INDICATORS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HOTELS

Pedro Luz1, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa

1 INTRODUCTION
The growing concern about the future of the planet and the sustainability of its resources
encourage more and more companies to adopt efficient strategies regarding energy
consumption for a cleaner, economical and sustainable management. The tourism sector in
Portugal is an important contribution to the national economy and the dissemination of its
culture and tradition. The Portuguese tourism sector represents more than 9% of the GDP and
Portugal is the 7th lower specific consumer (per square meter) of energy in the tourism sector in
Europe [1]. The hotel industry plays a key role in the reduction of energy in the building sector.
The competitive advantages of the hotels that implement pioneering ways of improvement
represent an incentive for other establishments to also adopt efficient solutions [2]. The
responsibility and the involvement of Portugal to achieve the European targets for sustainable
development [3] has set the goal to certify, by 2020, about half of the commercial/service
buildings with energy class B- or higher under the default values set by the National System for
Energy Certification of Buildings (SCE) [4]. The SCE is managed by ADENE - Agency for
Energy and aims to contribute to the increase of energy efficiency and the use of renewable
energy, promoting energy certification of buildings and setting requirements based on tools
such as energy performance indicators [5]–[8]. However, more detailed and reliable information
based on statistical consumption data for hotel buildings in the tourism sector is always required
to be available for effective benchmarking [9]. The aim of this study is to develop an integrated
methodology for energy management based on a matrix of energy performance indicators, to
diagnose and compare a hotel unit with national average values. A systematic and consistent
number of energy and water performance indicators regarding physical and operational factor
was gathered to assess energy consumption for a hotel building (as detailed as possible), and
to create a tool of common reading for awareness and training of administrative staff
management, employees and even hotels customers.

2 ENERGY INDICATORS IN HOTELS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Several studies based their research on the identification and use of total energy consumption
performance indicators normalized per unit area, in a yearly basis as decision support tools
involving leaderboards and statistical analysis. According to Wang [10] with these indicators it is
possible to study the influence of the operational characteristics of hotels, including several
factors in each country/region, and to establish a general pattern of consumption in local hotels.

Bohdanowicz & Martinac [11], based on a statistical survey in 184 Hilton International and
Scandic hotels in Europe, evaluated the relationship between electricity and water consumption
with key determining physical and operational influence factors. They identified key
performance indicators such as: energy consumption per floor area, number of guestrooms, and
number of guest-nights as parameters of reference and standardization of each chain and
specific for each establishment. Karagiorgas et al. [12] developed an energy flow simulation tool
in 10 Mediterranean hotels in Greece for different hotel star categories and typologies. The
energy flow model through hotel interface from various fuel intakes to end-use services reported
EUI results per night-spent and per lunch. Xin et al. [13] proposed a simplified model based on
a detailed sample of 19 from 54 luxury hotels of four and five-star analyzed in Hainan Province,

1
Corresponding author - Email: pedro.brito.luz@tecnico.ulisboa.pt; Address: Av. Rovisco Pais 1,1049-001
Lisboa, Portugal;

1
China. This study identified as sufficient the index of total consumption per unit area
2
(kWh/m /year), normalized by a climate adjustment method to degree-days. Lu et al. [14]
proposed a detailed analysis in 27 hotels of the same province, using standardized indexes to a
climate adjustment. Overall consumption was broken down into three indicators (per working
unit area, total number of rooms and number of nights sold), and electricity consumption was
broken down into four types of end-use services: (HVAC, lighting, service equipment such as
lifts, pumping systems and by special areas such as kitchens or laundries). Gonzalez et al. [15]
suggested an additional standard indicator, upgradeable online, offering an insight into the
degree of energy efficiency of each hotel, relating the ratio of the building's energy consumption
(kWh or CO2) with a reference consumption (kWhref or CO2,ref) of such building (EEIB - Energy
Efficiency Index for buildings). Deng & Burnett [16] also presented a study in 17 establishments
in Hong Kong, setting a statistical comparison chart based on the general indicator Water Use
3 2
Index (WUI) (m /m /year) as comparative statistical study base. They underlined the lack of
precise monitoring of water consumption in the different services of the hotels and the necessity
to link water consumption indicators to energy management, given the importance of the
resource itself and the impact of high levels of consumption.

