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Part IV A (Article 51 A)
Fundamental Duties
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle
for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to
do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all
the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,
rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour
and achievement;
*(k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to
his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.
Note: The Article 51A containing Fundamental Duties was inserted by the Constitution
(42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 (with effect from 3 January 1977).
*(k) was inserted by the Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 (with effect from
1 April 2010).
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í˛zˆÏmà G ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚!=˛Ü˛Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ– ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛Ù ≤ÈÏîï˛yÓ˚y ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y ܲÙyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– ï˛y•z ï˛yÑÓ˚y !¢¢%Ó˚ ÙlhflÏc G
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õyë˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l G ˛õ!Ó˚Óô≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyàˆÏܲ §Ê˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !¢¢%Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ò° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ G •yˆÏï˛Ü˛°ˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲ ˛ï˛yÓ˚
!òܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒàî ˆÎ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤âǧy ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ
§Ùyç !ÓK˛yl í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ •!Ó˚ Óy§%ˆÏòÓl ~ÓÇ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
xôƒy˛õܲ ï˛y˛õ§ Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ ˛õÓ˚yوϢ≈Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ– ܲ!ï˛˛õÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛Ó˚
í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– ~•z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yˆÏܲ §Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ G•z §Ü˛° !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
≤Ãôyl!¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y çyly•z– xyÙÓ˚y }î# G•z §ÙhflÏ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÎÑyÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
§•yÎ˚§¡õò G ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÙÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛K˛ çyï˛#Î˚
ï˛_¥yÓôyÎ˚ܲ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ƒÓyl §ÙÎ˚ G xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒñ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ
ÎÑyÓ˚y ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚l ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ xyGï˛yô#l Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ G í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l
xôƒy˛õܲ Ù,îy° !Ù!Ó˚ G xôƒy˛õܲ !ç !˛õ ˆò¢˛õyˆÏu˛˛ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚yàÜ,˛ï˛– Ü ˛Ù §ÇflÒyÓ˚ G !lÓ˚Ó!FSÈߨ
í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ §Ó≈òy ~•z §ÇfiÌy òyÎ˚ÓÂô– ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ xyÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l G
í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ xy˛õlyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ˆÏܲ §Óò≈y fl∫yàï˛ çylyÎ˚–
x!ôܲï≈˛y
lï%˛l !ò!Õ‘ Ó˚yT˛…#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G
20 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ 2005 ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò
TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
CHIEF ADVISOR
Tapas Majumdar, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi.
TEAM MEMBERS
Gulsan Sachdeva, Associate Professor, School of International Studies,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
Nutan Punj, PGT, Kendriya Vidhyalaya, Border Security Force,
Najafgarh, New Delhi
Sukanya Bose, Senior Economist, Economic Research Foundation,
Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi
MEMBER-COORDINATOR
Jaya Singh, Associate Professor, DESS, NCERT, New Delhi
Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y
lÓÙ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç ç!í˛¸ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl G Óƒ!=˛ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~l !§ •z
xyÓ˚ !ê˛ Ü,˛ïK˛ï˛y K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÙÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y çyly•z çl ˆÓ Ùƒyl G ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ¢y•%ˆÏܲñ x:ˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚
ˆ≤çñ !ò!Õ‘ñ 2005ñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•z ‘Working in the mill no more’ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ
SÈ!Ó ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– xyÙÓ˚y ôlƒÓyò çyly•z xÓ˚!Ó® §yôlyñ ~ܲ°Óƒñ
Ùôƒ≤ÈÏò¢ G çˆÏß√çÎ˚ á%!hs˝Î˚yñ !§!lÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ°Ü˛ã˛yÓ˚yÓ˚ñ fl%Ò° xʉ˛ ܲÓ˚§˛õˆÏu˛§‰ñ !ò!Õ‘ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚–
~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôlƒÓyò çylyÎ˚ §!Óï˛y !§l‰•y وϕyòÎ˚yˆÏܲñ xôƒy˛õܲ ~ÓÇ
≤Ãôyl !í˛ •z ~§ ~§ ~•zã˛ñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ !lÓ˚!Ó!FSÈߨ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ–
§ÇfiÌy ò#ˆÏl¢ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ñ •zlã˛yç≈ñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !Ó˲yàñ ò#ˆÏ˛õw Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ G x!ã˛l ˜çlñ !í˛
!ê˛ !˛õ x˛õyˆÏÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ò°#˛õ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ xày!hflÏñ ≤Ã%Ê˛ !Ó˚í˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲG Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y çylyÎ˚ñ Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚
§%®Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ– ~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ly !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y í˛zFã˛ ≤âǧyÓ˚ òy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏá–
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲï≈˛Óƒ
å˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!Óôylñ ôyÓ˚y 51~ä
l §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyl%àï˛ƒñ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ xyò¢≈ G ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylñ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õï˛yܲy G çyï˛#Î˚
§Çà#ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ◊ÂôyˆÏÓyô–
l Ù•Í ˆÎ§Ó xyò¢≈ fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zò‰Ó%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °y°l G xl%§Ó˚î–
l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÓ≈ˆÏ˲ÔÙcñ ˙ܲƒ G §Ç•!ï˛ Ó˚«˛y–
l xy•¥yl ~ˆÏ° ˆò¢Ó˚«˛y G çy!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ xyd!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y–
l ˲y£ÏyÈüÈôÙ≈ÈüÈxM˛°ÈüȈ◊!î !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˙ܲƒˆÏã˛ï˛ly G
ºyï,˛cˆÏÓyô í˛zò‰ˆÏÓyôl–
l ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ù◊ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)°ƒÓyl í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùy•ydƒ í˛z˛õ°!kô G §ÇÓ˚«˛î–
l xÓ˚îƒñ •…òñ lòlò#ñ Ólƒç#Ól§• ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ó˚«˛î G í˛zߨÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛ ˆ˛õy£Ïî–
l !ÓK˛ylÙlflÒï˛yñ ÙylÓï˛yÓyòñ xl%§rôyl G §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óܲy¢–
l §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §¡õ!_ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y G !•Ç§y ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y–
l çy!ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ !lÎ˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙ≈yòƒÙ G §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Óƒ!=˛àï˛ G §ÙˆÏÓï˛ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ í˛zÍܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ§•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y–
l !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y / x!˲˲yÓˆÏܲÓ˚ òy!Î˚c 6ÈüÈ14 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚flÒ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ܲÓ˚y–
§)!ã˛˛õe
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyÎ˚
˛õy°yÙ˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ 1
!mï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚
§¡õò !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï 16
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyÎ˚
òy!Ó˚oƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy 29
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyÎ˚
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y 42
1
xôƒyÎ˚
˛õy°Ù˛õ%
y°Ù˛õÓ% ˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“
(The Story of Village Palampur)
§Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î
í˛zͲõyòl §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ܲS%È ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÚÚ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ÓÛ˚ Û
lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y“!lܲ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õly ܲÓ˚y •°–
Ü,˛!£Ü˛yçÏ ˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲyç •ˆÏ°G xlƒylƒ
ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˆÎÙl «%˛o ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î !¢“ñ ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòlñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î
•zï˛ƒy!ò §yÙylƒ ÙyeyÎ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z§Ó í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õòñ
Ùl% £ Ï ƒ §, T ˛ í˛z ˛ õܲÓ˚ î ñ xÌ≈ ñ Ùyl% ˆ Ï £ Ï Ó ˚ ܲÙ≈ ≤ ÃˆÏ ã ˛T˛y •z ï ˛ƒy!ò–
˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à“ •ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓÏ̊Óñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õîƒ
G ˆ§Óy í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ã˛e 1.1 ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ò,¢ƒ
Ë)˛!Ùܲy
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# @˝ÃyÙà%!°Ó˚ G ¢•Ó˚à%!°Ó˚ §ÇˆÏà ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%®Ó˚ !Óò%ƒÍ¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÓÏ ˚ ò%•!z ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ G
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛l !ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚y•zàOñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y @˝ÃyÙ– ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà fl∫yfĩˆÏܲw G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ fl∫yfĩˆÏܲw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
Ó˚y•zàO G !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ¢•Ó˚ ¢y•˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛°l x§%fiÌ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy •Î˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# §í˛¸Ü˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §í˛¸ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
• í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ Óî≈ly ˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §í˛¸Ü˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ !Óò%ƒÍñ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ˆàyÓ˚%Ó˚ ày!í˛¸ñ ê˛Çàyñ à%í˛¸ G
Ü,˛!£Ïñ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ ˆ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy G fl∫yfĩˆÏܲˆÏwÓ˚ §%®Ó˚ G í˛zߨï˛
xlƒylƒ ˛õîƒ ˆÓyV˛y•z Ù!•ˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ ày!í˛¸ñ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ §y•zˆÜÏ ˛°ñ !ç˛õày!í˛¸ñ
ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ê˛∆ƒyQÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~•z§Ó §%!Óôyà%!°Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~•z @˝ÃyˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 450!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó§Óy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚– @˝ÃyˆÏÙ 80!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zFã˛ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à“ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È x!ôܲyÇ¢ ç!Ù– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸à!% °Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ¢ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ GÎ˚y!ܲӕy° ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ùhfl
ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ Óy!í˛¸ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆÎà%!° •zˆêÏ ˛Ó˚ G !§ˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xyhflÓÏ ˆ˚ îÏ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï•z •ˆÏFSÈ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͲõyòl ܲyÎ≈– xlƒylƒ í˛zͲõyòl
!ܲS%Èê˛y ÓˆÏí˛¸y Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲÈüÈï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ Ùyl%£Ï ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ xÜ,˛!£Ï ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õñ åNon-farming
ò!°ï˛ ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî Ùy!ê˛ G áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Activitiesä ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ «%˛o!¢“ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ ˆòyܲylòy!Ó˚
Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– x!ôܲyÇ¢ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ !Óò%ƒÍ §ÇˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– •zï˛ƒy!ò– í˛zͲõyòl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î !ӣψÏÎ˚ çylyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yáyˆÏê˛y ÓƒyÓ§y Óy!îçƒ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ l°Ü)˛˛õ xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ÏÓ–
D !à°Óyê≈˛ ~!ê˛!l (Gilbert Etienne) í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù Ó%°y®¢y ˆç°yÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó˚§yã≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ~•z à“!ê˛
xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ xyôy!Ó˚ï˛–
˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ 1
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î åHuman Capitalä– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ÙylÓ Ù%°ôl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G çylÓ–
