QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

SCHEME OF ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALTS

ANALYSIS OF ANION : The analysis of anion consists of (1) Identification and

(2) confirmatory test.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. TEST WITH Dil. HCL a) Brisk effervescence with Prescence of carbonate

A little of the given solution the evolution of colourless,
(salt) is treated with dil. HCL. odourless gas.
b) No brisk effervescence. Absence of carbonate

2. TEST WITH Dil. H2SO4

A little of the solution is a) Smell of vinegar Prescence of Acetate
rubbed with dil. Sulphuric b) No characteristic smell. Absence of Acetate
acid.
3. TEST WITH CON. H2SO4
To a little of the solution in
the test tube conc. Sulphuric
acid is added and heated.
4. TEST WITH CON. H2SO4
AND PAPER BALL
To a little of the test solution
conc. Sulphuric Acid is
added and heated (boiled).
To the warm solution a paper
ball is added.
a) A colourless pungent Prescence of Chloride.
smelling gas fuming in
moist air. Dense white
fumes are obtained when
a glass rod dipped in
NH2OH is shown in the
mouth of the test tube.
a) Reddish Brown vapours Prescence of Nitrate
are evolved.
b) No characteristic reaction. Absence of Nitrate
 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICALS

CARBONATE
(To be done only if carbonate is
present)
a) A little of the solution is Lime water is turned milky. Prescence of carbonate is
treated with dil. HCL and confirmed.
the gas is passed through
lime water and shaken
well

b) A small quantity of A white precipitate is formed Prescence of carbonate is

Barium Chloride is added which dissolves in dil. HCL again confirmed.
to a little of the salt with brisk effervescence a
solution. colourless gas evolved turns
lime water milky.
ACETATE
(To be done only if Acetate is
present)
a) About 1ml conc. Sulphuric A fruity smell is obtained. Prescence of Acetate is
acid and 1ml rectified spirit are confirmed.
added to a little salt solution
heated and poured into excess
water.

b) To a little of the salt solution A reddish-brown precipitate is Presence of Acetate is

a few drops of neutral Ferric obtained. again confirmed.
Chloride solution is added.
CHLORIDE
(To be done only if Chloride is
present)
a) A little of the test solution A white curdy precipitate Presence of Chloride is
is acidified with dil. Nitric dissolved in excess of confirmed.
Acid and a few drops of Ammonium Hydroxide is
Silver Nitrate solution is formed.
added.

b) A little of the test solution is Green Yellow vapours are Presence of Chloride is
heated with conc. Sulphuric evolved. again confirmed.
Acid and Manganese
Dioxide.
NITRATE
(To be done only if Nitrate is
present)
a) A little of the salt solution is A brown ring is formed at the Presence of Nitrate is
mixed with an equal amount junction of the junction of the confirmed.
of freshly prepared Ferrous two liquids.
Sulphate solution and conc.
Sulphuric Acid is added
slowly along the sides of
the test tube.

b) A little of the test solution Colourless gas with the smell Presence of Nitrate is
is heated with Sodium of Ammonia is evolved. again confirmed.
Hydroxide and Aluminium
powder.
 ANALYSIS OF CATIONS
1. ANALYSIS OF ZERO GROUP (AMMONIUM)

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. ACTION WITH
SODIUM CARBONATE
Test for zero group
A little of the test solution a) No precipitate is Presence of Ammonium
is treated with Sodium obtained. (Group zero)
Carbonate solution. b) A precipitate is Absence of Ammonium
obtained. (Group zero)
2. TEST FOR GROUP – I
(LEAD)
Dil. HCL is added to a a) A white crystalline ppt is Presence of Lead
little of the salt solution. obtained. (Group one)
b) No characteristic Absence of Lead
precipitate. (Group one)

3. TEST FOR GROUP – III

CATIONS
To a little of the test a) A white gelatinous Presence of Aluminium
solution solid Ammonium precipitate is obtained. (Group III)
Chloride and Ammonium b) No characteristic Absence of Aluminium
Hydroxide solution is precipitate (Group III)
added.
 CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR CATIONS

AMMONIUM (NH4+) –
ZERO GROUP
(To be done only if
Ammonium is present)
a) To a little of the solution A colourless gas with the Presence of Ammonium
small amount of Sodium smell of ammonia producing
Hydroxide is added and dense white fumes with
heated. conc. HCL.

b) To a little of the Nessler’s A brown precipitate is Presence of Ammonium is

reagent two drops of test obtained. confirmed
solution is added.
LEAD (Pb2+) – GROUP I
(To be done only if Lead is
present)
a) To a little of the test A yellow precipitate is Presence of Lead is
solution Potassium obtained. confirmed
Chromate solution is
added.

b) A little Potassium Iodide A golden yellow precipitate Presence of Lead is again

solution is added to a little is obtained. It dissolves in confirmed
of the test solution. boiling water and reappears
as golden spangles (sequins)
on cooling.
ALUMINIUM (Al3+) –
GROUP III
(To be done only if
Aluminium is present)
a) To a little of test solution A white gelatinous Presence of Aluminium
Sodium Hydroxide is precipitate, soluble in confirmed
added drop by drop in excess Sodium Hydroxide
excess. is formed.

b) To a little of the test Blue tinted ash Presence of Aluminium is

solution Conc. Nitric Acid again confirmed
and Cobalt Nitrate solution
are added, boiled. A filter
paper dipped in it is
burned to ash.