Surveying Lab 234

6- 2. LAB EXERCISE NO.
2
ELEMENTARY
SURVEYING PROBLEM : TAPING OVER SMOOTH AND LEVEL
GROUND OBJECTIVE : To determine the horizontal length of a line over
smooth
and level ground with the tape supported throughout its
.. : length.
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LAB EXERCISE O
UTLINE
INSTRUMENTS & A CCESSORIES : 30-m or 1 00-ft Steel Tape, Chain ing
Pins, Range Polés, P egs or Hubs, Chalk or Marking Crayons, and Spring
Scale. ,
B.
o
PROCEDURE : .. 1." Using hubs, mark both ends of the line
(150 to 300 m long) to be measured. Place a range pole behind each
point and also establish intermediate points along the line to ensure
unobstructed sight lines. If the point to be marked is on a pavement, use
chalk or marking crayons., Designate t hese end points as A and B. 2. The
rear tapeman with one pin stations himself at the point of b eginning and
the head tapeman takes the zero end of the tape and advances toward the
other end of the line to be measured. 3. When the head tapeman has gone
nearly a full tape length, t he rear tapeñan calls "tape" to stop the head
tapemaņ. The rear tape man then holds the 30-m (or 100 ft) m ark at the
starting point and aligns the other end of the tape held by the head
tapeman on the range pole set behind the end point or on any of the
intermediate points earlier established along the line. a. With the 30-m mark at
the starting point, and the head tapeman aligned, the rear tapéman calls
"all right", The head tapeman then ouūs the tape taut and sticks a chaining
pin in the ground to mark the num end of the tape. If the measurement is done
on pavement, a chalk or marking crayon is used to mark the end of the tape.' 5. The
rear tapeman picks up his chaining pin and the head tapeman pulls the tape
forward and the process i s; repeated for the next full t ape length. 6.
When the end of the line is almost reached and the last full tape length has
been measured, the remaining partial length is then mea sured. The rear
tapeman holds the tape until he has a full meter (or sured. The rear tapeta
in while the head tapeman pulls the tape foot) mark at his chaining pin
while the head tap taut an d takes note of the fractional measurement
read from the tape end. 7. After the measurement of the whole line is
completed, a second measurement should be made along the opposite
direction. The mean of the two measurements is taken as the most
probable value of the length of the line.
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8. Tabulate observed and c

omputed values accordingly. Refer to the
accompanying sample format for the tabulation of data.
TRIAL LINE LENGTH

DIFFERENCE MEAN RELATIVE
PRECISION
AB
2
| BA
C. COMPUTATIONS
:
1. The mean length of the measured line is determined by adding
the two measurements and dividing the sum by two. 2.
The discrepancy
for the measurement is the difference between the first measurement and the
second measurement. 3 . The relative precision of the measurement
is determined by dividing the discrepancy by the mean length, where
the numerator is reduced to unity or 1. Relative precision is expressed in
fractional form and the denominator is rounded to the nearest
hundredth.
D. REMARKS, HINTS & PRECAUTIONS

:
1. The hub is set at each end of the designated line, and a range pole
is set about a meter beyond the far hub to serve as guide dur ing
taping. A 2"x2" piece of lumber with a nail in the middle is used for this
purpose and embedded securely into the ground. 2. Prior to
measurement the tape should first be calibrated. 3. As a rough
check, the designated line s hould also be measured by pacing.
4. D uring measurement the tape should be supported throughout its entire
length and a required pull (approximately 4 to 7 kg ) applied at the ends of
the tape to avoid inconsistent errors. 5. During the lining-in process, the head
tapeman is in a kneeling position to one side and facing the line so that he
can hold the tape steady an
d allow the rear tapeman 'to have a clear view
of the range pole marking the distant point. 6. As the rear tapeman
leaves after each full tape length is mea sured, a pin is pulled out of
the ground. There is always one pin in the ground, and the number o
f pins
held, by the rear tapeman at any time indicates the number of f ull tape
lengths measured from the point of beginning to the pin in the ground. 7.
A steady and firm pull is made on one end of the tape if the leather
thong at the end of the tape is wrapped around the hand, O by holding on to a
chaining pin slipped through t he eye at the end of the tape, or by using
a tape clamp. 8. Th
e ta
pe may be held between the fleshy portion of the
fingers and that of th
e palm. Enough friction is applied to sustain the requi
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red pull without causing injury or discomfort

to the tapeman.
The acceptable precision should be at least
1/1,000. this is meer attained the measurement
should be repeated..
3. LAB EXERCISE NO. 3
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
- PROBLEM : TAPING OVER UNEVEN AND SLOPING GROUND
OBJECTIVE : To determine the horizontal length of a line over uneven
and sloping ground by the method of breaking
tape.
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LAB EXERCISE OUTLINE

