they can still be
above temperatures capable of causing serious burns or igniting ordinary clothing at distances
of 10 feet or more. In many cases, the burning effect is much worse than the injury from
shrapnel effects of the droplets.

5.9.4 Explosions
Explosions occur when electricity provides a source of ignition for an explosive mixture in the
atmosphere. Ignition can be due to overheated conductors or equipment, or normal arcing

47 | P a g e
(sparking) at switch contacts. OSHA standards, the National Electrical Code and related
safety standards have precise requirements for electrical systems and equipment when
applied in such areas.

5.9.5 Fires
Electricity is one of the most common
causes of fire both in the home and
workplace. Defective or misused electrical
equipment is a major cause, with high
resistance connections being one of the
primary sources of ignition. High resistance
connections occur where wires are
improperly spliced or connected to other
components such as receptacle outlets and
switches. This was the primary cause of
fires associated with the use of aluminum
Figure 49: Explosion
wire in buildings during the 1960s and
1970s.

Electric shock can also cause

indirect injuries (falls)

Although the electric current through the

human body may be well below the values
required to cause noticeable injury, human
reaction can result in falls from ladders or
scaffolds, or movement into operating
machinery. Such reaction can result in
serious injury or death. Figure 50: working at a height

6 Common electrical hazards

With all electrical equipment operations, there is

the threat of shock and/or electrocution. Electrical
workers are potentially exposed to a variety of
hazards such as electric shock (the most
common hazard), arc flashes, falls, and thermal
burns. The following are samples of the most Figure 51: Exposed wires

48 | P a g e
common electrical safety related hazards that will pose a risk of being shocked and/or
electrocuted.

A. Exposed wires and energized parts

B. Faulty/broken wiring or equipment
C. Damaged outlets and missing covers
D. Worn/damaged electrical cords
E. Improperly used extension cords
F. Overloaded outlets
G. No warning signs
H. Working under wet conditions
I. Lack of or insufficient protective devices
Figure 52: damage outlet
J. Unrestricted access to live exposed parts
K. Lack of or insufficient personal protective equipment (PPE)
L. Insufficient clearances around panels
M. Lack of/improper lockout/tag out procedures
N. Failure to maintain proper clearance from overhead lines
O.

Employees can prevent shocks and injuries/electrocution

from electrical hazards by:

a. Understanding electric shock and electrocution

b. Recognizing potential hazards around work
involving electricity
c. Following standard requirements/ procedures
d. Maintaining clearances around panels
e. Using proper protective devices
f. Eliminating access to exposed energized parts Figure 53: Overloading Socket

g. Using proper PPE

h. Using proper lockout/tag out
procedures
i. Maintaining proper clearance
from overhead lines
j. Following proper procedures
for confined space/enclosed
space /underground electrical
work Figure 54: Damaged Cable

49 | P a g e
 k.
l. Following safe work practices

7 Electrical Hazard Protections

A. Insulation
B. Grounding
C. Guarding
D. Electrical protective devices
E. Personal Protective Equipment
F. Safe work practices

Insulation

Insulation like plastic or rubber

coverings are to be used that does not
conduct electricity. Insulation prevents
live wires from coming in contact with
people thus protecting them from
electrical shock.

Grounding

Grounding is another method of

protecting you from electric shock. The Figure 55: Grounding
"ground" refers to a conductive body,
usually the earth, and means a conductive
connection, whether intentional or accidental, by
which an electric circuit or equipment is
connected to earth or the ground plane. By
"grounding" a tool or electrical system, a low-
resistance path to the earth is intentionally
created.

A type of isolation that uses various structures to

close off live electrical parts. These structures
include:

Boxes
Figure 56: Equipment Earthing
Screens

50 | P a g e
 Covers
Partitions

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)

Detects the difference in current

This
difference in current could happen

working correctly. GFCI are set at

about 5mA and are designed to protect
workers and not equipment.
Figure 57: GFCI
Electrical Protective Devices

Fuses and circuit breakers are

intended primarily for the protection of
conductors and equipment. They
prevent over-heating of conductors and
components that might otherwise
create hazards for operators. They also
open the circuit under certain
hazardous ground-fault conditions.
Figure 58: GFCI

Figure 59: Fuse Figure 60: Circuit Breaker

51 | P a g e
8 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE is a last barrier for protecting the worker from hazards associated with the use or
maintenance of electrical equipment and systems. It is a means for isolating the worker when
establishing an electrically-safe work condition is not feasible or creates a greater hazard.

