History of satellite communication Applications Classical satellite systems

1945 Arthur C. Clarke publishes an essay about „Extra q Traditionally

Terrestrial Relays“ q weather satellites Inter Satellite Link
1957 first satellite SPUTNIK q radio and TV broadcast satellites Mobile User
(ISL)
MUL
1960 first reflecting communication satellite ECHO q military satellites Link (MUL) Gateway Link
(GWL) GWL
1963 first geostationary satellite SYNCOM q satellites for navigation and localization (e.g., GPS)
Mobile Communications 1965 first commercial geostationary satellite Satellit „Early Bird“ q Telecommunication small cells
(spotbeams)
Chapter 5: Satellite Systems (INTELSAT I): 240 duplex telephone channels or 1 TV
channel, 1.5 years lifetime
q
q
global telephone connections
backbone for global networks replaced by fiber optics
connections for communication in remote places or underdeveloped areas base station
1976 three MARISAT satellites for maritime communication q
or gateway
q History q Handover 1982 first mobile satellite telephone system INMARSAT-A q global mobile communication footprint

q Basics q Routing 1988 first satellite system for mobile phones and data
q Localization q Systems communication INMARSAT-C è satellite systems to extend cellular phone systems (e.g., GSM or ISDN PSTN GSM
AMPS)
1993 first digital satellite telephone system
PSTN: Public Switched User data
1998 global satellite systems for small mobile phones Telephone Network

Basics Satellite period and orbits Basics Inclination

Satellites in circular orbits plane of satellite orbit

q elliptical or circular orbits
q attractive force Fg = m g (R/r)² 24 satellite
velocity [ x1000 km/h]
q complete rotation time depends on distance satellite-earth
q centrifugal force Fc = m r w² period [h]
q inclination: angle between orbit and equator
q m: mass of the satellite 20 satellite orbit
q R: radius of the earth (R = 6370 km) q elevation: angle between satellite and horizon
q r: distance to the center of the earth 16 q LOS (Line of Sight) to the satellite necessary for connection
perigee
q g: acceleration of gravity (g = 9.81 m/s²) è high elevation needed, less absorption due to e.g. buildings
12 d
q w: angular velocity (w = 2 p f, f: rotation frequency) q Uplink: connection base station - satellite
Stable orbit q Downlink: connection satellite - base station
8
q Fg = Fc q typically separated frequencies for uplink and downlink inclination d
transponder used for sending/receiving and shifting of frequencies
gR 2 4 q
synchronous distance
r=3
q transparent transponder: only shift of frequencies equatorial plane
35,786 km
regenerative transponder: additionally signal regeneration
(2p f ) 2
q

10 20 30 40 x106 m
radius

Elevation Link budget of satellites Atmospheric attenuation Orbits I

Parameters like attenuation or received power determined by four Attenuation of

Example: satellite systems at 4-6 GHz Four different types of satellite orbits can be identified depending
the signal in %
parameters: on the shape and diameter of the orbit:
Elevation: 50
angle e between center of satellite beam q sending power L: Loss
q GEO: geostationary orbit, 36000 km above earth surface
f: carrier frequency
and surface q gain of sending antenna r: distance
40
q LEO (Low Earth Orbit): 500 - 1500 km
c: speed of light rain absorption
q distance between sender q MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit):
2
and receiver æ 4p r f ö 6000 - 20000 km
q gain of receiving antenna
L=ç ÷ 30
è c ø fog absorption q HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) elliptical orbits
e
Problems
q varying strength of received signal due to multipath propagation 20

q interruptions due to shadowing of signal (no LOS)

minimal elevation:
elevation needed at least e Possible solutions 10
to communicate with the satellite int atmospheric
tpr q Link Margin to eliminate variations in signal strength
foo
absorption
q satellite diversity (usage of several visible satellites at the same time)
5° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°
helps to use less sending power
elevation of the satellite