INSTRUMENTS & ACCESSORIES : 30-m or 100-ft S
teel Tape, Chama ing
Pins, Range Poles, Pegs or Hubs, Spring Scale, and Plumb Bobs.
B. PROCEDURE :
'
1. Measuring
Uphill.
a) On a designated uneven and sloping terrain, mark the ends of . a line
(about 90 m long) to be measured. Designate the hub' at the bottom of
the slope as point A and the hub at the upper portion of the slope as
point B. Range poles are held or set behind each point to serve as
markers, or are set at intermediate points along the l ine to insure
better alignment during taping.
b) Head 'tapeman unreels an d spreads out the tape and pulls the zero
ma rk uphill along the line from point A. The rear tapeman raises the 30-m (or
100-ft) end of the tape breast high while the head t apeman move s back
to a place on the line near a full meter (or foot) m ark where the
ground: surface is as high as the other raised end of the tape. The
head tapeman st ays by t he side of the line me asured and holds a
chaining pin o n the ground." ;
c) The rear tapeman temporarily releases end of tape and signals
head tapeman'to either move to the right or to the left in or der to align
him. When the pin of the head tapeman is in line with t he range pole
held over point B, the head tapeman is then signaled to stic k the pin
vertic ally into the ground.
d) Rear tapeman plumbs from p oint A to the terminal mar the
tape with a plumb bobi a
r A while
plumb bobi and maintains this plumb bob steadily ove
pe
head tapeman pulls the tape taut, and making sure that the ta is on l ine
by bringing o
no hv bringi ng one of its edges in contact with the pre viously
aligned pin. The head tapeman then moves the pin oor
n opposite the
he nearest full meter or foot mark of the tape and he sticks it firmly
into the ground.
Troves his end of the tape, moves up the .)
n leaves his end of the tape slope
The rear tapema and gets hold
to hold of the tape at the point previously held by the head
in stuck in the
xt measurement is made horizontally free p
tapeman. The ne
ground by the head tapeman as done at:
'weated until the whole tape length is used
pe
f) The process is re ated until the whole tape
the measurement of one tape length of horizontal
up thus finishing the measur
distance.
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: a) From the pin marking the end of one tape length measure ment,
the horizontal measurement is continued u ntil point B is reach. ed. The last
partial 'tape length is measured with the rear tapeman holding the tape until he
has a full meter (or foot) mark at his end while the head tapeman pulls the
tape taut and takes note o f the fractional measurement. Then the number of
tape lengths and the last partial measurement are totaled to determine the
horizontal length of the line measured.
2. Measuring
Downhill.
a) : In measuring down the slope, the tape is reversed t o bring its - zero
end forward in the direction of point A along the line. Horizon tal measurements
starts from B with the rear tapeman holding his terminal meter ( or foot) m ark
of tape in level with B. .
b) After the plumb bob of the head tapemen has been aligned with
the range pole held at
A, the head tapeman drops the plumb bob causing it to
leave a mark on the ground. He then sticks a pin at the
ground mark left by the plumb b
ob.
c) The next horizontal measurement starts from the pin until one
whole tape length is measured. As in measuring up the slope, the number
of tape, lengths plus the partial tape length at the end of the line determines
the total horizontal length of the line.
d) Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to