PPE for electrical shock hazard shall be selected based on the results of a Shock Hazard
Analysis required by NFPA 70E, 130.2(A). Arc flash PPE shall be selected based on the
results of a Flash Hazard Analysis required by NFPA 70E, 130.3. Electrical workers should
wear non-melting clothing, safety glasses, and leather gloves as minimum protection
whenever working on or around energized electrical equipment.

Foot protection

Employees should wear shoes or boots that comply with the requirements of Safety Standard
for Foot Protection. No metal parts should be present in the sole or heel of the shoes where
non-conductive shoes are required. Electrical overshoes should be worn where step potential
exists. (EH = Electrical
Hazard).

Figure 61: Safety Boot

Head protection

Workers shall wear hardhats when working on

the ground near poles, structures, buildings,
or trees in which work is being done. Hard hat
(insulated - nonconductive) are Class B & E
insulation level. Do not store anything in the
top of your hat while wearing it.
Figure 62: Hard Hat

52 | P a g e
 Hand protection

When insulated gloves suitable for high-

voltage are not required, other suitable
work gloves should be worn while
handling materials and equipment.

Figure 66: Hand Gloves

Safety Belts

It should invariably be used in all cases while

working on overhead system, above two meters,
like transmission lines, bus-bars, sub-station
equipment's etc.
Figure 67: Safety Belt

Goggles and Eye Shields

Wherever there is danger from harmful fumes

radiations, flying particles or continuous sparks,
approved type of goggles or eye shields are to
be used.

Earth Discharge Rod

Figure 68: Eye Shield
To maintain proper/effective earthing it is to be
ensured that its clamps are in good condition,
cables are not broken or frayed and all
connections are sound.

EHV Detector

EHV Detector must be used to check the bus-

bar/ equipment/ jumpers/ lines before doing
any work inside the Switchyard and EHT Lines.
Before checking, it should be ensured that
EHV Detector is in good working condition &
safety hand gloves should be used in both the
hands while using the EHV Detector. Figure 69: Earth Discharge Rod

53 | P a g e
Use, store and maintain our electrical PPE
in a safe, reliable condition. Wear
nonconductive head protection wherever
there is a danger of head injury from
electric shock or burns due to contact with
exposed energized parts. Wear protective
equipment for the eyes or face wherever
there is danger of injury to the eyes or face
from electric arcs or flashes or from flying
objects resulting from electrical explosion.
Figure70: EHV Detector

8.7.1 Electrical PPE with any of the following defects may not be used:
If holes, tears, punctures, or cuts are present.
Texture changes: Swelling, softening, hardening, or becoming sticky or inelastic.
An embedded foreign object.
Any other defect that damages the insulating properties.

9 Work Practices

OSHA regulations, and the NESC cover electrical safety-related work practices and
procedures for qualified and unqualified employees exposed to energized electrical
conductors or circuit parts in workplaces. This information provides a foundation for
establishing an electrically-safe working environment. Basic work strategies include:

1. Establishing an electrically-safe work condition.

2. Training.
3. Planning the work.
4. Identifying required personal protective equipment.
5. Utilizing Energized Electrical Work Permits, when required.

Establishing an Electrically-Safe Work Condition, it provides a six-step process for achieving

an Electrically-Safe Work Condition for transmission and distribution work in excess of 600

Exposed Energized Parts

Energized parts to which an employee may be exposed shall be de-energized before the
employee works on, or near, them, unless it can be demonstrated and documented that de-
energizing introduces additional or increased hazards or is infeasible because of equipment
design or operational limitations.

54 | P a g e
 Safe Procedure

Safe procedures for de-energizing circuits and equipment shall be determined before circuits
or equipment are de-energized. De-energisation procedures shall be included in the
lockout/tag out procedure for the circuit or equipment to be de-energized.