Orbits II Geostationary satellites LEO systems MEO systems

Orbit 35.786 km distance to earth surface, orbit in equatorial plane Orbit 500 - 1500 km above earth surface Orbit ca. 5000 - 12000 km above earth surface
GEO (Inmarsat)
(inclination 0°) q visibility of a satellite 10 - 40 minutes comparison with LEO systems:
HEO MEO (ICO)
è complete rotation exactly one day, satellite is synchronous to earth q global radio coverage possible q slower moving satellites
LEO
(Globalstar,
inner and outer Van
Allen belts
rotation q latency comparable with terrestrial long distance
q less satellites needed
Irdium)
q fix antenna positions, no adjusting necessary connections, 5 - 10 ms
q simpler system design
earth q smaller footprints, better frequency reuse
q satellites typically have a large footprint (up to 34% of earth surface!),
1000 q but now handover necessary from one satellite to another q for many connections no hand-over needed
therefore difficult to reuse frequencies
10000 q many satellites necessary for global coverage q higher latency, 70 - 80 ms
q bad elevations in areas with latitude above 60° due to fixed position
q more complex systems due to moving satellites q higher sending power needed
above the equator
Van-Allen-Belts: 35768
q special antennas for small footprints needed
km q high transmit power needed
ionized particles Examples:
q high latency due to long distance ( 275 ms)
2000 - 6000 km and Iridium (start 1998, 66 satellites) Example:
15000 - 30000 km q Bankruptcy in 2000, deal with US DoD (free use, saving from “deorbiting”)
ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit, Inmarsat) start 2000
è not useful for global coverage for small mobile phones and data Globalstar (start 1999, 48 satellites)
above earth surface transmission, typically used for radio and TV transmission q Bankruptcy, planned joint ventures with Teledesic, Ellipso – cancelled
q Not many customers (2001: 44000), low stand-by times for mobiles
again, start planned for 2003
 Routing Localization of mobile stations Handover in satellite systems Overview of LEO/MEO systems

One solution: inter satellite links (ISL) Mechanisms similar to GSM Several additional situations for handover in satellite systems Iridium Globalstar ICO Teledesic
compared to cellular terrestrial mobile phone networks caused # satellites 66 + 6 48 + 4 10 + 2 288
q reduced number of gateways needed Gateways maintain registers with user data altitude 780 1414 10390 ca. 700
q forward connections or data packets within the satellite network as long q HLR (Home Location Register): static user data by the movement of the satellites (km)
q Intra satellite handover coverage global ±70° latitude global global
as possible q VLR (Visitor Location Register): (last known) location of the mobile station
l handover from one spot beam to another min. 8° 20° 20° 40°
q only one uplink and one downlink per direction needed for the q SUMR (Satellite User Mapping Register): elevation
l mobile station still in the footprint of the satellite, but in another cell frequencies 1.6 MS 1.6 MS ­ 2 MS ­ 19 ¯
connection of two mobile phones l satellite assigned to a mobile station
l positions of all satellites q Inter satellite handover [GHz 29.2 ­ 2.5 MS ¯ 2.2 MS ¯ 28.8 ­
Problems: l handover from one satellite to another satellite (circa)] 19.5 ¯ 5.1 ­ 5.2 ­ 62 ISL
Registration of mobile stations 23.3 ISL 6.9 ¯ 7¯
q more complex focusing of antennas between satellites l mobile station leaves the footprint of one satellite
q Localization of the mobile station via the satellite’s position access FDMA/TDMA CDMA FDMA/TDMA FDMA/TDMA
q high system complexity due to moving routers q Gateway handover method
q requesting user data from HLR l Handover from one gateway to another ISL yes no no yes
q higher fuel consumption
q updating VLR and SUMR l mobile station still in the footprint of a satellite, but gateway leaves the bit rate 2.4 kbit/s 9.6 kbit/s 4.8 kbit/s 64 Mbit/s ¯
q thus shorter lifetime footprint 2/64 Mbit/s ­
Calling a mobile station # channels 4000 2700 4500 2500
Iridium and Teledesic planned with ISL q localization using HLR/VLR similar to GSM q Inter system handover Lifetime 5-8 7.5 12 10
Other systems use gateways and additionally terrestrial networks q connection setup using the appropriate satellite l Handover from the satellite network to a terrestrial cellular network [years]
l mobile station can reach a terrestrial network again which might be cost 4.4 B$ 2.9 B$ 4.5 B$ 9 B$
cheaper, has a lower latency etc. estimation