11 the accompanying sample format for the tabulation of data.
TRIAL LINE
IFFERENCE MEAN
LENGTH D
RELATIVE
PRECISION
ТАВ
2
| BA
COMPUTATIONS : 1. The discrepancy for the

measurement is the d ifferenoe between the first measurement and
the second measurement. 2. The mean length of the measured
line is determined by adding the two measurements and dividing the
sum by two: This is also known as the most probable value of the
length of the line. 3. The relative p recision of the measurement. is
determined by divie ding the discrepancy by the mean length, where the
numerator is reduced to unity or 1. Relative precision is expressed in
fractional form and the denominator is rounded to the nearest hundredth.
TIONS ; ;
D. REMARKS, HINTS & PRECAU
1. The procedure of breaking tape involves the measurement of short horizontal
distances and accumulating these distances to total full tape length. This is
done when a 30-m (or 100-ft) tape cannot be held
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horizontal without plumbing from above shoulder length. 2. Except for
the use of a plumb bob. the process of taping over uneven and sloping ground is
. It is important to determine if the
l ground. 3
similar to taping over smooth and leve
tape is held nearly horizontal since it is the usual tendency to hold the downhill end of
the tape too low. . 4.
A
hand level should be used to check if the tape ends
are held correctly so as to have a good horizontal measurement. 5.A
firm stance is important during taping. The tapeman, shodno nosition the
plane of his body parallel to the t ape, with his legs won apart. His forearm should
s ame snub
be in line with the tape, and he it against his body comfortably.
6. If a hand level is not available, the tape may be estimated to be
horizontal by eye. It is usually sufficient to compare the tape with some
level line or have the two ends in line with the horizon. 7. '
The tape
sags between supports when taking horizontal measure ments over
uneven and sloping ground thus making the tape shorter. T o
eliminate the effect of sag, the tape should be standardized, cor rected
for sag, or normal tension is used. 8. As a variation to breaking tape,
the line may also be measured by short and segmented individual distances
and these distances are added up to determine the total length. This practice,
however, re quires continuous recording of each partial length measured and
may also lead to mistakes i n addition. 9. The de signated line should
be measured in two trials, o nce uphill and once downhill. The ratio of
discrepancy to length should be deter mined. The acceptable precision
should be at least. 1/1
,000. If t his is n
ot attained the measurement should
be repeated:
Fig. 4-2. An illustrative example of breaking tape for a downhill
measurement.
- 30.m. mark on tape

- 21m, mark on t ape
Tope
.mark on tape ...
im
... Horizontal
Om, mark o
n
tape
Direction of Taping

is usually downhill
SIM
k
plumb line
14.00m.
9.00m.
7.00
m
30.00 m
eters
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in LAB EXERCISE NO. 4 .

ELEMENTARY
SURVEYING PROBLEM : DETERMINING AREA OF A RECTLINEAR
FIELD BY
TA
PE CRJECTIVES : a)
To learn how to m
easure horizontal angles with t ape.
To learn b) ?
To determine
o determine the area of a rectilinear field with tape,
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LAB EXERCISE OUTLINE
-
CCESSORIES : Steel Tape, Chaining

A. INSTRUMENTS & A
Pins, Range
Poles, and Hubs or Pegs.
B. PROCEDURE :
ith in
1. Establish the corners of t he assigned field and also establish w
the field a centrally-l ocated point. 2. Subdivide the field into a
convenient series of connected trian gles (refer to accompanying
figure). Use pegs, hubs, or pins to mark the vertices of each triangle.
Call these points A, B, C, and etc.
3. From the centrally-l ocated point, measure distances to
each point “defining the corners or vertices of each triangle. Call these
distances
da, d2, and etc. 4. Using the chord method of measuring angles
by tape, determine all the angles about the central point, i.e.,
7., ez, and etc. Fig. 4-3. A field subdivided into triangles.
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5. Refer to t he accompanying sample tabulation for the

recordings o bserved field data,
C. COMPUTATIONS :
1. Determining Values of Included
Angles.
With the use of a tape the chord method of measuring
angles may be applied to determine the value of an angle. The
followina
formula is used
Sin 0/2 = 0/2

Where:
A = angle whose value is
desi
red d = measured c
hord distance L 'any convenient l ength of
tape swung through an arc
Fig. 4-4. Chord method of measuring

angles.
INCLUDED
ANGLE .
CHORD LENGTH COMPUTED I DIST OF
SIDE ANGLE
ADJUSTED CORRI
ANGLE
3
S
2. Determining Area of Each