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ•z •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õîƒ G ˆ§Óy
• l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏeñ ç!Ùñ ◊Ù G !fiÌÓ˚ Ù)°ôl Îy í˛zͲõyòˆÏl
í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y– ˛õîƒ G ˆ§Óy í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÈüüüÈ
≤ÃÌÙ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î!ê˛ •° ç!Ù åLandä G xlƒylƒ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
§¡õò ˆÎÙl ç°ñ Ólç §¡õòñ á!lç §¡õò •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!mï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î •° ◊!Ùܲ åLabourä xÌ≈yÍ ÎyÓ˚y ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ܲS%È í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zFã˛!¢!«˛ï˛ ܲÙ≈#Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
xlƒylƒ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ §yôyÓ˚î ◊!Ùܲ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ÎyÓ˚y ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ◊Ù
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ◊!Ùܲ•z í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ◊Ù ˆòˆÏÓ–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î!ê˛ •° ˆË˛Ôï˛˛ Ù)°ôl åPhysical Capitalä
xÌ≈yÍ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !˲ߨ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ܲ#
ܲ# !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏ§⁄
(a) Îsf˛õy!ï˛ñ ˆÙ!¢lñ !Ó!”˛Ç ı Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ó˚˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏSÈ x!ï˛ !ã˛e 1.2 xˆÏlܲ Îsf G ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚áyly
§yôyÓ˚î ˆÎÙl Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ °y.° ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ
Îsf˛õy!ï˛ ˆÎÙl ˆçlyˆÏÓê˚ ˛yÓ˚ñ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ñ ê˛yÓ˚Óy•zl •zï˛ƒy!ò– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ í˛zͲõyòl ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒñ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îà%!° ÈüÈ
Îsf˛õy!ï˛ G ܲyÓ˚áyly •zï˛ƒy!ò ò#â≈!òl í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ç!Ùñ ◊Ùñ ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ôl G ÙylÓ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùß∫Î˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ fiÌyÎ˚# Ù)°ôl – §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲy!•!lÓ˚˛ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÌÙ
(b) ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° G xÌ≈ ı í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !Ó!˲ߨ ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙyˆÏ°Ó˚
!ï˛l!ê˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ӣψòÏ çylÓ– xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ ïÑ˛y!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ï%˛ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ Ü%˛ˆÏÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ xyÙÓ˚y ˆË˛Ôï˛ Ù)°ôlˆÏܲ åPhysical Capitalä Ù)°ôl
çlƒ ܲyòyÙy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È xˆÏÌÓ≈ G
˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚ Îy Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl
G xlƒylƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl Ü ˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
ܲÑyã˛yÙy° G làò xÌ≈ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ù)°ôl– ˛õy°yÙ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü,˛!£Ï
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ù)°ôlñ Îsfy!ò G ܲ°Ü˛yÓ˚áyly ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛Ó˚˛ ÙˆÏï˛y˛
1. ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !fiÌÓ˚
lÎ˚ñ ï˛y í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !l/ˆÏ¢!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
Ü,˛!£Ï •° ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͲõyòl ܲyÎ≈– ܲÙ≈Ó˚ï˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
~SÈyí˛¸yñ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
75 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ç#!Óܲyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ï˛yÓ˚y
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Óy ÓyçyÓ˚çyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ ˛õîƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
•Î˚ Ü,˛£Ïܲ Óy Ü,˛!£Ï ◊!Ùܲ– ~•z§Ó ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°yÙ®
çlƒ ç!Ùñ ◊Ù G ˆË˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ Ù)°ôlˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛
!l!Óí˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛–
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zͲõyòl ܲyÎ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÓ˚ çlƒ K˛yl G
!ܲv Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Óyôy
í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÙylÓ Ù)°ôl
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÓyhflψÏÓ Ü,˛!£Ï ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !fiÌÓ˚– 1960 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ
2 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ïç ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚!l– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È §y•yˆÏ΃ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ç!ÙˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£Ïç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛ˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ l°Ü)˛˛õ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y
Ü,˛!£Ïç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ xyÓ˚ fl∫í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà l°Ü)˛˛õ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°˛– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%ˆÎÏ yà ˆl•z– 1970ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙôƒË˛yˆÏà 200 ˆ•QˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ~°yܲy
簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ÎyÎ˚–
ç!Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ Ù yˆÏ ˛ õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ ~ܲܲ •° ˆ•QÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó@˝ÃyˆÏ٠簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆl•z– lò#
åHectareä– Î!òG @˝ÃyÙ#î ~°yܲyÎ˚ ç!Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï˛#Ó˚Óï≈˛#ñ §Ù%o í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ° ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy á%Ó
!Ó!˲ߨ fiÌyl#Î˚ ~ܲܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ !Óâyñ ¢ï˛Ü˛ í˛zß¨ï˛– ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ùy°Ë)˛!Ù xM˛ˆÏ° !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ òy!«˛îyˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
•zï˛ƒy!ò– 100 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ Óy•%!Ó!¢T˛ Óà≈yܲyÓ˚ ç!Ù •° ~ܲ Ùy°Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy á%Ó•z xl%ß¨ï˛– ˆòˆÏ¢ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
ˆ•QÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~ܲ ˆ•QÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ 40 ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G Ü˛Ù ç!Ù ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ xÓ!¢T˛ xLjϢ Ü,˛!£Ï Ù)°ï˛ Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ 3
§yÓ˚!î 1.1: Ó•%ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓy!ò ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙÓ˚¢%ˆÏÙ
xyÓy!ò ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî å!Ù!°Î˚l ˆ•QÓ˚ä í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 1960üÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚
1950 120
ÙôƒË˛yà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ó#ˆÏç ã˛y£ÏyÓyò ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ ï˛yˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòl
1960 130
1970 140 Ü˛Ù •ï˛– !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ó#ˆÏç Ü˛Ù ç°ˆÏ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ï˛–
1980 140 Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ç!ÙÓ˚ §yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆàyÓÓ˚ G xlƒylƒ ˜çÓ §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
1990 140 ܲÓ˚ï˛– ~•z§Ó í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î !ܲS%È•z ÓyçyÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ly •ï˛ ly ~ÓÇ
2000 140 ï˛y Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛–
2010 155
1960 ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ £ Ï Ó ˚ !òˆÏ Ü ˛ ˲yÓ˚ ï ˛#Î˚ Ü, ˛ £Ï Ü ˛Ó˚ y
2012 155
í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° åHYVä àÙ G ôylÓ#ç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §Ó%ç
í˛zͧ : State of Indian Agriculture 2015-16; Directorate of !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#°
Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture,
Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. åHYVä Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
Ê˛°l ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç!Ù ~ál ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî áyòƒ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° åHYVä Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
˛õÎ≈yÆ ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ G ܲ#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#ç
§yÓ˚
Ü,˛!£ÏÎsf
• 簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ xyGï˛yô#l ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !Ü Ó,!Âô ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ !í˛ˆÏç°
ˆÜ˛l⁄ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛
• ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓÑyô
!lˆÏçÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ§Ó ¢§Ïƒ í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ áy°
l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!Óò%ƒÍ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáSÈñ ~ܲ•z ç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ ˛õy¡õ ˆÙ!¢l
í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° Ó•%Ê˛§!° ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛– í˛zß¨ï˛ !ã˛e 1.4 xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç ˛õÂô!ï˛ ı í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#çñ
Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y£Ï– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚˛ ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛
¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ lyÙ Ó#çÓ˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy§ Ê˛§° ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ Ùy§ 簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ åÓ,!T˛ñ ˆã˛ÔÓyFã˛yñ l°Ü)˛˛õñ áy° •zï˛ƒy!ò–ä
4 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#çñ 簈ϧã˛ñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ñ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ ≤Ã˲, !ï˛Ó˚ • xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏܲ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ làò
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ x!ôܲ í˛zͲõyòl §Ω˛Ó– xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÜ˛l⁄
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õyOyÓñ •!Ó˚Îy˚ ly G ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù
í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y xyô%!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y£ÏyÓyò ¢%Ó%˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü ˛Ù ıÈüÈ
˙§Ó xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y 簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ çlƒ l°Ü)˛˛õ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ° • ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈lܲyˆÏ° ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛çl Ü,˛£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#çñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ G ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ıÈüÈ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z Ü,˛!£Ï Îsf˛õy!ï˛ ˆÎÙl 1. Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ xyô%!lܲ
ê˛∆ƒyQÓ˚ G V˛yí˛¸y•z Îsf åThresherä Ü ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óy !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ Óy !Ù◊⁄ ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy–
o%ï˛ ç!Ù Ü˛£Ï≈î G Ê˛§° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ˆÎï˛– ~Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ 2. 簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ ܲ#⁄
ï˛yÓ˚y x!ôܲ àÙ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– 3. ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyÓy!ò ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ •ˆÏFSÈ⁄ åá%Ó fl∫“ ‡ ≤ÃyÎ˚
!ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ ã˛y£ÏyÓyò ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ•QˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏÙÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ ‡ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà xÇ¢ ‡ §Óä
í˛zͲõyòl !SÈ° 1300 !ܲˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÙ– í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#° Ó#ç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ 4. Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ~•z í˛zͲõyòl ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ•QˆÏÓ˚ 3200 ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
!ܲˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÙ– ï˛y•z ˆ§áyˆÏl àˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ àˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !ÓÜ ˛Î˚ˆÎÏ yàƒ í˛zm_, Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– 3. ç!Ù !ܲ §•l¢#°⁄
ç!Ù ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õòñ ï˛y•z ï˛y ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚
ÙlˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xl%§rôyˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ çyly
• Ó•%Ê˛§!° ã˛y£Ï G xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲ#˛⁄ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ
• l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ §Ó%ç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ àÙ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ–
G í˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ å≤Ã!ï˛ !Ù!°Î˚l ê˛l ~ܲˆÏÜ ä˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî– xˆÏlܲˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl «˛Ùï˛y •…y§ ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§ã˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ
ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛ˆÏe ï˛y !ã˛eyÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– §Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó !ܲ G•z ò%•z ¢ˆÏ§ÏƒÓ˚
Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ ç° í˛zˆÏ_y°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ç!ÙÓ˚ ç°hflÏÓ˚ •…y§ ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ §Ê˛° •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È⁄ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢àï˛ §¡õò ˆÎÙl Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y G Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ ç°hflÏÓ˚
• xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ï˛y ôÁǧ •ˆÏÎ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ù)°ôl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄
ˆàˆÏ° ï˛y ˛˛õ)l/lÓ#ܲÓ˚î á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛l Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ Ü,˛!£Ï
§yÓ˚!î 1.2 : í˛y° G àˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl å ê˛ˆÏlä í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÎbÓyl
í˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ àˆÏÙÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛zͲõyòl í˛zͲõyòl
1965 - 66 10 10 ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈Ü ˛Ù ıÈüÈ
1970 - 71 12 24
1980 - 81 11 36
1990 - 91 14 55
• §ÇÓyò˛õe ‡ Ùƒyày!çl ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õyê≈˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !lˆÏçÓ˚
2000
2010
-
-
01
11
11
18
70
87
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï Ùsf#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ã˛!ë˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
2012 - 13 18 94 §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !Ó˛õIlܲ •ˆÏFSÈ–
2013 - 14 19 96
2014 - 15 17 89
2015 - 16 17 94 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ ˆÎ á!lç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y çˆÏ°
í˛zͧ ı ˆfiê˛ê˛ xÓ •z!u˛Î˚yl ~!@˝Ãܲy°ã˛yÓ˚ 2016ó xÌ≈l#!ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §•ˆÏç•z àyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv ï˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l òÆÓ˚ñ Ü,˛!£Ï !Ó˲yàñ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ܲ°ƒyî G §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y– ò#â≈«˛î ç!Ù˛ lyG ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ 5
!ã˛e 1.5 ˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ ı ã˛y£ÏÜ,˛ï˛ ç!ÙÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛l
Óy!ܲ ˆÎ§Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç!Ù Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 240!ê˛
Ù%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ ç°ñ lò#ˆÏܲ ò)!£Ïï˛
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 2 ˆ•QˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G Ü˛Ù xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!Ù Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z§Ó
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Îy˚
«%˛o xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!Ù •ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚à%!° ΈÏÌT˛ í˛z˛õyç≈l
G §%- ç#ÓˆÏܲ åMicro organismä ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
xÌ≈ y Í ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ à Ó˚ ï% ˛ °lyÎ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚
í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y •…y§ ˛õyˆÏÓ ÉÉÉÉ åí˛zͧ / Down to 1960 §yˆÏ°ñ ˆày!Ó® ~ܲçl Ü,˛£Ïܲ !SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ 2.25
Earth, New Delhiä ˆ•QÓ˚ ç!Ù !SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆ§ã˛•#l– ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛l
ÉÉÉÉ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ%ˆeÏ Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆày!Ó® ˙ ç!Ù ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ï˛– Î!òG ï˛yÓ˚y
¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õyOyÓ– Ü ˛Ùyàï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yFSȈϮ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚G ï˛yÓ˚y
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç!ÙÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓl!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù!•ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ !ܲS%È x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xyÎ˚
˛õyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ˆÓ!¢ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲Ó˚îÈüȈ˛õy£Ïî ܲÓ˚ï˛– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
xlƒylƒ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆày!ӈϮÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˙ ç!Ù !ï˛l ˛õ%ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˲yà
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ•z í˛zͲõyòl hflÏÓ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲yˆÏà ˆÎ ç!Ù ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈ áÓ˚ã˛ á%Ó o%ï˛ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ ÉÉÉ åí˛zͧ :
Ùye 0.75 ˆ•QÓ˚– xï˛ƒyô%!lܲ ˆ§ã˛ÓƒÓfiÌy G xyô%!lܲ
The Tribune, Chandigarhä
Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓG ˚ ˆày!ӈϮÓ˚ ˛õ%eÓ˚y ç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈y• ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓÏ̊ï˛ ly– ÓSȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
4. ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ç!Ù Ó^˝ê˛l §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛–
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
!ã˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyFSÈ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ «%˛o ˆçyï˛ç!Ù
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ç!Ù Ü˛ï˛ê˛y @˝ÃyˆÏÙ !Ó!«˛Æ˲yˆÏÓ xÓ!fiÌï˛– «%˛o ã˛y!£ÏÓy˚ G•z§Ó ç!Ù ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– !ܲv ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ çlàî ÌyˆÏܲ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà çyÎ˚ày ç%ˆÏí˛¸
Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ç!Ù ˛õyÎ˚!l– ˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ 450!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆçyï˛ç!Ù Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ G Ó,•Í Ü,˛£Ïܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ˛ ~ܲÈüÈï,˛ï˛#Î˚yÇ¢ Ë)˛!Ù•#lñ xÌ≈yÍ 150 ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È 60!ê˛ ÎyÓ˚y 2 ˆ•QˆÏÓÓ˚ G
˚ ˆÓ!¢ ç!Ù ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ –
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ò!°ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç!Ù !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ó,•Í Ü,˛£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî 10 ˆ•QÓ˚ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢–
ˆl•z–
6 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
!ã˛e 1.6 ı ÙyˆÏë˛ Ü˛Ù≈Ó˚ï˛ ı åàÙ
¢§ƒä Ó°ˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ç!Ù ã˛y£Ïñ
Ó#çÓ˛õlñ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ SÈí˛¸yˆÏly
•ˆÏFSÈñ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ ã˛y£ÏyÓyòñ
xyô%!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛y£ÏyÓyòñ
Ê˛§° ܲyê˛y •ˆÏFSÈ–
8 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
~ܲçl Ü,˛!£Ï◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˜ò!lܲ Ùç%!Ó˚ ôyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È 115 ˆï˛ç˛õy° !§ÇˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÓ– ˆï˛ç˛õy° !§Ç
ê˛yܲy å April, 2011 äñ !ܲv í˛y°y Ùye 40 ê˛yܲy ˛õyÎ˚ – §!Óï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ 24% §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛
˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y Ó˚y!ç •lñ Îy !SÈ° á%Ó•z í˛zFã˛ §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yÓ˚– §!Óï˛yG
ã˛ˆÏ°ñ ï˛y•z ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y Ü˛Ù Ùç%!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏç xy@˝Ã•# ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛y°y ≤Ã!ï˛K˛y ܲÓ˚° ˆÎ Ê˛§° ܲyê˛yÓ˚ ÙÓ˚¢%ˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛
ï˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó˚yÙܲ!°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó˚yÙܲ!° ˜ò!lܲ 35 ê˛yܲyÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï◊!Ùܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
xlƒ ~ܲçl Ü,˛!£Ï◊!Ùܲ– í˛y°y G Ó˚yÙܲ!° í˛z˲Î˚•z @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚yñ ~•z Ùç%!Ó˚ á%Ó Ü˛Ù–
ò!Ó˚oï˛Ù ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲçl– §!Óï˛y çyˆÏl ˆÎ ï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ê˛§° ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆï˛ç˛õy° !§ÇˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï◊!Ùܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ◊Ù !òˆÏï˛
• í˛y°y ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÙܲ!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ Ü,˛!£Ï◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l à!Ó˚Ó⁄
•ˆÏÓ– Ê˛§° ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ •° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒhflÏï˛Ù §ÙÎ˚–
• ˆàÑy§y•z˛õ%Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ÙyçyG!° •° ò!«˛î !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ @˝ÃyÙ– ò%!ê˛
!ï˛l §hs˝yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy !•§yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §yǧy!Ó˚ܲ òyÎ˚ÓÂôï˛y
@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ 850!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ 250 ~Ó˚G ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ%Ó%̊£Ï
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ˆ§ ܲ!ë˛l §Ó!ܲS%È•z ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ó˚y!ç xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆ§
§ò§ƒ @˝ÃyÙ#î ˛õyOyÓñ •!Ó˚Î˚yly Óy !ò!Õ‘ñ Ù%¡∫y•zñ §%Ó˚yê˛˛ñ
çyˆÏl «%˛o ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚ }î ˛õyGÎ˚y ܲ!ë˛l–
•yÎ˚oyÓyò Óy lyà˛õ%ˆÓÏ ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– !e˛õ%Óy˚ Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆSȈϰÈüȈوÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ù%¡∫y•zñ ˆã˛ß¨y•zñ !ò!Õ‘ G 2. ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ã˛y!£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ G ÓˆÏí˛¸y ã˛y!£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚
ÓƒyAàyˆÏ°yˆÏÓ˚ xy•z !ê˛ ˆ§QˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ~•zÓ˛)˚ õ Ó˚yçƒyhs˝ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
åmigrationä Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ•z §yôyÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ù)°ôl ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z
!Ó£ÏΖ˚ ˆÜ˛l ˆ°yܲ ~ܲ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ xM˛ˆÏ° fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
•Î˚⁄ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ åˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲä Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓy˚ ~•z í˛z_Ó˚ á%шÏç ˆlÓ–
ˆÎ ˆàÑy§y•z˛õ%Ó˚ G ÙyçyG!°Ó˚ x!˲Óy§#Ó˚y àhs˝Óƒfïϰ ܲ# ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
6. Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ù)°ôl ı ~•z ˛õÎ≈ h s ˝ xyˆÏ ° y!ã˛ï˛ ܲy!•!lÓ˚ ~ܲê% ˛
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ ° yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ y Îyܲ
Ù)°ôl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ï˛y•z Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ál ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ xyÙÓ˚y í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ÈüÈ ç!Ùñ ◊Ù G Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆçˆÏl!SÈ– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
1. ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà «%˛o ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xÌ≈ ôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
¢)lƒfiÌylà%!° ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
ï˛yÓ˚y •Î˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸yã˛y!£Ï Óy @˝ÃyÙ#î }î ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# Óy ÎyÓ˚y Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ G•z !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ◊ÙˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ
!Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ }î ˆlÎ˚– §%ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏS – ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Ü,˛!£ÏÙç%Ó˚ !•§yˆÏÓ
•yÓ˚ G•z§Ó }ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚y G•z }î ˆÊ˛Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ •zFS%Èܲ Ó•% ˆ°yܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
!òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˲#£Ïî x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §#!Ùï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y •Î˚ Ë)˛!Ù•#l ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xhs˝àï≈ ˛ Óy – ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§!Óï˛y ~ܲçl «%˛o ã˛y!£Ï– ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù Ùç%!Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲT˛Ü˛Ó˚ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
àÙã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó#çñ §yÓ˚ G ܲ#ê˛ly¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%‹±y˛õƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ç° ˆÜ˛ly G Ü,˛!£Ï í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˆÙÓ˚yÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î– xyÓy!òÜ,˛ï˛ ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî – ~Ùl!ܲ ≤ÃyÆ ç!ÙG
làò xˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ˆ§ !•§yÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòá° ï˛yÓ˚ 3000 Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ å§Ù˲yˆÏÓ ‡ x§Ù˲yˆÏÓä
ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ï˛y•z ˆ§ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚° ~ܲçl ôl# Ü,˛£Ïܲ Ó!^˝ê˛ï˛– ~ܲ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ ã˛y!£Ï Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ 9
ˆçyï˛ç!Ù ã˛y£ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë) ˛ !Ù•#l Ü, ˛ !£Ï ◊ !ÙܲˆÏ ò Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏ Î ˚ ôl# Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆï˛ç˛õy° !§Ç ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ≤ÃyÆ ç!ÙÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ≤ÃyÆ 350 Ü%˛•zrê˛y° í˛zò‰Ó,_ àÙ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zò‰Ó,_ àÙ