Table 1 presents a set of comparative average energy use index values selected from the
literature review as a basic framework of expected typical consumption. The sources where
data was withdrawn are pointed for a more detailed review.

Table 1 Energy efficiency index selected from literature review

Country (year) Total EUI (kWh/m2/year) (kWh/guest/year) Source

Portugal (1999)
5 star 290 [17]
4 star 220
Singapore (2008) [264,71 - 592,33], mean 426,96
Italy (2001) [249 - 436], mean 364,4
Spain (2003) [14]
199,8
4 star
Taiwan (2010) [123,7 – 567,7], mean 285 106
Hainan, China (2012) [69,23 – 96,75] [13]
Hong Kong (2000) 342
New Zeland (2000) 159 [10]
Tunisia (2002) 171
UK (2009) 368
Cyprus (1991)
5 star 278,8 55,6 [18]
4 star 222,2 55,6
Total WUI (l/guest/year) (kWh/guest/year) Source
Europe (2004)
Hilton 393 79,5 [11]
Scandic 203 45,4
Hong Kong (2003) 283 m3/m2 [19]

3 ENERGY DEMAND IN HOTELS IN PORTUGAL (CERTIFICATES)

ADENE provided a wide range of information for hotel buildings of "3 or less stars" and "4 or
more stars" contained in SCE database. Among all 317 available Energy Performance
Certificates (EPCs), 55 "4 or more stars" units from 9 municipalities were selected. For
calculation purposes, only the municipalities with more than a certified establishment were
considered. Each hotel’s climate zoning was also identified based on the Nomenclature of
Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) level III [7]. Fig. 1 suggests a national distribution of energy

2
consumption associated with the needs for
space heating and cooling energy use,
resulting from the selection of hotels of “4
or more stars” from the data provided by
ADENE.

The values of average consumption and

standard deviation for heating and cooling
were calculated for municipalities
containing more than one certified hotel.
No specific relation can be made since
standard deviation values suggests and
heterogeneous sample. Nevertheless,
northern municipalities present the higher
specific consumptions for both heating and
cooling demands.

Fig. 2 shows in detail the specific

consumption of the energy needs for
heating and cooling of each unit certified in
the corresponding municipalities.
Fig. 1 Mean values for heating and cooling specific
consumption for the "4 and 5 star" hotel buildings selected
from 9 municipalities

Fig. 2 Specific energy consumption for heating and cooling demands for the units selected from the 9 municipalities

Table 2 Characterization of each municipality by degree-day and climatic zone parameters

Label 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9-
Algarve Lisboa Porto Baixo Pinha Baixo Minho Cova Alto Trás-
Mondego Litoral Vouga Lima Beira os-Montes
Degree-day 987 1071 1250 1304 1323 1337 1629 1687 2015
Clim. Zon. (I1-V3) (I1-V2) (I1-V2) (I2-V2) (I2-V2) (I2-V2) (I2-V2) (I2-V3) (I3-V2)
All municipalities were ranked in ascending order from the number of degree-day, as stated in
Table 2. For the climatic zones, the colder the climate, the greater the amount of degree-day
and “I1, I2 or I3” regards a milder or harsher climate in winter, respectively, as well as for
summer “V1, V2 or V3”. The trend line allows the observation of the relationship between
intensification on heating energy consumption proportional to the increase in the number of
degree-day in climatic zones with a higher weather severity. Accordingly to Oliveira [1], the
regions of Algarve, Lisboa and Porto recorded warmer climates in the summer and are the ones
with higher occupancy rates hence greater needs in energy consumption. These results are in
accordance with those obtained from the database sample.

A breakdown of energy consumption for the different types of energy like heating, cooling,
district hot water (DHW) and lighting was further assessed and a calculation of each EUI was
performed (kWh/m2/year) for the units selected, as shown in Table 3.