Triangle.
In each triangle, s ince the length of two sides and the
inclu ded angle can be determined, the area of the triangle may be calcu
lated by the following formula
)(a)(b) Sin
A= (1/2
C
Where:
A = area of the triangle a,b = the two measured sides of the
triangle (or d,,d2, etc) C =
included angle (or Al;02;
O3, etc.)
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SIDES
TRIANGLE
INCLUDED
ANGLE
AREA
1st
2nd
ABF
BCF
CDF
MI
DEF
AEF
3. Calculating the Total Area

The total area of the field is the sum of the calculated areas of the
ivided, or
series of connected triangles i nto which the field is sub d
A, - A; + A2 + A3 +

Aq+Ag
Where : Ar = total area of
the field,
, and o
and A, A2 fc. a re
oregs of individual
triangles.
D. REMARKS, HINTS &

PRECAUTIONS :
1. Determining areas of rectilinear fields by tape is a slow process and
is not advisable when large a reas are involved. 2. This method of field
survey was widely used before i nstruments for measuring angles were built.
3. The accuracy of the values obtained by this procedure is depen dent on
the size of the angle, on the care with which the points are set on line, and
on the accuracy of the measured lengths. 4. E xperience will show that with
reasonable care the value of an angle determined by tape measurements would
lue obtained with a
agree with the va transit within one to three minutes. 5. Au
distances from the centrally-located point of the field to the
e measured twice an
d the mean recorded as d
ifferent
corners should be measured twice and the me its actual length.
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6- 2. LAB EXERCISE NO.

8. Tabulate observed and c

TRIAL LINE LENGTH

D. REMARKS, HINTS & PRECAUTIONS

red pull without causing injury or discomfort

LAB EXERCISE OUTLINE

d) Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to

COMPUTATIONS : 1. The discrepancy for the

- 30.m. mark on tape

Direction of Taping

in LAB EXERCISE NO. 4 .

CCESSORIES : Steel Tape, Chaining

5. Refer to t he accompanying sample tabulation for the

Sin 0/2 = 0/2

Fig. 4-4. Chord method of measuring

2. Determining Area of Each

3. Calculating the Total Area

A, - A; + A2 + A3 +

D. REMARKS, HINTS &

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Surveying Lab 234

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Surveying Lab 234

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6-​ ​2​. ​LAB ​EXERCISE ​NO​.

8​. ​Tabulate observed ​an​d c

TRIAL ​LINE ​LE​NG​TH

D​. ​REMARKS​, ​HINTS ​& ​PRECAUTIONS

red ​pull ​without causing ​injury ​or ​discomfort

LAB ​EXE​RCI​SE ​OU​TLINE

d​) ​Tabulate ​observed a​n​d ​computed ​values ​ac​cordingly​. ​Refer to

COMPUTATIONS ​: ​1​. ​The ​discrepa​ncy ​for the

- ​30​.​m​. ​mark ​on ​tap​e

Directio​n ​of ​Taping

i​n ​LAB ​EXERCISE ​N​O​. ​4 ​.

​ CCESS​ORIES ​: ​St​e​el Tape​, ​Chaining

5​. ​Ref​e​r t​o t​ h​e ​ac​companying ​sample ​tabulation ​for ​t​he

Sin ​0​/​2 ​= ​0​/2

Fig​. ​4​-​4​. ​Ch​ord ​method ​of ​measuring

2​. ​Determining ​Ar​e​a ​of ​Each

3​. ​Calculating ​the ​Total ​Area

A​, ​- ​A​; ​+ ​A2 ​+ A3 ​+

D. ​REMARKS​, ​HINTS ​&

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6- 2. LAB EXERCISE NO.

8. Tabulate observed and c

TRIAL LINE LENGTH

D. REMARKS, HINTS & PRECAUTIONS

red pull without causing injury or discomfort

LAB EXERCISE OUTLINE

d) Tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. Refer to

COMPUTATIONS : 1. The discrepancy for the

- 30.m. mark on tape

Direction of Taping

in LAB EXERCISE NO. 4 .

CCESSORIES : Steel Tape, Chaining

5. Refer to t he accompanying sample tabulation for the

Sin 0/2 = 0/2

Fig. 4-4. Chord method of measuring

2. Determining Area of Each

3. Calculating the Total Area

A, - A; + A2 + A3 +

D. REMARKS, HINTS &