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y È ~ÓÇ Ó˚y•zàO ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!Ü ˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z˲Î˚•z ¢§Ïƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– ˆï˛ç˛õy° !§Ç ï˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲ# ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ⁄ àï˛ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆï˛ç˛õy°
!§Ç ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà xÌ≈ ÓƒyLjÏܲ çÙy ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ ~•z ê˛yܲy §!Óï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ }î !•§yˆÏÓ !òˆÏï˛
– §yôyÓ˚î ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ã˛y!£ÏÓy˚ Ù)°ôl ˆçyàyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ çlƒ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ }ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆ§ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÙÓ˚¢%ˆÏÙÓ˚
}î !lˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆ¢yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚
Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ù)°ôl !•§yˆÏÓ ê˛yܲy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
§¡ø%á#l •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ù)°ôlG ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%‹±y˛õƒ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚îñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆï˛ç˛õy° !§Ç ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈l x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
«%˛o ã˛y!£ÏˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– Î!òG ç!Ù G Ù)°ôl í˛z˲Î˚•z §#!Ùï˛ñ ~•z ê˛∆ƒyQÓ˚ !ܲlˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– x˛õÓ˚
ò% ! ê˛ í˛z ˛ õܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó% ! lÎ˚ y !ò ˛õyÌ≈ Ü ˛ƒ Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È – ê˛∆ƒyQÓ˚!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ Ù)°ôl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÜ, ˛ !ï˛Ü˛ §¡õòñ ˆÎáyˆÏ l ˆï˛ç˛õy° !§Ç ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ xlƒ ÓˆÏí˛¸y G ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚yG
ÙylÓ í˛zͲõy!òï˛– Ù)°ôlˆÏܲ !ܲ Óyí˛¸yˆÏly §Ω˛Óñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zòÓ‰ _, í˛zͲõyòl !Ó!Ü ˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ ï˛yÓ˚y §M˛Î˚
ˆÎáyˆÏl ç!Ù !fiÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î– ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÙÓ˚¢%ˆÏÙ Ù)°ôl Ü ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ç!Ù G xlƒylƒ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%ñ ê˛∆yܲ Óy ˆòyܲyl !òˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÌyܲӖ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zà%!° Ü,˛!£Ï Ó!•Ë)˛≈ï˛ Ü˛yçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ù)°ôl §,!T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
10 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚
• ôÓ˚y Îyܲ !ï˛lçl Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏSÈl– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ àÙ Ê˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Î!òG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl !˲ߨ å2 lÇ hflÏΩ˛ä– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §Ùyl å3 lÇ hflÏΩ˛ä– ~•z ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ àˆÏÙÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ í˛zò‰Ó,_ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù)°ôl !•§yˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xyÓ˚G ôÓ˚y Îyܲ˛ñ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ !mà%î–
1 lÇ Ü,˛£Ïܲ
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ 40
2 lÇ Ü,˛£Ïܲ
!mï˛#Î˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ 40
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ 40
3 lÇ Ü,˛£Ïܲ
í˛zͲõyòl ˆË˛yà í˛zòÓ‰ _, ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
çlƒ Ù)°ôl
≤ÃÌÙ ÓSÈÓ˚ 60 40
!mï˛#Î˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ 40
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ 40
˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ 11
◊Ù myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– á%Ó Ü˛Ù ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚
ܲ!Ó˚Ù @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆÜ˛w á%ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
!lˆÏÎ˚yà •Î˚–
!ܲS%È ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ SÈyeSÈye# ¢y•˛õ%Ó˚
¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç ˛õí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ܲ!Ó˚Ù ˆòá° ˆÎ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
!Ù!◊°y° ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óò%ƒÍã˛y!°ï˛ xyá Ùyí˛¸y•zÎsf !ܲˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ SÈyeSÈye# ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !lˆÏFSÈ–
ÙyˆÏë˛ Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyˆÏà Ó°ò !òˆÏÎ˚ xyá Ùyí˛¸y•z •ï˛ñ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ò%çl ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚G ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !í˛!@˝Ã
!ܲv ~ál §Óy•z Îsf !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛y•zˆSÏ È– !Ù!◊°y° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§
!lˆÏçG xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyá !ܲˆÏl Ùyí˛¸y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!¡õí˛zê˛yÓ˚ !ܲˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ à%í˛¸ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~•zà%!° ¢y•˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ âˆÏÓ˚ Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zFã˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈyeSÈye#Ó˚y ˲yˆÏ°y
ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!Ü ˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !Ù!◊°y° §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆÎyà !òˆÏFSÈÈ–
§yÓ˚ y Ç¢
Ü,˛!£Ï •° @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͲõyòl¢#° ܲyç– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÎˆÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòl •ˆÏFSÈ– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ≤Ãy!Æ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ç!ÙÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !fiÌÓ˚ G §#!Ùï˛– !ܲv í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ç!Ù G xlƒylƒ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ
≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– lï%˛l Ü,˛!£Ï˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù ç!Ù G x!ôܲ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ G ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ ˆÎ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÙÓ˚¢%ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ü,˛£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl 80% •° «%˛o Ü,˛£Ïܲñ ï˛yÓ˚y Ù)°ôl §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l
•Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ «%˛o xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ í˛zͲõyòl Ü˛Ù •Î˚– í˛zòÓ‰ _, Ü˛Ù •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ §M˛Î˚ •ˆÏï˛
Ù)°ôl ˆÎyàyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly Ê˛ˆÏ° }î !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚– }ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï◊!Ùܲ !•§yˆÏÓ xˆÏlƒÓ˚
ç!ÙˆÏï˛ x!ï˛Ó˚=˛ ◊Ù !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ G ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲Ó˚îÈüȈ˛õy£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ–
◊Ù •ˆÏFSÈ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î– ~ê˛y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyò¢≈ •ˆÏÓ Î!ò Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ lï%˛l ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏï˛
x!ôܲ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚– ò%Ë≈˛yàƒÓ¢ï˛ñ ï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ly– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §#!Ùï˛– ï˛y•z Ùç%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
§rôyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# @˝ÃyÙñ ¢•Ó˚ G làÓ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ x!˲Óy§# ◊!Ùܲ !•§yˆÏÓ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È ◊!Ùܲ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Ü,˛!£Ï
Ó!•≈˲) ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyà !òˆÏFSÈ–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Ü,˛!£Ï Ó!•Ë)˛≈ ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛e!ê˛ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ÓˆÏí˛¸y lÎ˚– @˝ÃyÙ#î ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ 100 çl ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùye
24 çl Ü,˛!£Ï Ó!•Ë)˛≈ ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ Ó˚ˆÎ Ï ˆ˚ SÏ È– Î!òG @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Ü,˛È!£Ï Óƒï˛#ï˛ !Ó!Óô ܲyç •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ åxyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá!SÈäó ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe á%Ó•z x“ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆ°yܲ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ Ü,˛!£Ï Óƒï˛#ï˛ xlƒylƒ ܲyç xˆÏlܲ ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ñ xÜ,˛!£Ïˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe ç!ÙÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚ ly– ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y fl∫“ ˛õ%!Ñ ç !lˆÏΕ˚ z ˆÜ˛í˛z Ü,˛!£Ï Ó!•Ë)˛≈ ï˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲçl
~•z ˛õ%!Ñ ç ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄ ~•zçlƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv ≤ÃyÎ˚•z }î ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– ï˛y•z
fl∫“ §%ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏÓ˚ }ˆÏîÓ˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §M˛Î˚•#l ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚yG Ü,˛!£ÏÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ü,˛!£ÏÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛y •° ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl
í˛zͲõy!òï˛ ˛õîƒ G ˆ§Óy !Ó!Ü ˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°yÙ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# @˝ÃyÙñ làÓ˚ G
¢•Ó˚à!% °Ó˚ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ò%ôñ à%í˛¸ñ àÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó!Ü ˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy !SÈ°˛– @˝ÃyÙà%!° Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˲yˆÏ°y Ó˚yhflyÏ âyê˛ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î G
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# làÓ˚ G ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛ï˛•z xyàyÙ# ÓSÈÓ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï Ó!•Ë)≈˛ï˛
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏÓ–
˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ 13
xl% ¢ #°l#
1. ≤Ã!ï˛ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ xhs˝Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ çlàîlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ç!Ó˚˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È lÙ%ly l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y
•°– ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
a. xÓfiÌyl
b. @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ~°yܲy
c. ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ç!Ù å≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ•QˆÏÓ˚ä
ܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ ç!Ù
xܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ ç!Ù åçlÓ§!ï˛ñ Ó˚yhflÏyñ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ñ ã˛yÓ˚îË)˛!Ùä
ˆ§ã˛Î%=˛ ˆ§ã˛•#l
26 ˆ•QÓ˚
d. §%ˆÏÎyà§%!Óôy /
!¢«˛yàï˛
ÓyçyÓ˚
!Óò%ƒÍ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•
fl∫yfĩ
ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
!lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ¢•Ó˚
2. xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Îy ܲ°Ü˛yÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚⁄
3. ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
4. 簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ !ܲ ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
5. ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 450 ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ç!Ù Ó^˝ê˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §yÓ˚!î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. Ü,˛!£Ï◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ùç%!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛l ˛õy°Ù˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ⁄
7. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ò%•ç z l ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰy– •Î˚ Ü,˛!£Ï◊!Ùܲ Óy !lÙ≈yî◊!Ùܲ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ï˛yÓ˚y
!ܲ Ùç%!Ó˚ ˛õyÎ˚⁄ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ làˆÏò Óy xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ùç%!Ó˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄ ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ü˛yç ˛õyÎ˚⁄
ï˛yÓ˚y !ܲ }î@˝ÃhflÏ⁄
8. ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §• Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. 1 ˆ•QÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ G ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ˛õ)Ñ!ç §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ˛
!˲ߨ⁄
11. ܲ# ܲ# ¢ˆÏï≈˛ §!Óï˛y ˆï˛ç˛õy° !§Ç ~Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ }î ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ Î!ò ˆ§ ÓƒyÇܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù §%ˆÏò }î
ˆ˛õï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •ï˛˛⁄
14 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
12. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ≤ÃÓ#î lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰy ~ÓÇ àï˛ 30 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ˆ§ã˛ÓƒÓfiÌy G
í˛zͲõyòl ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î# ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
13. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲ# ܲ# Ü,˛!£ÏÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ!•Ë)˛≈ ï˛ í˛zͲõyòl ܲyÎ≈ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢%Ó%˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ܲ# ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
References
ETIENNE, GILBERT. 1985. Rural Development in Asia: Meetings with Peasants, Sage Publications, New
Delhi.
