SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS

Now we bring together all the losses we have studied to

investigate the total loss for a pipe network

Series pipeline – fluid flows in a single flowpath through the

system

What were the various losses we discussed???

- Friction loss in pipes (major)

hL = f * (L/D) * v2/2g

- losses due to bends, fittings, valves, etc – (minor losses)

hL = K (v 2 / 2 g )

We will be studying 3 types of series pipe systems –

CLASS I:

• Given – pipe size, flow rates

• Determine – pressure at some point, total head from a
pump

1
CLASS II:

• Given – pipe sizes, valves, fittings etc.

• Given – allowable pressures or pressure drops
• Determine – the allowable flow rate Q in the system

CLASS III:
• Given – pipe layout and flow rates
• Determine – pipe sizes

2
CLASS I Computations –

Apply General Energy Equation

hL = sum of

- entrance loss
- friction loss in suction line
- loss in valve
- loss in elbows
- friction loss in discharge line
- exit loss

3
Example Problem 11.1

Determine Power supplied to pump

If –
• Efficiency = 76%
• Fluid = methyl alcohol at 25C
• Q = 54 m3/hr
• Suction line – 4” steel pipe 15 m long
• Discharge line – 2” steel pipe 200 m long
• Valve – globe valve
• Entrance from 1 – square edged inlet

4
5
6
7
NOTE – see appendices F-G in TEXT for areas and inside
diameters for steel pipes.

8
Correction 789! (table appendix B)

9
10
11
Table 10.5

12
13
14
Table 10.4

15
16
17
18
ASSIGNMENT # 7:

CLASS 1 PIPE SYSTEMS –

• 11.1M
• 11.2M

19
***Some Design Considerations for Series Pipelines:

• Keep pressure at inlet to the pump as high as practical – but

checks should be made to ensure that cavitation does not
occur in the suction line.

• Minimize energy losses in the pipelines. Large diameter

pipes should be selected for long pipe line lengths – so as to
reduce friction losses. However the pipe dia should not be
excessively large – increases costs.

• Length of suction lines should be as short as practical.

• ON or OFF valves should be preferred, such as GATE or

BUTTERFLY valves. Where flow needs to be gradually
reduced, GLOBE valves should be used.

• Often preferable to put valves on either side of the pump.

Design Changes to CLASS I Problem to reduce losses:

• Length of suction line = 15m, appear excessively long,

shorten if possible.

• Provide a GATE valve in the suction line

• Energy loss in 200m discharge line too high = 185.9 m

(friction); associated with high velocity = 6.92 m/s.

20
Recommended range of velocities –

Suction lines = 0.6 to 1.2 m/s

Discharge lines = 2-5.5 m/s

To reduce the velocity in the discharge line – increase the

diameter of the pipe.

Currently you have 2 inch pipe.

Refer to Figure 6.2 (next page)– says to use ~ 21/2 inches;

Adopt 3-inch

Velocity head due to 2-inch = 2.44 m

Velocity head due to 3-inch = 0.504 m

21
A reduction in energy losses of about 5 times!!

22
 • Currently you have Globe valve in discharge line which has
an equivalent-length ratio = 340. The same value for a
fully-open GATE valve is = 8. – A reduction of about 42
times in the energy loss.

Final Summary of proposed design changes –

• Decrease suction line length from 15 to 1.5 m. Add that

length to discharge line.

• Add fully open gate valve in suction line.

• Increase discharge line dia from 2” to 3”.

• Replace globe valve in discharge line with gate valve.

All these changes will lead to reduction in energy added by

pump from 217 m to 37.9 m. the power supplied to the pump
would decrease from 33.2 kW to 5.8 kW – a reduction by a
factor of 6!!!

Cost analysis should also be done.

CLASS II:

• Given – pipe sizes, valves, fittings etc.

23
• Given – allowable pressures or pressure drops
• Determine – the allowable flow rate Q in the system

24
25
26
 0.25
f = 2
⎡ ⎛
log
⎢ ⎜ ⎜
1 ⎞ 5.74 ⎤
⎟
⎟ + 0 .9 ⎥
- (Swamee & Jain eqn)
⎣⎢ ⎝ 3.7 ( D / ε ) ⎠ N R ⎦⎥

Note Correction – D/ε = 8889 in eq above!

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
CLASS III:
• Given – pipe layout and flow rates
• Determine – pipe sizes

34
35
36