KGMU Pathology

(2000-2020)

General Pathology

Cell
• Exfoliative Cytology – 2000, 2006
• Phagocytosis and bacterial killing – 2007, 2012
• Exudate vs Transudate – 2009
• Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) - 2019

Cell Injury & Death

• Apoptosis vs Necrosis – 2001, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2012
• Free radicals and their role in irreversible injury – 2003, 2009
• Dystrophic and Metastatic Calcification – 2004, 2019
• Types of Necrosis – 2008, 2010(coagulative and caseous only), 2013
• Apoptosis mechanism with examples – 2008, 2011
• Dysplasia – 2009
• Dry Gangrene - 2010
• Metaplasia vs dysplasia – 2010
• Red infarct vs White infarct - 2011

Inflammation
• Mediators of inflammation – 2001, 2009(chemical only), 2010(chemical
only), 2020
• Arachidonic Acid Pathway – 2001
 • Acute vs Chronic Inflammation – 2002
• Acute inflammation – Vascular and cellular changes – 2003, 2008,
2013(vascular only)
• Granulomatous lesions – 2008, 2009
• Oedema – 2008, 2010
• Complications of wound healing – 2010
• Healing by primary and secondary intention - 2010
• Define Granuloma and Primary complex - 2013

Hemodynamic Disorders
• Etiopathogenesis of Thrombus Formation – 2004, 2008, 2010(arterial vs
venous)
• Fate of a Thrombus – 2006, 2010, 2020
• Aortic Aneurysm -2007
• Thrombogenesis – 2007
• Bleeding due to platelet disorders and clotting factor deficiency – 2009
• Atherosclerosis- 2009
• Paradoxical embolism - 2009
• Fat Embolism – 2010
• Air embolism – 2011
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation(DIC) – 2012
• Prothrombin time- 2014
• Thromboembolism - 2019

Genetic Disorders
• Down’s Syndrome – 2009
• Turner’s Syndrome- 2012, 2014, 2020
• Gaucher’s disease/ Storage disorders – 2014

Immunity
• Amyloidosis – 2000, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2018(primary
vs secondary), 2019
• Anaphylactic Shock Mechanism – 2006
• Type I vs Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction – 2009, 2012
• Antiglobulin (Coombs) test – 2009, 2010, 2018
 • Arthus reaction – 2010
• Transfusion Reactions – 2010
• Type III Hypersensitivity- 2014
• Mechanisms of Auto-immunity – 2018
• Type IV Hypersensitivity- 2019

Neoplasia
• Sarcoma vs Carcinoma- 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010
• Benign vs Malignant Tumour – 2005, 2007, 2010, 2014
• Hamartoma – 2005
• Metastasis of Tumours – 2008
• Paraneoplastic Syndromes – 2009
• Viral carcinogenesis – 2009, 2011, 2018(DNA virus), 2019
• Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear) – 2009
• Pleomorphic adenoma – 2009
• Pre-malignant conditions - 2010
• Microbial carcinogenesis – 2010
• Oncogenes and Proto-oncogenes - 2010
• Tumour markers – 2012, 2020
• Chemical carcinogenesis – 2013
• Lab diagnosis of cancer – 2019
• Tumour suppressor genes - 2019
• Acute radiation injury – 2020
• Role of HPV (papilloma virus) in Neoplasia - 2020

Infectious Diseases (TB + AIDS)

• Primary Complex (Tuberculosis) – 2000, 2013
• Pyogenic and Tubercular Meningitis – 2001
• Tuberculous Osteomyelitis – 2004
• CSF findings in pyogenic and Tuberculous Meningitis – 2004, 2005, 2018,
2019(only pyogenic)
• Tuberculous vs typhoid ulcers – 2005
• Rhinosporidosis- 2008
• Modes of transmission of HIV Infection – 2009
• Pathogenesis of septic shock – 2009, 2012, 2018
• Peripheral blood picture of vivax malaria – 2009
 • Tuberculoid vs Lepromatous Leprosy – 2010, 2013
• Tubercular granuloma – 2010
• Lab diagnosis of AIDS – 2010, 2011
• Mechanism of T-cell depletion in HIV infection - 2020

Disease of Infancy and Childhood

• Teratoma – 2004, 2006, 2007
• Kwashiorkor and marasmus - 2010
• Wilms tumour - 2018
 Systemic Pathology
Hematopathology

RBC
• Sickle cell Anemia – 2000
• Megaloblastic Anemia – 2000, 2019 (lab diagnosis)
• Iron deficiency anemia – 2001, 2009(lab features)
• Blood smear in Thallesemia major (diagram) – 2003
• Macrocytic Anaemia – 2004, 2009(diagram)
• G6PD deficiency – 2005
• Megaloblast vs Normoblast – 2005, 2012, 2020
• Hypochromic anaemia – 2005 , 2009
• Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction- 2006
• Megaloblast diagram – 2007, 2013
• Anemia common types with causes – 2008
• Basis of spherocyte formation in Hereditary Spherocytosis – 2009
• Laboratory diagnosis of Thallessemia – 2010, 2018, 2020
• Haemolytic Anaemia- 2011(lab diagnosis) , 2012, 2018,
2020(classification)
• Reticulocytes – 2014
• Blood components- 2020