ETIENNE, GILBERT. 1988. Food and Poverty: India’s Half Won Battle, Sage Publications, New Delhi.
RAJ, K.N. 1991. ‘Village India and its Political Economy’ in C.T. Kurien (Edited) Economy, Society and
Development, Sage Publications, New Delhi
THORNER, DANIEL AND ALICE THORNER. 1962. Land and Labour in India, Asia Publishing House,
Bombay.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/government-hikes-minimumwage-for-agriculture-
labourer/articleshow/57408252.cms
˛õy°Ù˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ 15
2
xôƒyÎ˚
§¡õò !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï
(People as Resource)
§yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ à“
ˆ§Ùy˛õ%Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ !Ó°y§ ~ÓÇ §yܲy° lyˆÏÙ ò%çl Órô% Óy§
ܲÓ˚ï˛– §yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ !SÈ° ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓSÈÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy ¢#°y
à,•fiÌy!°Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yly ܲÓ˚ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy Ó%ê˛y
ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲyç ܲÓ˚ï˛– §yܲy° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏܲ
à,•fiÌy!°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ï˛– ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ˲y•z
!çï%˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓyl §#ï%˛ˆÏܲ ˆòáyˆÏ¢ylyG ܲÓ˚ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyܲy
¢ƒyÙ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˛õy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° !ܲv Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ x°ˆÏ§Ó˚
!ã˛e 2.1 ÙˆÏï˛y˛ ӈϧ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ ˆl•z– Ó%ê˛y
~ÓÇ ¢#°y §yܲy°ˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy•#
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ !SȈϰl– ï˛ÑyÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ fl%҈ϰ ˲Ó˚!ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
• í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓy˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆ§ ˲Ó˚!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆ§
~ܲçl í˛y=˛yÓ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ñ •z!O!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ò!ç≈ˆÏܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆ§ í˛zFã˛Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚
§¡õò !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚⁄ í˛z_#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zͧy• !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy §yܲy°ˆÏܲ
x!ôܲ !¢!«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩÓyl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚y ¢%ôÙ% ye í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚
ܲ!¡õí˛z ê ˛yˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó, ! _Ù) ° ܲ !¢«˛y ˆòGÎ˚ y Ó˚ çlƒ }î
ˆÌˆÏܲ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ §ÙyçG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §yܲy° !SÈ° ˆÙôyÓ# ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ x!ôܲ !¢!«˛ï˛ Óy fl∫yfĩÓyl çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ §%Ê˛° xlƒ
ÎyÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y !¢!«˛ï˛ ll Óy í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy ˛õyl ly ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xy@˝Ã•# !SÈ°– Ù•y í˛zͧy• ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛G flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ÙylÓ˛ Ù)°ôl xlƒylƒ §¡õò í˛zj#˛õlyÓ˚ §!•ï˛ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚°– !ܲS%È!òl
ˆÎÙl ç!Ù G Ó›àï˛ Ù)°ôl ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zߨï˛ï˛Ó˚– ÙylÓ §¡õò ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– ˆ§ ~Ùl!ܲ
ç!Ù G Ù)°ôl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ç!Ù ~ÓÇ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ê˛ê˛GÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ !í˛çy•zl åSoftware
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ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÂô≈ï˛l ܲï,˛≈˛õ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï !Ó¢y° çl§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ §¡õò ly
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ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y Óy òyÎ˚ åliabilityä ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– !ܲv
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!Ó¢y° çl§Çáƒy òyÎ˚ Óy ˆÓyV˛y lÎ˚– ÙylÓ˛ Ù)°ôˆÏl !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà
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~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓï˛l Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õSȮوÏï˛y˛ xlƒ ˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ~ÓÇ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° /ÈüÈ
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ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛y Óy fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy ˛õyÎ˚!l– ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ ÙySÈ !Ó°y§ ~ÓÇ §yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õ Î%=˛–
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xò«˛ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓï˛l ˆ˛õï˛– Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !Ó!˲ߨ !Ü ˛Î˚yܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙl ı ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ åPrimary äñ
ÙylÓ §¡õˆÏò !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à å!¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩˆÏ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏeä ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ å Secondary ä ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÓyˆÏ « ˛e å Tertiary ä–
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ í˛zFã˛ ≤Ã!ï˛òyˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃyÌ!ÙܲˆÏ«˛e ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyÎ≈ñ Ólç §¡õò xy•Ó˚îñ
!Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ç!Ù ~ÓÇ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z– ˛õ¢%˛õy°lñ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ïñ Ù%Ó!˚ à˛ ˛õy°lñ á!l ~ÓÇ áll ܲyÎ≈– !lÙ≈yî
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ í˛zFã˛ ≤Ã!ï˛òyl ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ ~ܲçl ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ G ÓˆÏu˛˛˛ !¢“ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛– ÓƒÓ§yñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà
!Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ ˛ÓƒyÇ!ܲÇñ !¢«˛yñ fl∫yfĩñ ˛õÎ≈ê˛lñ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ñ !ÓÙy •zï˛ƒy!ò
ˆ§ÓyˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛– ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ oÓƒ G
~ܲçl !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG !¢«˛y G fl∫yˆÏfĩ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y
ˆ§Óy í˛zͲõyòl •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%!° çyï˛#Î˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•ˆÏ°ñ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ í˛zFã˛ xyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏç x!ôܲ ~•z ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%!°ˆÏܲ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ӈϰ– xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛òyl !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !¢!«˛ï˛ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°à%!°ˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ò%•z˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ ÓyçyÓ˚
ï˛ÑyˆÏòÓ˚ §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛yáyˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° åMarket activitiesä ~ÓÇ xÓyçyÓ˚ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
•° ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚y !¢«˛yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° åNon-market activitiesä– ˆÓï˛l Óy °yˆÏ˲Ó˚
˛õ%!T˛!Óôyl åNutritionä ~ÓÇ fl∫FSÈï˛y åHygieneä !ӣψÏÎ˚G í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˆÎ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚◊!Ùܲ ÓyçyÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚
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ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyG Óï≈˛Ùyl– ÓyçyÓ˚ Ó!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° •°
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~•zˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ §ò‰à%õߨ ã˛Ü ˛ åVirtuous cycleä §,!T˛
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!˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ò%T˛ ã˛Ü ˛ åVicious circleä §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
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çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !¢«˛y G fl∫yfĩˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎy˚ à ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È– ~•z
§ÙhflÏ çlàî xlƒylƒ §¡õò ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ç!Ù ~ÓÇ Ù)°ôˆÏlÓ˚ ò«˛
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~•z ˆò¢à%!°ˆÏܲ ôl#‡í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
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ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õà%!°ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
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í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚–
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Ó° ~•z ܲyçà%!° ܲ# xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ñ ly xÈüÈxÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛î ~ÓÇ !ã˛!ܲͧy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢
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ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ Ó˚yߨy ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yܲy° ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
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Ê˛yˆÏÙ≈ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §yܲy° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ˲y•zˆÏÓylˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòáyˆÏ¢yly ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
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ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˆôyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Óy!í˛¸âÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ Óƒ!=˛ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y x!ç≈ï˛ ò«˛ï˛y ˛àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆSȈ° Ï ˆÏÙˆÏΈ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yly ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyÓy í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùyl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó%ê˛y ÙyˆÏë˛ ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ê˛§° !Ó!Ü ˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •yÓ˚ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ x!¢!«˛ï˛ G ò%Ó°
≈ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ çlàî
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ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ˛õ¢y !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó,!_Ù)°Ü˛ ¢yáyÓ˚ 1. 1951 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !ܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆSÏ È⁄
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˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“lyˆÏï˛ !SÈ° 151 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲy Îy ~ܲyò¢˛ ˛õM˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# 3. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˛õ%Ó%̊£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §y«˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÜ˛l⁄
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§¡õò !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï 21
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§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛yÎ˚ ˲Ó˚!ï˛ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ !Ó ç ˆÜ˛yˆÏ§≈§
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åbridge coursesä ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ã˛ˆÏ°y åBack-to-schoolä
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆSȈϰ G ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
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ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
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2010-11 §yˆÏ° 74% •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– §y«˛Ó˚ï˛y ¢%ôÙ
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05 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy 7.68 °«˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó,!Âô
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(Community Health Centre)– ANM - Auxiliary Nurse Hydrides, RN & RM :- Registered Nurse and
Registered Midwives, LHV : Lady Health Visitors.