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Table 3 - Mean values for major end-uses energy consumption for the municipalities selected

Heating Cooling DHW Lightning

2 2 2 2
(kWh/m /year) (kWh/m /year) (kWh/m /year) (kWh/m /year)

23,9 22,3 30,2 29,6

DHW and lighting represented the highest breakdown energy consumption in hotel buildings,
thought they did not show any significant relationship with the climatic zoning. These results
reinforce the importance of re-evaluation of site power plants and distribution, and the adoption
of more efficient lighting technology.

In Fig.2 some units with values far away from the expected core set for each municipality can
be identified. These outliers suggest three possibilities: 1) More demanding luxurious service
requirements that distinguish them from the other units, thus increasing their energy
consumption needs; 2) Some error associated within EPCs calculation of the breakdown of
energy use index for heating or cooling or 3) in fact, identified hotels are poorly managed or
have some inefficiency related with the HVAC operating systems.

A detailed analysis on service requirements and building features has been undertaken in order
to assess their influence on energy consumption.

4.1 ADDITIONAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR SPACE HEATING AND COOLING

For each municipality, the units with a higher value than the average were selected to
enumerate what specific services they operate and what can distinguish them from the others
that are rated below average. In fact, all the units selected were equipped with specific facilities
like spa (massages, cosmetic treatments, indoor swimming pools, sauna, turkish bath, jacuzzi),
indoor sports facilities such as gyms or relaxation areas and a varied number of meeting
rooms/conferences with HVAC systems. Some registered more than one restaurant. Others are
still equipped with diesel boilers for air conditioning purposes.

It was thus possible to establish a standard additional range for the specific heating and cooling
energy consumption for the hotels with the characteristics listed above. The average delta of
each interval was calculated and is shown in Table 4.

Table 4 - Additional energy consumption for heating and cooling demands

Mean EUI Addition specific energy Mean characteristic

2
(kWh/m /year) consumption range delta (Δ)
2 2
(kWh/m /year) (kWh/m /year)
Heating 23,9 [ 12,3 – 97,2 ] + 28,1
Cooling 22,3 [ 0,7 – 41,7 ] +16,0
For heating purposes, the value of the additional delta is greater than the mean EUI, which
shows a significant consumption of energy to meet the services listed. However, some units
have been identified (in the municipality 6 and 7) that also provide luxurious operational
services and air-conditioned conference room spaces, but had extremely low or close to zero
heating or cooling consumptions. Thus, the conclusion suggested in 2) - it may be necessary to
review some indicators presented in energy certificates - is substantiated by those units with low
levels of energy consumption but with the same services, or by the extremely high values in
hotel buildings that were taken out for the calculation of delta.

After a brief background of the current situation of the energy needs in the tourism sector in
Portugal, it was further suggested to differentiate energy consumption between four and five-
star hotels based on an individual data collection methodology. A more complete diagnosis is
proposed in the next chapter.

4
4 INDICATORS AND METHODOLOGY
A simplified tool was developed to collect energy consumption data for each hotel unit. It
consists of an input and output map. Performed calculations are presented by Eq.1 and 2.

On the input map, internal management data for the invoiced mean annual consumption of
major energy sources (electricity, gas and water) for the three previous years are requested. For
each type it was requested to enter data for different cost centers (kitchens, guestrooms, site
power central plant, laundry, leisure facilities, lifts, catering, etc), depending on the number of
sub-meters installed in the hotel building to collect and register invoiced consumption. For cost
center k, the overall amount of invoiced energy consumed ( ) minus the additional
consumptions such as laundry and spa ( ), was calculated, as presented on Eq.1.

∑ (1)

For each hotel, the EPC was also requested in order to extract the breakdown of the different
energy use types (heating, cooling, DHW, lightning and other including pumps, ventilation, lifts)
from end-user percentage distribution of each typology (main building, restaurant, leisure
facilities, kitchens). For each typology j, the total amount of simulated energy consumed (Es)
was calculated as presented on Eq. 2 These data are considered as simulated consumption.