Circuits and Equipment

Circuits and equipment to be worked on shall be disconnected from all electric energy sources.
Control circuit devices such as push-buttons, selector switches, and interlocks shall not be
used as the sole means for isolating circuits or equipment.

Stored Electrical Energy

Stored electrical energy that might endanger personnel shall be placed in a safe state.
Capacitors shall be discharged and high-capacitance elements shall be short-circuited and
grounded if the stored electrical energy could endanger personnel.

Stored Non-Electrical Energy

Stored non-electrical energy in devices that could re-energize electric circuit parts shall be
blocked or relieved to the extent that the device could not accidentally energize the circuit
parts. Examples include wound springs and pneumatic driven devices.

Lockout/Tag out Procedure

Each employer shall document and implement

lockout/tag out procedures to safeguard
employees from injury while they are working on
or near de-energized electric circuits and
equipment. The lockout/tag out procedures shall
meet the requirements of standard,

Figure 71: LOTO Kit

Verification of De-energized Condition

Verification shall be made to ensure that all circuits, parts, and other sources of electrical
energy, including mechanical energy, have been disconnected, released, or restrained. All
electrical circuit conductors and circuit parts shall be considered energized until the source of
energy is removed and verified. A qualified worker shall operate the equipment operating
controls, perform voltage verification, and inspect open switches and draw out breakers to
ensure that energy sources are isolated.

55 | P a g e
 Voltage Verification Test

A qualified worker shall use appropriate test equipment to test the circuit elements and
electrical parts of equipment to which employees will be exposed and shall verify that the
circuit elements and equipment parts are de-energized. The test shall also determine if a
hazardous energized condition exists as a result of induced voltage or voltage back feed after
specific parts of the circuit have been de-energized. The test equipment shall be checked for
proper operation immediately before and immediately after this test. Testing shall be
performed as if the circuit is energized, wearing the appropriate PPE. The voltage verification
device used shall be rated for the application. Proximity testers and solenoid-type devices
shall not be used to test for the absence of voltage for purposes of establishing lockout/tag
out. Use of low-impedance test instruments should be considered when there is the possibility
of small induced voltages to detect when those voltages would be hazardous.

Application of Personnel Protective Grounds

Personnel protective grounds shall be applied on circuits where residual charges may
accumulate. Personnel protective grounds shall be selected and installed in accordance with
appropriate standards. Consideration should be given to step and touch potentials in the area
of the temporary ground connections.

10 Step Potential

During a ground fault, current flows

through the grounding system to a
ground rod or some type of system
ground (steel structure, guy wire)
seeking a return to its source. This
current flow could possibly exist in,
or along the surface of the ground
for quite some distance around the
point where the earth becomes
energized. The current will follow,
as nearly as possible, the Figure 72: Step Potential

conductors supplying the fault

current. Step potential is caused by the flow of fault current through the earth. The closer a
person is to the ground rod or grounded device, the greater the concentration of current and
the higher the voltage. The current flow creates a voltage drop as it flows through the earth's

56 | P a g e
surface and a person standing with their feet apart bridges a portion of this drop thus creating
a parallel path for current flow as seen in the these two illustrations in Figure 40.

The wider apart a person's legs are, the larger the

voltage difference across the body. Protection from
the step potential hazard should be to stay in the zone
of equipotential while working. Simply being alert to
this hazard is the best defence. For this reason,
unqualified personnel standing on the ground are
cautioned to stay clear of structures. This means that
a person standing near the point where fault current
enters the earth may have a large potential difference
from foot-to-foot. The potential difference over the
same span will be less and less as the span is moved
away from either the fault current entry point or the
Figure73: Step Potential
fault current return point at the source.

11 Touch Potential

Touch potential is a problem similar to

step potential Figure 4. It involves a fault
current flow in the earth establishing a
potential difference between the earth
contact point and some nearby
conductive structure or hardware.
Protection for step and touch potential is
the use of switch operating platforms and
ground grids. The worker must remain
upon a local conductive mat as the
highest voltage gradient has been moved
to the mat's edges. Sub stations on site
have a ground grid located under the
rocks, but if an individual is located Figure 74: Touch Potential

outside this area and while standing on

the earth, touches a ground or a grounded object, a difference in potential may exist during a
ground fault.