í˛zͧ ı National Health Policy, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
3. ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ§Óܲ‡ˆ§!ÓܲyÓ˚
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ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
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6. ~•z §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ܲÎ˚!ê˛ •y§˛õyï˛y° xyˆÏSÈ⁄
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§%ˆÏÎyà§%!Óôyà%!° ˆl•z– ˆòˆÏ¢ Ùye 381!ê˛ ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ° ܲˆÏ°ç ˆÓܲyÓ˚c
~ÓÇ 301 !ê˛ ˆí˛rê˛y° ܲˆÏ°ç xyˆÏSÈ– Ùye ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ÎÌy §yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùy ¢#°y à,•fiÌy!°Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ G §hs˝ylˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yly
xrô ≤ÈÏò¢ñ ܲî≈yê˛Ü˛ñ Ù•yÓ˚yT˛… ~ÓÇ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛YˆÏï˛ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yÙ# Ó%ê˛yˆÏܲ ÙyˆÏë˛ Ü˛yˆÏç §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ï˛–
ܲˆÏ°ç xyˆÏSÈ– §yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y•z ç#ï%˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓyl §#ï%˛ ˆá°yô)°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ˆâyÓ˚yâ%!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲyê˛yï˛– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ¢#°y Óy ç#ï%˛ Óy
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xÌÓy ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ •y§˛õyï˛y° ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l §#ï%˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄ Î!ò lyñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y / ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ x!hflÏc Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îál ã˛°!ï˛ Ùç%!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
24 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
ˆ°yܲ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ !ܲv ܲyç ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ¢#°y ï˛yÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c •ˆÏFSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î âê˛ly–
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧy•# !SȈϰl ly– ç#ï%˛ ~ÓÇ xˆÏ l ܲ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲñ fl¨ y ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ fl¨ y ï˛ˆÏ Ü ˛y_Ó˚ !í˛!@˝ à ôyÓ˚ #
§#ï%˛ ~ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ܲÙ≈«˛Ù çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîly Î%ÓܲÈüÈÎÓ% !ï˛Ó˚y ܲyç á%ˆÑ ç
Ï ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛yˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ç#ï%˛ñ §#ï%˛ Óy ¢#°yˆÏܲ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ ӈϰG àîly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎñ Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ §Ùï%˛°ƒ !í˛!@˝ÃôyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl¨yï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
ÎyÎ˚ ly– 15 ˆÌˆÏܲ 59 ÓÎ˚/§#ÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲÙ≈«˛Ù fl¨yï˛ˆÏܲy_Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c á%Ó o%ï˛•yˆÏÓ˚ Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛
çl§ÇáƒyÎ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y•z ~ÓÇ ˆÓyl ~•z ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô# çl¢!=˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌy §yÙˆÏl ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ܲS%È
ÓÎ˚/§#ÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ lyñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çl¢!=˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– §yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùy ¢#°y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È xlƒ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z çl¢!=˛ Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî !ÓòƒÙyl–
ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛âˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ≤ÃÎ%!=˛àï˛ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
•zFS%Èܲ !SÈ° ly– ï˛yˆÏܲG ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– §yܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛ í˛zß!¨ ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛àï˛ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ
òyò%ÈüÈë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ÙyˆÏܲ åÎ!òG àˆÏ“ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!lä ˆÓܲyÓ˚ Ó°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° çl¢!=˛Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y Óy ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ˆÓܲyÓ˚c •Î˚ñ Ùyl%£Ï ÎyÓ˚y xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õò ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛y Óy
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛˛õy•z– Î!òG ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ òyˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ñ Î%Ó §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •ï˛y¢y ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚y¢yÓ˚
@˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° xy°yòy– @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ÙÓ˚¢%!Ù ˆÓܲyÓ˚c ~ÓÇ SÈp ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%˲) !ï˛Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÓܲyÓ˚c ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !¢!«˛ï˛ ˆ°yܲˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ÎˆÏÌT˛ ê˛yܲy˛õÎ˚§y ÌyˆÏܲ ly– !¢!«˛ï˛ Ùyl%£Ï ÎyÓ˚y
ˆÓܲyÓ˚c ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ «˛!ï˛ ÓˆÏ° àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
ÙÓ˚¢%!Ù ˆÓܲyÓ˚c Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ Îál ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲS%È ÙyˆÏ§
ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ܲyç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ñ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyV˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚˛–
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ï˛yÓ˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ܲÙ≈«˛Ù çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛
•Î˚– ÓƒhflÏ ÙÓ˚¢ˆ% ÙÏ Ó#çÓ˛õlñ Ê˛§°Ü˛yê˛yñ xyàySÈy ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà §ÙyçG ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ
Ê˛§° Ùyí˛¸y•z ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ Ùy§ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ˆ§Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ˛õyÎ˚ ly– l)ƒlï˛Ù hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
xÓl!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ÏÎ˚S%Èê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Çáƒy Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
SÈpˆÏÓܲyÓ˚ˆcÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
xï˛~Óñ ˆÓܲyÓ˚c §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛e xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y ܲyç ˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ ≤Ã˲yÓ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ܲ!ê˛
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !lÎ%=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆòáy
ò%Ó≈° xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ Óy ܲyÓ˚î– ~!ê˛˛ §¡õòà%!°G x˛õã˛Î˚
ÎyÎ˚– ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÑyã˛çl ˆ°yܲ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !ܲv xyê˛çl ˆ°yܲ
ܲˆÏÓñ˚ Îy §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– çlàîˆÏܲ Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛
!lÎ%=˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z !ï˛lçl ˆ°yܲ •ˆÏFSÈ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛– ~•z !ï˛lçl
§¡õò !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ly ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z
ˆ°yܲ ~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ òyÎ˚ Óy ˆÓyV˛y !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy •Î˚–
!ï˛lçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˛õÑyã˛çˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È
ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Î!ò !ï˛lçl ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ §Ó˚yˆÏly •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒylàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓܲyÓ˚ˆcÏ Ó˚ •yÓ˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛y Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ ly– ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ü˛Ù– !l¡¨ xyÎ˚˚ Óy Ü˛Ù í˛zͲõyòl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ~Ùl
çlƒ ˛õÑyã˛çl ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ï˛lçl x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆ°yܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ çlàîˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yçày!Ó˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
•ˆÏFSÈ SÈpˆÏÓܲyÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y §yÓ˚yÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚#
!ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ
§¡õò !•§yˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï 25
ܲyçà%!° ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È ˆ§à%!° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ÓˆÏ° Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ «%˛oyÎ˚ï˛l í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylà%!° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢
ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õSȮوÏï˛y˛ xlƒ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ◊Ù!lˆÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#– ˆ§Óy ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xyçܲy° xˆÏlܲ lï%˛l lï%˛l
à!Ó˚Ó ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y x°§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ§ í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ ÓyˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏê˛Ü˛ˆÏly°!çñ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛
ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õyç≈l §Ω˛yÓƒ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyˆÏç ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛–
~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ Ùyl%£Ï ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õò
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y çylˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ à“ ˛õ!í˛¸–
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáS ˆÎ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !¢«˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎà˚ !% ° Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ §¡õò
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ âˆÏê˛ ã˛°y xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õà%!° §¡∫ˆÏrôG xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓܲyÓ˚c §¡∫rô#Î˚ §Ù§ƒyà%!°G ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ– ˆ¢£Ï ˲yˆÏà
xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲy!•!lÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyˆÏà ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛yÜ%˛!Ó˚ Óy ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyl !SÈ° ly !ܲv
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yçàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xl%¢#°l#
References
GARY, S. BECKER. 1966. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference
to Education, General Series. Number 80. New York. National Bureau of Economic Research.
THEODORE, W. SCHULTZ. 'Investment in Human Capital'. American Economic Review. March 1961.
Economic Survey 2015–2016. Ministry of Finance, Government of India, New Delhi.
India Vision 2020. The Report. Planning Commission. Government of India, New Delhi.
Mid-Term Appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002–2007). Planning Commission, Part II. New
Delhi.
Tenth Five Year Plan ( 2002–2007). Planning Commission, New Delhi.
Twelth Five Year Plan ( 2012–2017). Planning Commission, New Delhi.
NCERT. 2016. Trilingual Dictionary of Economics, p. 62.
28 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
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xôƒyÎ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy
§Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î !˲«%˛Ü˛– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ò!Ó˚oï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– xyòˆÏï˛
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù)° xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° òy!Ó˚oƒ Îy fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ ã˛yÓ˚çl lyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲçl ò!Ó˚o– ~Ó˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛l §Ù§ƒy– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÙyˆÏl •° ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 270 !Ù!°Î˚l å27 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ä ˆ°yܲ
§•ˆÏÎyˆÏà òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ Ó•%Ùy!eܲ §Ù§ƒy xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ùyç ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ òy!Ó˚oƒï˛yÓ˚ §!•ï˛ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ê˛y 2011-12 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
!ÓK˛yˆÏl ò!Ó˚oï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáy •ˆÏÓ ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚#– ~ê˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ÙyˆÏl òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~•z ˆÎñ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ G !ӈϟª òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !Ó!˲ߨ ˲yÓ˚ ï ˛Ó£Ï ≈ •° ò!Ó˚ ˆ Ï o Ó˚ Ó, • _Ù ~ܲܲ §ÙyˆÏ Ó ¢– ~ê˛y ~•z
í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏÎyˆÏà Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚î ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî à,•#ï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ§Ù)•
òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ƒÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï âê˛ly
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ÙylÓ
òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ xy!.lyÎ˚ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xôƒyÎ˚!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ âê˛ly
§)ã˛ly V˛yí˛¸áˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ñy!ã˛ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyê˛yÓ˚ !وϰ 33
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚!§ Ó˚yÙ§Ó˚î ˜ò!lܲ •y!çÓ˚y ◊!Ùܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
••z ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y à!Ó˚Ó ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛yÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál ˆ§ ܲyç ˆ˛õï˛ ï˛ál Ùy!§Ü˛ xyl%Ùy!lܲ
Ë)˛!Ù•#l ◊!Ùܲ xÌÓy ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly âlÓ§!ï˛˛õ)î≈ Ó!hflÏÓ˚ 1500 ê˛yܲy í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°l ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛yG
Óy!§®y– ï˛yÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lÙ≈yî ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˜ò!lܲ •y!çÓ˚y ˆ§ê˛y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ •ï˛ ly– ~•z ê˛yܲyê˛y ï˛yÓ˚ SÈÎ˚ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚
ܲÙ≈# xÌÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôyÓyÎ˚ åDhabasä !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ !¢¢%◊!Ùܲ– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÓÑy!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ΈÏÌT˛ lÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈíÑ ˛¸y ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚ôylÓ˚ï˛ !¢¢%§• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛yÓ˚ flf# ~ÓÇ 12 ÓSÈÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 6 Ùy§ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ã˛yÓ˚ §hs˝yl
43 40
33
29
22
@˝ÃyÙ#î
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ àí˛¸ ï˛˛õ!¢!°
Ü,˛!£Ï◊!Ùܲ å@˝ÃyÙ#îä x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛
˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ï˛˛õ!¢!°
òy!Ó˚oƒ çy!ï˛ ◊!Ùܲ
í˛z˛õçy!ï˛
xl%˛õyï˛ å¢•%ˆÓÏ ä˚
§yÙy!çܲ ˆày¤˛#à%!° ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó˲yà§Ù)•
í˛zͧ ıÈ ˛õylyà!í˛¸Î˚y xÓ˚!Ó® ~ÓÇ !Ó¢y° ˆÙyˆÏÓ˚–
òy!Ó˚oƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy 33
xy!Ù ¢•ˆÏÓG ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÆ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ê˛yܲy ˛õy•z!l–
~•z x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ xyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xy!Ù !lˆÏçÓ˚
ˆSȈϰˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
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í˛zͧ : Economic Survey 2015–16, Ministry of Finance, Government of India
36 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
ˆ°á!ã˛e 3.3 / ≤Ã!ï˛!òl 1.9 í˛°yˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ •yÓ˚ñ 1990-2013
!ã˛l
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§yÓ˚yÇ¢
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáSÈ ˆÎ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ !òܲ Óy Ùyey xyˆÏSÈ– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ñ ~!ê˛ Úòy!Ó˚oƒˆÏÓ˚áyÛÈüÈÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ Ùy˛õy •Î˚– ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y Ù)°ï˛ !ÓŸª ~ÓÇ çyï˛#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ à!ï˛ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ– !ܲv §yÙ!Î˚ܲܲyˆÏ° òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ƒÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£îÏ Ú§yÙy!çܲ Ó!•‹ÒyÓ˚Û åSocial Exclusionä ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xˆÏlܲ lï%˛l
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ù,Âô •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°Oà%!°G ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏSÈñ ˆÜ˛lly Ó%!Âôç#Ó#Ó˚y ÚÙylÓ òy!Ó˚oƒÛ
åHuman PovertyäÈüÈÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
xl%¢#°l#
1. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ òy!Ó˚oƒˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚⁄
2. ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ˆÎñ òy!Ó˚oƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛⁄
3. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ 1973 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ôÓ˚là%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ Ù%áƒ Ü˛yÓ˚îà%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ˆ§•z§Ó §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆày¤˛# Óy Óà≈§Ù)•ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎà%!° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚
§yÙˆÏl á%Ó•z x§%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛–
6. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ xyhs˝/Ó˚yçƒ x§Ùï˛y Óy !ÓˆÏ˲ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê §%flõT˛ ôyÓ˚îy òyG–
7. !ÓŸª òy!Ó˚ˆoÏ ƒÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Óî≈ly òyG–
8. òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛à%!° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG–
åiä ÙylÓ òy!Ó˚oƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
åiiä ò!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò!Ó˚oï˛Ù ܲyÓ˚y⁄
åiiiä National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° ܲ# ܲ#⁄
40 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
References
DEATON, ANGUS AND VALERIE KOZEL (Eds.) 2005. The Great Indian Poverty Debate. MacMillan India
Limited, New Delhi.