WBC, Spleen and Thymus

• Acute Leukemia Classification – 2001, 2005(cytochemistry)
• Multiple Myeloma – 2001, 2004, 2009
• Splenomegaly (causes and morphology in fibrocongestive type) – 2001,
2002, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010
• Hodgkin’s Lymphoma – 2002, 2003,2008(mixed cellularity diagram)
2009(histologic subtypes), 2009 (mixed celluarity diagram), 2018,
2020(diagram)
 • Leukemia – 2002, 2005
• Leukemoid reaction – 2003, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2019
• Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (diagram) – 2003, 2007
• Bone marrow smear in MM (diagram) – 2003
• Bone marrow smear in Aplastic Anemia (diagram) – 2003
• Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma – 2005, 2007
• Lymphoblast vs Myeloblast – 2006, 2010
• Prognostic Factors of Acute lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) – 2006
• Giant cell diagram – 2007
• Leukemia vs Leukemoid reaction – 2011
• Massive splenomegaly – 2013
• Laboratory diagnosis of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia -2018, 2020
• Hodgkins vs Non Hodgkins Lymphoma – 2019

Platelets
• Idiopathic Thrombocytic Purpura – 2001, 2005, 2006(lab findings), 2009
• Haemophilia – 2004, 2005, 2010
• Acute vs Chronic ITP – 2005, 2014
• Von willebrands disease – 2009, 2012, 2014
• Immune Throbocytic purpura - 2013

The Heart
• Aschoff’s Nodule -2000, 2008
• Serological Markers in MI /Biochemical changes in MI -2001, 2003, 2011,
2012
• Sequence of events in Acute MI – 2004, 2005, 2018(morphological
features)
• Pericardial effusion - 2005
• Chronic Pericarditis – 2006
• Hypertensive Heart disease - 2008
• Rheumatic Myocarditis – 2009, 2010

The Lung
• Lobar Pneumonia – 2003, 2007
• Bronchopneumonia vs Lobar Pneumonia – 2004
 • Bronchiectasis - 2008
• Emphysema – 2010, 2011
• Pulmonary embolism- 2010
• Types of lung cancers – 2010, 2012
• Pneumoconiosis – 2013, 2018

Head and Neck

• Oral precancerous lesions (gross and microscopic features, routes of
metastasis) – 2009

GIT
• Peptic Ulcer disease – 2002, 2007, 2012, 2013
• Intestinal Ulcers – 2004
• Benign vs Malignant Peptic Ulcer – 2005
• Duodenal Ulcer – 2005
• Carcinoid tumour – 2005, 2007
• Granulomatous lesions of intestine – 2006
• Carcinoma Stomach - 2008
• Pathogenesis of Crohns Disease – 2011
• Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis – 2018, 2020

Liver and GB
• Haemolytic and Obstructive Jaundice -2000, 2001
• Hepatocellular Carcinoma -2000, 2005
• Alcoholic Cirrhosis - 2004
• Mechanism of Fatty Change in Liver – 2006, 2009
• Jaundice types and causes and lab diagnosis– 2008, 2010, 2014
• Classification and Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis – 2011

The pancreas
• Diabetes mellitus and lab diagnosis –2001, 2003, 2013
• Insulin dependent and Non Insulin Dependent DM – 2005
The Kidney
• Chronic Pyelonephritis- 2000, 2004, 2009
• Glomerulonephritis Classification – 2001, 2011
• Diabetic Nephropathy – 2003, 2008
• Renal complications in DM - 2005
• Benign vs Malignant Nephrosclerosis- 2006, 2010
• Renal cell Carcinoma – 2006, 2010, 2019(morphological features)
• Nephrotic Syndrome – 2006( lab findings) , 2012
• Viral hepatitis – 2007
• Myeloma kidney – 2007
• Amyloidosis Kidney Diagram – 2007
• Albuminuria – 2008
• Mechanism of edema in renal disease - 2009
• Small congested kidney – 2010
• Pathogenesis of renal Edema – 2014
• Wilms tumour - 2018

Genital System/ Reproductive system

• Seminoma Testis – 2000, 2008, 2019
• Risk factors in Carcinoma Cervix - 2018

The Breast
• Fibroadenoma breast – 2004, 2020

The Endocrine system

• Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Osteopathology
• Giant Cell Tumour of the bone- 2000, 2002, 2008, 2020(diagram)
• Chondroma – 2004, 2009
• Chronic Osteomyelitis- 2005
• Ewing’s Sarcoma – 2005
 • Chondrosarcoma – 2006
• Gout – 2006
• Osteogenic Sarcoma – 2007, 2008, 2018
• Tumours of bone – 2014
• Osteoclastoma - 2019

The Nervous system and special Senses

• Neuroblastoma - 2000
• Meningioma – 2005
• Retinoblastoma- 2014

Miscellaneous
• Generalised Anasarca – 2001
• CSF examination and use in Diagnosis – 2002, 2010
• Diagnostic significance of urine Analysis – 2003
“Because questions do
repeat…”

All rights reserved

Ujjawal Rathore