57 | P a g e
A. Re-energizing Equipment

The requirements in the following subsections shall be met before circuits or equipment are
reenergized, even on a temporary basis:

a. Tests and Visual Inspections. A qualified worker shall verify that all personnel are in
the clear and that all tools, electrical jumpers, shorts, grounds and other such devices
have been removed, so that the circuits and equipment can be safely energized.
b. Warning Employees. Employees exposed to the hazards associated with reenergizing
the circuit or equipment shall be warned to stay clear of circuits and equipment.

B. Removing Lock and Tag

Each lock and tag shall be removed by applying the following:

1. Each lockout or tag out device shall be removed from each energy-isolating device by
the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tag out device, or under his/her
direct supervision, or as stated below.
2. When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tag out device is not
available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of his or her
supervisor. Specific procedures shall be followed, including, at a minimum, the
following elements:
a. Verification by the supervisor that the authorized employee who applied the device is
not at the affected facility.
b. Making all reasonable efforts to contact the authorized employee to inform him or her
that the lockout or tag out device has been removed.
c. Ensuring that the authorized employee has this knowledge before he or she resumes
work at the affected facility.

C. Training

Qualified workers shall be knowledgeable of, and trained in, safety-related work practices,
safety procedures, and other requirements that pertain to their respective job assignments.
Employees shall not be permitted to work in an area where they are likely to encounter an
electrical hazard, unless they have been trained to recognize and avoid these hazards.

D. Planning the Work

Whenever electrical equipment is taken from its accepted and static condition, an appropriate
level of hazard analysis and work planning shall be completed before a worker is dispatched
to manipulate the equipment. The analysis and associated work instructions shall account for

58 | P a g e
any electrical hazard that results from the assigned task. Hazard controls shall be selected
based on the following hierarchy:

Elimination or substitution of the hazards where feasible and appropriate.

Engineering controls where feasible and appropriate.
Work practices and administrative controls that limit worker exposures.
Personal protective equipment.

Safe Work Instructions and Supervision

Before electrical work begins, the qualified worker should review and understand the work
instructions to ensure that the work can be performed safely and compliantly. Electrical work
should be performed according to safety procedures. A supervisor who is qualified by training
and experienced in the applicable safety-related work practices should direct energized
electrical work. Workers should report any electrical hazards to their immediate supervisor.
The supervisor should take all corrective actions necessary to address an employee's
concerns. Electrical instructions shall be based on a thorough analysis of the job and its
hazards. If the same task is repeated, it may be performed under specific work rules that are
based on such analyses.

Hazard Analysis and Control

Electrical hazard analysis and control considerations may include, but not be limited to, the
following:

Hazardous Energy Control (Lock Out/ Tag Out).

Shock Hazard Analysis.
Flash Hazard Analysis.
Safe work practices necessary to prevent exposure of the workers to electrical
hazards.
Methods of using test equipment to ensure safe conditions.
Provision that insulated protective equipment is rated for the highest voltage present.
Qualification requirements of personnel.
PPE and protective clothing (e.g., hardhats, safety shoes, eye and face protection,
insulated live-line tools/barriers, hot sticks, AR clothing, and arc flash protection, etc.).
Special provisions for working on experimental equipment.
The need to conduct a pre-job safety briefing.
Temporary protective grounding equipment.
Temporary lighting.
Consideration for "what can go wrong".

59 | P a g e
 Incorporating lessons learned from similar work tasks, and
Worker feedback in the planning process.

Safe Energized Work (Hot Work)

If live parts are not placed into an electrically-safe work condition, work to be performed shall
be considered energized electrical work and shall be performed by written permit only. Work
performed on energized conductors by qualified persons related to tasks such as testing,
trouble-shooting, voltage measuring, etc., shall be permitted to be performed without an
energized electrical work permit, provided appropriate safe work practices and PPE are
provided and used. Safety-related work practices shall be used to prevent electrical shock or
other electrically induced injuries when employees work on, or near, electrical conductors or
circuit parts that are energized. Only qualified workers who are knowledgeable and have been
trained to work safely on energized circuits and trained to use the appropriate PPE, protective
clothing, insulating shielding materials, insulated tools shall be permitted to work on energized
conductors or circuit parts and have an authorized energized work permit.