Economic Survey 2015–2016. Ministry of Finance, Government of India, New Delhi. (Chapter on
social sectors, [Online web] URL: http://indiabudget.nic.in/es_2004–05/social.htm)
Mid-Term Appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan 2002–2007. Planning Commission, New Delhi. Part
II, Chapter 7: Poverty Elimination and Rural Employment, [Online web] URL: http://
www.planningcommission.nic.in/midterm/english-pdf/chapter-07.pdf
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005. [Online web] URL: http://rural.nic.in/rajaswa.pdf
PANAGRIYA ARVIND AND VISHAL MORE ‘Poverty by social, religious and economic groups in India and
its largest state’, working paper no. 2013-14, Programme on Indian economic policies, Columbia
University.
Tenth Five Year Plan 2002–2007. Planning Commission, New Delhi. (Chapter 3.2, Poverty Alleviation
in Rural India: Strategy and Programmes, [Online web] URL: http://
www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch3_2.pdf
World Development Indicators 2016. Featuring the Suistainable Development Goals, The World
Bank.
42 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
xly•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô «˛Ùï˛y ˆ°y˛õ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚ y !ܲ çyl ò% ! Ë≈ ˛ ˆÏ « ˛ ܲyÓ˚ y ˆÓ!¢ xyÜ ˛ yhs˝
çlƒ– •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ lyê˛Ü˛#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ã˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)°ƒÓ,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲Î˚AܲÓ˚ ò%!Ë≈˛«˛!ê˛ âˆÏê˛!SÈ° Ü,˛!£Ï◊!Ùܲñ Ùͧç#Ó#ñ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ◊!Ùܲ G xlƒylƒ
1943 §yˆÏ° Îy •° ÚÓyÇ°yÓ˚ ò%!Ë≈˛«˛Û– ~•z ò%!Ë≈˛ˆÏ«˛ !e¢ å30ä xfiÌyÎ˚# ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ xyÜ ˛yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ò%!Ë≈˛ˆÏ«˛ ÎyÓ˚y
°«˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ âˆÏê˛!SÈ° ÓyÇ°y ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢– ÙyÓ˚y !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚y !SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚•z ~ܲçl–
44 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚
• Ü,˛!£Ï ˆÜ˛l ÙÓ˚¢%!Ù Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ⁄ • !Ó˚ܲ¢y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ xy•ÙˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆÓ˚yçàyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
• Ó˚yÙ% ˆÜ˛l ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ Ùy§ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
• Ó˚yÙ% Îál ˆÓܲyÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ˆ§ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ • Î!òG !Ó˚ܲ¢y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ xy•ÙˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ï˛Ó%G •°%ò ܲyí≈˛
• Ó˚yÙ%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zͧ ܲyÓ˚y⁄ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°lyÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
• Ó˚yÙ% Îál ܲyç ˛õyÎ˚ ly ï˛ál ˆ§ ˆÜ˛l x§%!ÓôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l §yÙy!çܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ~ÓÇ §yˆÏÌ áyÓyÓ˚ !ܲlˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yÓ˚
•Î˚⁄ x«˛Ùï˛yG áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
• ܲál Ó˚yÙ% áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛˛õ!¢!°çy!ï˛ åSCsäñ ï˛˛õ!¢!° í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ (STs)
~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˛õŸã˛yͲõò ÓˆÏàÓ≈ ˚ åOBCsä ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y fl∫“ ç!ÙÓ˚
xy•ˆÏÙˆÏòÓ˚ à“ x!ôܲyÓ˚# Óy fl∫“ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl Î%=˛ ï˛yÓ˚yG áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÎ˚
ˆË˛yˆÏàl– ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÏÎ≈yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ÎyÓ˚y ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §rôyˆÏl ~ܲ
xy•ˆÏÙò ˆÓAày°%ÓÓ%˚ ˚ ~ܲçl !Ó˚ܲ‰ ¢yã˛y°Ü˛– ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛l xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ xM˛ˆÏ° í˛zò‰Óy› •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚yG
˲y•zñ ò%•z ˆÓyl G Ó,Âô Ùyï˛y!˛õï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ V%˛Ù!í˛¸ ï˛°y §Ó≈y!ôܲ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#l çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§ ÚV%˛!>Û xM˛ˆÏ° ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚ Ù!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ ÙyÓ˚ycܲ ≤ÈÏܲy˛õ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§yÓ˚y!òˆÏl !Ó˚܉˛¢y ˆê˛ˆÏl ˆÎ xyÎ˚ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ àË≈˛Óï˛# G !¢¢% ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°lܲyÓ˚# ÙyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢
ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z ˆàyê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÓшãÏ ˛ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– Î!òGñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSȈÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !¢¢%Óy˚ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#l çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ
§%Ó!˚ «˛ï˛ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆl•z ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜ò!lܲ xyÎ˚ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛– !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xÇ¢–
!ܲS%È!òl ˆ§ ΈÏÌT˛ í˛z˛õyç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛ál 1998-99 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ National Health & Family
ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl# oÓƒ§yÙ@˝Ã# ˆÜ˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G !ܲS%È Survey (NHFS) xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚˛) õ Ù!•°y ~ÓÇ !¢¢%Ó˚
§M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ xlƒylƒ !òl ï˛yÓ˚ ~ï˛ Ü˛Ù xyÎ˚ •Î˚ §Çáƒy ≤ÃyÎ˚ 11 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛–
Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ !lï˛ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ oÓƒ Ü ˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§ÙÌ≈ ˆÓ!¢ÙyeyÎ˚ ò!Ó˚o Óy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÏÎ≈yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Óy x!ôܲ
•Î˚– Î!òG ˆ§Ô˲yàƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙ xy•ˆÏÙˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •°%ò ܲyí≈˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî xy!òÓy§# xô%ƒ!£Ïï˛ ˆÎ§Ó ~°yܲy ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
åYellow Cardä Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy •° òy!Ó˚oƒ§#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ~Ùl§Ó xÌ≈˜lÏ !ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !˛õ!SȈÎÏ ˚ ˛õí˛¸y Ó˚yˆÏçƒ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#l
Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ Ó^˝ê˛l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ åPDSä ܲyí≈˛– G•z Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ §Çáƒy xlƒylƒ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢– ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ
í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏò¢ å˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ G ò!«˛î ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈äñ !Ó•yÓ˚ñ V˛yí˛¸á[˛ñ G!í˛¸¢Ïyñ
ܲyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xy•ˆÏÙò ï˛yÓ˚ !lï˛ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ àÙñ
˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓAàñ SÈ!e¢àí˛¸ñ Ùôƒ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ ~ÓÇ Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛…
˲yï˛ñ !ã˛!l G ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓy˚ !§l ˆï˛° ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˛õyÎ˚– ˆ§
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#l çlàˆÏîÓ˚y Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ–˚
G•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õîƒà%!° ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ
«%˛ôy •° áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §)ã˛Ü˛– «%˛ôy
˛õyÎ˚– ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùy!§Ü˛ ˛õîƒy!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !òˆÏl !ܲˆÏl
¢%ô%Ùye òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ lÎ˚ñ ï˛y òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îG ÓˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z
ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎ!òl òy!Ó˚oƒ§#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óï≈˛Ùyl «%˛ôyˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÓ˚¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆòyܲyl ˆáy°y ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xy•ˆÏÙò ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ «%˛ôyÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ ܲÙyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚– «%˛ôy ò#â≈ܲy°#l ~ÓÇ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù xyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚G ï˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ÙÓ˚¢!% Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî xÌÓy à%îàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏFSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ§ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ x˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî áyÓyÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ò#â≈ܲy°#l «%˛ôyÓ˚ §,!T˛
~ܲÙye í˛z˛õyç≈lܲyÓ˚#– •Î˚– ò!Ó˚o Ùyl%£Ï ò#â≈ܲy°#l «%˛ôyÎ˚ ܲT˛ ˛õyÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚
46 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
ˆ°á!ã˛e 4.1 ı ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ÏƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl å!Ù!°Î˚l ê˛ˆÏlä
Note: W - àÙ; R - ã˛y°; BPL - Below poverty line; APL - Above poverty line
í˛zͧ ı Economic Survey
ˆ°á!ã˛e 4.2: Central Foodgrains (Wheat + Rice) Stock and Minimum Buffer Norm (Million Tonnes)
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ùç%ï˛
xy˛õòܲy°#l
50 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
˲ï%˛≈ !ܲ •ˆÏFSÈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲï≈˛, ܲ ≤Ãò_ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚
Ù)ˆ°
Ï ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ)ÓÜ˚ ˛ Ù)°ƒ Îy í˛zͲõyòܲˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
˲ï%˛≈ !ܲ ˆÜ ˛ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Ü ˛Î˚Ù°
) ƒ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏl ~ÓÇ ˆò¢#Î˚
í˛zͲõyòˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
2014 §yˆÏ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ áyòƒ !làˆÏÙÓ˚ åFCIä à%òyˆÏÙ 65.3 Ù)°ï˛ ò%!ê˛ áyòƒ¢§ƒ ã˛y° G àˆÏÙ §#ÙyÓÂôñ ï˛y•z l)ƒlï˛Ù §•yÎ˚ܲ
!Ù!°Î˚l ê˛l àÙ G ôyl Ùç%ï˛ !SÈ°ñ Îy l)ƒlï˛Ù ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ Ó,!Âô Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ í˛zò‰Ó,_ Ó˚yçƒà%!°Ó˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
Ùç%ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xy˛õòܲy°#l Ùç%ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ç!ÙˆÏܲ ò!Ó˚ˆÏoÓ˚ çlƒ §hflÏy ~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛y òylyÓ˚ !lÜ,˛T˛ áyòƒ¢§ƒ