*∑ (∑ )+ (2)

Where and are the fraction of the supplied energy use (s) and renewable solar
energy (ren) and the overall amount of energy for each typology j.

Bookkeeping information on the number of guestrooms, number of guests and number of food
covers (meals served) had also to be filled in for the respective years to calculate normalized
performance indicators.

On the output map, a framework of performance invoiced and simulated indicators are returned
as will be presented in the next chapter.

A statistical survey was conducted to 13 deluxe hotels of four and five-stars in Portugal. Energy
and water invoiced consumption, EPCs and occupancy rates data were collected to perform the
calculations above and assess energy performance.

Based on the majority of the hotels surveyed for the Portuguese tourism sector, it is thus
possible to present a template form to be filled for the three previous years (n-1, n-2, n-3) and
used to collect the most common data with minor adjustments. Three steps are followed:

1) Invoiced annual consumptions: 1.1) Total annual electricity consumption, 1.2) Annual
consumption of natural gas, LPG or fuel divided in two main cost centers (kitchen and site
power plant) and 1.3) Percentage breakdown of total annual water consumption into major
typologies like guestrooms-main building, kitchen, spa/pool and laundry.

2) Technical management occupancy data: Number of guestrooms, guest-nights, food covers

and occupancy rate.

3) Simulated annual consumptions from EPCs: Breakdown of energy consumptions for the
different energy use types for each building typology.

The additional energy consumptions associated with pool/spa, laundry services and renewable
sources of domestic solar energy that are subtracted from the estimated and invoiced

5
consumptions so that all hotels are compared to each other as if they did not provide these
services. It aims to filter the amounts of different services in order to create a more consistent
and homogeneous basis of comparison between all the units studied.

Invoiced and simulated consumption are thus normalized by the technical data to establish a
framework of performance indicators for each unit. In the next chapter, the results are presented
in as the output map. Results are reported in the next chapter.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A statistical survey was conducted in 13 deluxe hotels of four and five stars in Portugal. Energy
and water consumption data were collected as well as information regarding occupancy rates
based on the forms presented in the previous chapter.

Table 5 shows a basic summary of the buildings characteristics and occupancies collected from
the investigated units. Mostly are located within the urban area of Lisbon. The buildings studied
fall into the category "large service buildings", according to its definition [5]. The sample
consisted of 8 five-star and 5 four-star hotel units.

Table 5 - Average building characteristics and occupancy values for the total units surveyed

GFA Number of Daily average of Daily average of Daily average of

guestrooms guestrooms guest-nights meals served
occupied
2
4 Star 3.589 – 10.795 m 50 – 153 38 82 guests/day 129 (1,6
meal/guest)
2 590 (2,1
5 Star 11.290 – 46.769 m 70 – 518 176 278 guests/day
meal/guest)
Five-star hotels offer 24h of room service and maintenance, unlike four-star hotels that operate
for 16h. A variety of facilities and services, areas for leisure, meetings and operation schedules
are expected factors of influence in the global consumption of buildings. Based on the survey
results, energy performance of the hotel buildings was assessed and results of the EUI were
calculated, differentiating four and five star rating.

The results are related with consumption of electricity, gas, water and CO 2 and normalized by
the gross floor area (and adjusted to the local climate), number of guestrooms, registered
guests and the number of meals served. The statistical results were calculated for
benchmarking purposes. Statistical data was grouped into two categories: 1) "general
performance indicators" and 2) "Energy and Water Use Index", for yearly based values.

6.1 GENERAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Table 6 shows the results of total annual performance indicator calculated for four and five-
star hotel units.