Approach Distance

No unqualified employee shall be permitted to approach closer to exposed, energized lines or

parts than the Restricted Approach Boundary. The unqualified worker shall be permitted to
cross the Limited Approach Boundary only when continuously escorted by a qualified worker.
No worker shall approach or take any conductive object, including jewelry, nearer to exposed
live parts than the Restricted Approach Boundary.

Multiple Workers

Due to the potential for exposure to energized parts, electrical work that presents a shock or
arc flash hazard to employees should be analysed to determine the necessary number of
employees involved.

Illumination and Egress Routes

Adequate illumination shall be provided and emergency routes should be identified before
workers are allowed to enter spaces containing exposed energized parts.

Systems under Load

Electrical equipment intended to switch current should have a rating sufficient for the current.
Manual switches and disconnects, taps, terminators, and non-enclosed switches should not
be operated while under load, unless the devices are rated as load-break type and are so
marked.

60 | P a g e
 Working with Test Instruments and Equipment

Sometimes it becomes necessary to check the continuity of power circuits, control circuits,
etc., by using a particular testing instrument (volt, ohm, and/or amp meter) designed for the
testing involved. The voltage device used shall be rated for the application. Proximity testers
and solenoid-type devices shall2.70 not be used to test for the absence of voltage, except for
applications above the service point, because they do not accurately detect and/or measure
voltage. Also, proximity testers do not detect direct current (DC) or AC voltage in a cable that
is shielded. Proximity testers are very useful in certain applications, (for example, for finding
cables that go through a panel, but that do not terminate in the panel, or for testing energized
electrical equipment ahead of the service point). However, it should be noted that a proximity
oltage does not guarantee that the equipment or device is de -
energized. The absence of voltage shall only be verified with a voltmeter rated for the
application. When appropriate, test instruments and associated leads, probes, etc. should
meet the American National Standard for voltmeters, Safety Requirements for Electrical
Equipment for Measurement, Control, and Laboratory Use. Appropriate category rated and
listed meters should be used.

Qualified Employees

Only qualified workers who have been trained to work safely with test instruments and
equipment on energized circuits shall be permitted to perform testing work on electrical circuits
or equipment where there is danger of injury from accidental contact with energized parts or
improper use of the test instruments and equipment.

Visual Inspections

Test instruments and equipment and all associated test leads, cables, power cords, probes,
and connectors shall be visually inspected for external defects or damage before being used.
If there are defects or evidence of damage that might expose an employee to injury, the
defective or damaged item shall not be used until replaced and tests have been made.

Rating Instruments and American National Standards Institute Equipment

Test instruments and equipment and their accessories shall be rated for the circuits and
equipment to which they will be connected and shall be suitable for the environment in which
they will be used.

61 | P a g e
 Calibration of Electrical Instruments

ANSI Standard C39.1, Requirements for Electric Analog Indicating Instruments, defines the
minimum performance and general requirements level for electrical instruments. ANSI
standards also ensure that an instrument, when calibrated to National Institute of Standards
and Technology traceable standards, is capable of transferring that quality of measurement to
field conditions, within specified limits, when that level of measurement quality is needed. A
record should be maintained for each instrument, by serial number or equivalent method that
shows: the dates of inspection; calibration data, as received; the date when it should be
recalled from the field; and, a recalibration check made, and any interim repairs.

Work near Overhead Lines

The work planning practices listed below should be used for: all work conducted near the
limited approach boundary of electrical overhead lines, work inside underground electrical
vaults, or movement of any mechanical equipment near overhead lines. Work practices by
qualified workers performed on electrical overhead lines.