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z ï˛y ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÌˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ôyl G àÙ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ áyòƒ¢§ƒ Ó^˝ê˛l ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ xÓfiÌy !ܲS%Èê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xy§ˆÏï˛ í˛zò‰Ó%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ôyl í˛zͲõyòˆÏl çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ~ܲÙï˛ ˆÎ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ ç°hflÓÏ ˆ˚ ÜÏ ˛ l#ˆÏã˛ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ Ùç%ï˛ x≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° G•z§Ó Ó˚yçƒà%!°ˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zͲõyòˆÏl «˛!ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
•Î˚– !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî áyòƒ¢§ƒ Ùç%ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ÓƒÎ˚ Ó,!Âô §Ω˛yÓly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ–
˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ G à%îàï˛Ùyl •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ çyï˛#Î˚ lÙ%ly §Ù#«˛y §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ (NSSO) ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòl xl%§yˆÏÓñ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ã˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° 2004-05 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆeÏ §ÙÓyÎ˚à!% °Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
!mà%î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ 66% Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ò!«˛î G ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÙyÌy!˛õS%È àîÓ^˝ê˛l åPDSä ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ àˆÏÙÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ¢•Ó˚yM˛°
§ÙÓyˆÏÎÓ˚ G
˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– à!Ó˚Ó Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ ܲÙ
G @˝ÃyÙyM˛° í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !mà%î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ ˛õîƒ !Ó!Ü ˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÓyÎ˚ §!Ù!ï˛à%!° ˆòyܲyl ˆáyˆÏ°–
àîÓ^˝ê˛l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÜ ˛ï˛yÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚•z !Ó!˲ߨ xlƒyÎ˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ï˛y!Ù°lyí˛YˆÏï˛ lƒy΃ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˆòyܲyˆÏlÓ˚ 94%
xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl í˛z˛õˆÏ˲y=˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ¢§ƒ ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ §ÙÓyÎ˚ §!Ù!ï˛ myÓ˚y– !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ ˆË˛y=˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
ˆáy°y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛í˛¸y òyˆÏÙ !Ó!Ü ˛ ܲÓ˚yñ áyÓ˚y˛õ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ áyòƒ¢§ƒ
!lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒ ò%ô G ¢yܲ§Ó!ç ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÙyòyÓ˚
ˆÓ˚¢l ˆòyܲyˆÏl !Ó!Ü ˛ ܲÓ˚yñ x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ˆòyܲyl ˆáy°y •zï˛ƒy!ò–
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÓ˚¢l ˆòyܲyˆÏl áyÓ˚y˛õ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆí˛Î˚y!Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– à%çÓ˚yˆÏê˛ §ÙÓyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
áyòƒ¢§ƒ x!Ó!Ü ˛ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y §Ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ò,T˛yhs˝ •° ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyÙ%°ÛÛ ˆÎ ò%?ô G ò%?ôçyï˛ ˛õîƒ
§Ù§ƒy– ˆÓ˚¢l ˆòyܲyˆÏl !Ó!Ü ˛ ly •ˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ áyòƒ !làˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Îy ˆòˆÏ¢ ÚˆŸªï˛ !Ó≤’ÓÛ ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ– §yÓ˚yˆÏòˆÏ¢ ~Ùl
à%òyˆÏÙ Ó,•òyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùç%ï˛ çÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ò,T˛yhs˝ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÙÓyÎ˚à%!° §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
àîÓ^˝ê˛l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ò%Ó≈° •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˛õyGÎ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È–
ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ à!Ó˚Ó ˆ•yܲ Óy ly ˆ•yܲ §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xl%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛…ñ ~ܲyˆÏí˛!Ù xÓ ˆí˛Ë˛°y˛õˆÏÙrê˛ §yˆÏÎ˚™
çl§Çáƒy xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚¢l ܲyˆÏí≈˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §yÙ@˝Ã#˛ ˆÎÙl åADSä !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ° ¢§ƒ ÓƒyÇܲ àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚
ã˛y°ñ àÙñ !ã˛!l •z ï ˛ƒy!ò Ùç% ï ˛ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– ~•z § Ó ˛õîƒ §Ó §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ åNGOsä ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §ÙÙ)ˆÏ°ƒ !ÓÜ ˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– Óï≈˛Ùyl ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ADS ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyà%!°Ó˚ åNGOä ܲÙ≈«˛Ùï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ
ÙˆÏï˛y !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲyí≈˛ G !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ òyÙ ï˛ál !SÈ° ly– áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚¢l ˆòyܲyl •ˆÏï˛ Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏT˛…Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ° ~ál ¢§ƒ ÓƒyÇܲ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚
!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî áyòƒ¢§ƒ !ܲlˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l¡¨ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢§ƒ ÓƒyLjÏܲÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ NGO myÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚G !SÈ° ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ§#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ìyܲy ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ
xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y ˆÓ!¢– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°ƒhflÏÓ˚
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ADSÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈãÏ ˛T˛y §yÊ˛°ƒ xylˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ È–
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ àîÓrê˛l ÓƒÓfiÌy (TPDS) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ADS ¢§ƒ ÓƒyÇܲ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ê˛° G
òy!Ó˚oƒ§#ÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚¢l ˆòyܲyˆÏl òyˆÏÙÓ˚
x!˲lÓ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
ˆ«˛ˆÏe x“ SÈyí˛¸ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– òy!Ó˚oƒ§#ÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åAPLä
52 xÌ≈l#!ï˛
§yÓ˚yÇ¢
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ áyòƒ §%Ó«˚ ˛y !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •Î˚ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚ §Ü˛° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ%!T˛Ü˛Ó˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ÌyˆÏܲñ §Ó
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ü ˛Î˚«˛Ùï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óyôy ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
òy!Ó˚oƒ§#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ìyܲy çlàî áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y í˛zß¨ï˛ §#ÙyÎ˚ Ìyܲy
çlàîG ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò%ˆÏÎ≈yà Óy !Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈
~ܲê˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ çlàî áyòƒ G ˛õ%!T˛à%ˆîÏ Ó˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏàñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚
ÎyÓ˚y @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ù•#l Óy fl∫“ Ë)˛!ÙÎ%=˛ à,•fiÌy!°Ó˚ ò!Ó˚o çlàî ~ÓÇ ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫“ Ùç%!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õ¢y G ÙÓ˚¢!% Ù
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ xfiÌyÎ˚# ◊!Ùܲàî– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È xLjϢ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#l çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ •yÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢ñ ˆÎÙl òy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ x!ôܲ ≤ÈÏܲy˛õ Î%=˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y Ó˚yçƒñ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ G ≤Ãï˛ƒhs˝ xM˛°ñ
ò%ˆÎÏ y≈ à ≤ÃÓî xM˛° •zï˛ƒy!ò– §ÙyˆÏçÓÏ ˚ §ÙhflÏ xLjϢÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
Îb§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ áyòƒ §%Ó˚«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ ò%!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ı åaä xy˛õòܲy°#l Ùç%ï˛
˲y[˛yÓ˚ åbä àîÓ^˝ê˛l ÓƒÓfiÌy åPDSä– §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ àîÓrê˛l ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ åPDSä §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !Ó!˲ߨ òy!Ó˚oƒ ò)Ó#˚ ܲÓ˚î
ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È Îy áyòƒ §%Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ xhs˝Ë˛≈) =˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~Ó˚˛) õ !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù≈§!) ã˛ •° ÈüüüÈ !l!Óí˛¸
!¢¢% í˛zßΨ l˚ ≤Ãܲ“ åICDSäñ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ ܲyç ≤Ãܲ“ åFFWäñ !m≤Ãy•!Ó˚ܲ xy•yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ“ åMDMäñ xˆÏhs˝ƒyòÎ˚
xߨ ˆÎyçly åAAYä •zï˛ƒy!ò– áyòƒ §%Ó«˚ ˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙÓyÎ˚
§ÇfiÌy ~ÓÇ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyà%!° åNGOsä ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !l¤˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
xl%¢#°l#
1. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ áyòƒ §%Ó«
˚ ˛y §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È⁄
2. ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÎ˚ ˆË˛yˆÏà⁄
3. ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ó≈Ï ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚yçƒà%!° ˆÓ!¢ áyòƒ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y•#lï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÎ
Ï ˆ˚ SÏ È⁄
4. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ܲ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ §Ó%ç !Ó≤’Ó Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒ fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
5. ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlàî ~álG áyòƒ•#lï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÈüüüÈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%ˆÏÎ≈yà Óy !Ó˛õÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ áyòƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄
7. ÙÓ˚¢%!Ù «%˛ôy G §Ó≈fiÌyÎ˚# «%˛ôyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
8. ò!Ó˚o xLjϢÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ áyòƒ §%Ó«
˚ ˛yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ܲ# ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È⁄ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãܲ“
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l xy˛õòܲy°#l åBufferä Ùç%ï˛ Ë˛y[˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
10. ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy /ÈüÈ
åaä l)ƒlï˛Ù §•yÎ˚ܲ Ù)°ƒ åMSPä
åbä xy˛õòܲy°#l Ùç%ï˛ Ë˛y[˛yÓ˚
References
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