Table 6 - Total annual energy, water and emissions performance indicators for four and five-star hotels

Total energy per unit Total energy per Total energy per Total energy per
area, EUI, degree-day, guestroom, EUI, guest-night,
2 2
kWh/m /year Wh/m .ºC/year kWh/room/year kWh/guest/year
Four star Five star Four star Five star Four star Five star Four star Five star
Mean 165,9 196,0 108,5 169,8 81,1 90,4 42,8 57,9
Median 161,4 199,5 89,4 176,8 77,0 69,0 44,0 41,0
Std. 20,0 16,3 49,4 34,1 30,9 42,8 18,2 26,8
deviation

6
 Total water per Total water per meal, Total emissions per Total emissions per
3
guestroom, m /meal/year guestroom, meal,
3
m /room/year kgCO2/room/year kgCO2/meal/year
Four star Five star Four star Five star Four star Five star Four star Five star
Mean 0,24 0,42 0,01 0,03 21,4 27,7 - 0,56
Median 0,24 0,35 0,01 0,03 21,7 22,4 - 0,42
Std. 0,05 0,15 0,00 0,01 7,6 12,7 - 0,38
deviation

The total energy consumption includes expenses associated with internal activities that are not
directly related with accommodations and it is different for each hotel. For example, spaces
dedicated and the number of conferences and events that occur during the year, multiple types
of luxurious services, geographical location and the building’s specific architectural features are
regarded. The purpose of calculating the performance indicator normalized by degree-day is to
allow general comparison of hotel units in different regions of the country. Unfortunately, most of
the units surveyed belong to the municipality of Lisbon, limiting the list of hotels that are from
different climate locations.

An average for total energy

consumption was calculated as
2
196,0 and 165,9 kWh/m /year for
five and four-star hotels Fig 3. There
are mandatory requirements for five-
star hotels that are optional for the
four-star hotel, which partially
explains this difference in results.
For example, considering the
building’s facilities, the minimum Fig. 3 Mean total average energy, EUI per number of stars
area of five-star hotels (19,5-22,5 m2) compared to four star units (14,5-17,5 m2) for the different
types of guestrooms and great allotment for the car park results in a greater need for lighting
purposes. Full air conditioning in all rooms on the five- star properties naturally results in higher
electrical and thermal consumption associated with heating and cooling needs. Ensuring room
service and maintenance 24 hours a day in contrast to 16h for four-star units, alongside with the
complexity of services, also represent a greater weight in the energy invoicing of the hotel.

The value of the standard deviation calculated for the water consumption is high. This result is
due to 6 of the 13 hotels surveyed not carrying water sub-meters, not being able to provide a
more detailed consumption associated with the "additional energy consumptions" like pool/spa
and laundry services. Therefore, the resulting water indicators have oversized values. The
standard deviation for four and five-star hotels regarding pollutant gas emissions per square
meter is low, which allows good standard measure results.

In general, the average values of the indicators accounts for an estimation of four and five- star
hotels. The size of the population studied is not relevant enough to conclude on a national
average standard value for these EUI.

These results, however, induce a possible embodiment of the standardized consumption for
each hotel typology (blue dots are five-star and red dots are four-star units results), as shown in
Fig. 4.

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 Fig. 4 Total energy normalized per unit area vs. per guestroom

6.2 ENERGY AND WATER USE INDEX

Table 7 shows the results for types of consumption, per unit area for five and four-star hotel
units. The performance indicator matrix is divided in two parts: 1) invoiced consumption of
electricity, gas, water consumption and CO2 emissions, and 2) breakdown for different energy
types (heating, cooling, DHW and lightning) of estimated consumption extracted from the
energy certificates.

Table 7 - Performance indicators for invoiced consumptions normalized per unit area

Electricity per unit Gas per unit area, Total water per unit Total emissions per
2 2
area, kWh/m /year kWh/m /year area, WUI, unit area,
3 2 2
Four star Five star Four star Five star Four m
star/m /year
Five star kgCO
Four star2/m /year
Five star
Mean 108,3 124,5 57,6 71,2 0,9 1,0 50,7 54,4
Median 111,5 122,5 58,8 72,9 0,9 0,7 48,9 58,5
Std. 16,7 16,7 19,1 13,8 0,1 0,4 4,5 12,8
deviation
Heating per unit area, Cooling per unit Lightning per unit DHW per unit area,
2 2 2 2
kWh/m /year area, kWh/m /year area, kWh/m /year kWh/m /year
Four star Five star Four star Five star Four star Five star Four star Five star
Mean 52,3 32,0 15,8 18,8 28,8 34,0 18,1 15,3
Median 48,0 30,0 13,0 19,5 26,5 35,0 12,2 12,0
Std. 10,8 15,0 13,0 9,4 20,8 11,9 10,9 10,3
deviation
Accordingly to the results reported, the most relevant conclusions are highlighted below for the
number of cases surveyed:

Lighting and heating account as the largest

sources of energy consumption for five-star
hotel units, as show in Fig. 5.