1. Work areas should be walked down by planners and workers to identify all electrical
hazards during work planning.
2. Facility electrical maintenance or engineering organization, along with site electrical
utilities should be involved in planning work in the vicinity of overhead electrical lines.
3. If it is possible to de-energize electrical overhead lines without causing a hazard
greater than working near these lines, they should be de-energized prior to performing
work.
4. Work performed near energized electrical lines should be controlled using a 2-barrier
system.
5. For work performed under high-voltage power lines (1 kV and higher), workers should
be advised of potential static shock hazards, where a static charge may build up on
conductive and non-conductive equipment and personnel (such as telephone wire,
fences, and personnel who are working in an insulated bucket, ladder, or elevated
platform).
6. All work near the limited approach boundary of overhead transmission and distribution
lines, other than by electrical utility personnel, shall be performed in accordance with
OSHA requirements. Two barriers should be incorporated to ensure no contact is
made with energized overhead lines. Typical barriers include, but are not limited to:
a. The use of trained spotters that have direct communication with the operator.
b. Having electrical utility personnel measure line height to enable the spotter to
accurately determine clearance distance.

62 | P a g e
 c. The installation of physical barriers to prevent encroachment into the limited approach
boundary.
d. The use of stakes or painted lines to provide constant reminders to operator and
spotters of the proximity to overhead energized lines.
e. The use of reflective materials to enhance visibility of overhead lines by spotters.
f. The posting of signs indicating line height and clearance distance on common haul
routes to warn of overhead energized electrical lines and enable the spotter to
accurately determine clearance distance.
g. Having electrical utility personnel rise or relocate overhead power lines to reduce
possibility of inadvertent contact.
h. The use of other control(s) that may be available and permitted provided they are
effective.

12 Safe Working Practices

a. Plan your work by yourself and with others.

Allows you to coordinate your work and take
advantage of knowledge of others identifying
and controlling hazards.
Remove watches, rings and other conductive
jewellery.
b. Lock out and Tag out circuits and equipment.
Made off the circuit.
Lockout and tag out the circuit
-
Figure 75: Barricading
energized.
c. Do not work with wet hands or in wet conditions.
d. Avoid overhead power lines.
You should be at least 10 feet away from high-voltage transmission lines.
e. Use proper wiring and connectors
Avoid overloading circuits.
Make sure switches and insulation are in good condition.
Never use a three pin plug with the third pin broken.
f. Use and maintain tools properly.
Inspect tools before using them.
Damaged tools must be removed from service.
Keep tool and cords away from heat, oil and sharp objects.

63 | P a g e
 g. Using appropriate personal protective equipment
Wear safety glasses to avoid eye injury.
Wear proper foot protection.
Wear a hard hat.
cleaning/maintaining PPE.

13 Safety Working Practices

1. Identify all hazards

2. Understand safety issues
3. Hold effective job briefings
4. Ask for written instructions
5. Wear appropriate personal protection
equipment
6. Test before you touch
7. Lockout and Tag out
8. Use appropriate barricades
9. Have a game plan for unexpected events

14 How to Respond/Report a Problem

Do not panic, remain calm

In the event of a personal injury:
call 911 immediately
If a person is being shocked, turn off
the source of electricity
Do not touch someone who is being
shocked
Remove the person away from the
electrical source using a non-
conductive material
Notify your supervisor

64 | P a g e
15 In the event of an electrical fire:

Activate the fire alarm system and if

required intimate the Fire Dept.
Use a CO2 or dry chemical (Type
ABC) fire extinguisher
Do not use a Type A water
extinguisher
Alert everyone in the area to
evacuate
If you are not sure about using a fire
extinguisher, leave the area
Wait for the Fire Dept. personnel to Figure 63: Electrical Fire

arrive

16 Near Miss Incident

An undesirable incident - where no property was damaged or no personal injury sustained.

are as follows:

To put the earth switch, bay being charged without any injury to operating person.
To open isolator, breaker not being tripped without any injury to operating person.
Charge the line, temporary/permanent earth not being removed.
Slips or falls from the tower/structure without any injury/fracture.
Wrong electrical/mechanical operation causing no equipment damage.
Any abnormal operation by chance causing no damage to the operating
person/equipment.

Conclusion

Electricity will try to reach ground whatever may be the mode of conduct even through a

power tools and cords before using and do not use them if damaged. Do not attempt to repair
electrical equipments unless you are trained and qualified. Always use lockout/ tag out
procedures to de-energize electrical systems.

65 | P a g e