Compared to the data provided by ADENE for

hotel buildings with”4 or more stars" (Table 3),
there was a significant change in the major
end-uses:

 The DHW production is no longer the

highest consumption but the lowest for Fig. 5 Results for energy consumption breakdown for
five-star units
both five-star and four-star hotels;

 For five star-hotels, lightning represented the major end use consumption;

 These findings reinforce the importance of distinguishing the typology "4 or more stars"
between the two types, since each may represent large differences in energy uses,
depending on the type and level of service quality.

8
Electricity accounted for 65,3% and 63,5%
of the total invoiced energy consumption for
five-star and four-star hotels, respectively.
As shown in Fig. 6, for most units the value
of the total invoiced performance indicator
was within a range of 150-220
kWh/m2/year, regardless of the value of
GFA.

Comparison from the average values of Fig. 6 Total energy EUI vs. building GFA for four and five-star
total EUI for four and five-star hotels (Table hotel units
1) showed a significant reduction for energy
consumption. This result points out the benefits of energy management policies in the
Portuguese hotel industry and the adoption of more efficient technologies solutions besides the
significantly growing of hotel buildings over the last decade [21].

Water consumption per unit area were quite similar between four and five-star units (1,0 and
3 2
0,9 m /m /year), despite five-star hotels recording a higher occupancy rate (plus 138 daily
occupied rooms compared to four-star units), thus achieving a better management of water
resources.

6 CONCLUSIONS
The review and analysis of many existing energy management studies in the field of
international hospitality was carried out in order to systematize a set of the most relevant
indicators that reflect, globally, the energy performance of a hotel unit. A correct sizing of the
performance indicators is closely related with the level of detail monitoring of internal
consumption.

A current national scenario analysis for energy performance in "4 or more stars units" was
developed based on SCE database. It concluded that units located in the most northern
municipalities have higher specific energy consumption to meet the needs of heating and
cooling. It was also found that, with few exceptions, hotels equipped with luxurious spa services,
sports facilities, gymnasiums and large spaces for events result in additional energy
consumption of 118% for heating and 72% for cooling purposes.

A national survey was performed on 5 four-star and 8 five-star luxury hotels in Portugal. Energy
and water consumption as well as important data related to occupancy rates and buildings
specific features were collected. The results allow hotel managers to compare internal
performance indicator matrix with an average national profile. Major conclusions are reported:
2
The average total energy consumption for five-star hotels (196,0 kWh/m /year) is higher than
2
the four-star hotels (169,5kWh/m /year), as a result of higher daily occupation rates and most
demanding service requirements. Electricity accounts for 64% of total energy on average. The
specific consumptions of energy use for lighting and space heating stand out as the largest
sources of consumption for five-star hotels. Yet, the size of the units surveyed was not relevant
to conclude for a reliable national average standard value of performance indicators and an
expansion of study cases is necessary. The lack of sub-meters to register internal consumption
in different end-use services, especially in four-star hotels results in a lower ability to understand
the energy performance of the building and the adoption of more efficient strategies. The
comparison between invoiced and simulated consumptions brought greater complementarity to
this project. The availability of such information to ADENE may lead to the adjustment on the
calculation methodology and the detection of possible misunderstandings. The revaluation on
EPCs for those hotels that presented outliers from average values should be taken into account
to improve current database.

9
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o o
[20] DL n. 78/2006, “Decreto- Lei n. 78/2006,” Ministério da Ecónomia e do Emprego, 4 de Abril, pp. 2–6, 2006.

[21] Deloitte Portugal, “Atlas da Hotelaria 2015 - Especial 10 anos,” Deloitte New Release, 2015.

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