API 570 Day 4 Book

API 570 – DAY 4 BOOK
BASIC PIPING INSPECTION, TERMINOLOGY AND RP 574

PRACTICE QUESTIONS-OPEN BOOK
1. In the Barlow formula for determining pipe thickness, the term S stands
for
a. Internal design gage pressure of the pipe in psi
b. Pressure design strength for internal pressure, in psi
c. Allowable unit stress at the design temperature, in psi
d. Maximum strain at the average operating temperature, in psi
2. At low pressure and temperature, the thickness determined by the

Barlow formula may be so small that the pipe would have
_________________ structural strength
a. Adequate
b. Insufficient
c. Ample
d. Good
3. A seamless NPS 12, A-106 Grade A pipe operators at 300 degrees F and
941 psi. The allowable stress is 16000 psi. Using the Barlow Equation,
determine the thickness required for these conditions
a. 0.375”
b. 0.750”
c. 0.353”
d. 0.706”
e.
4. A seamless NPS6, A-106 Grade A pipe operators at 300 degrees F and
941 psi. The allowable stress is 16000 psi . The owner-user specified
that the pipe must have 0.1” allowed for corrosion allowance. Using the
Barlow Equation, determine the thickness required for these conditions
a. 0.295”
b. 0.195”
c. 0.277”
d. 0.706”
API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 2

K.RAVINDRAN
5. A seamless NPS8, A-53 Grade B pipe operators at 700 degrees F and
700 psi. The allowable stress is 16500 psi . The pipe has been in service
for 6 years. The original wall thickness of the pipe was 0.375”. The pipe
wall now measure 0.30” Considering no structural requirements,
estimate how long the piping can continue to operate and not be below
the minimum thickness
a. 4.68 years
b. 9.8 years
c. 0 years; pipe now below minimum
d. 10.42 years
6. An Inspector finds a thin area in the body of a NPS 8 (8.625” O.D.) 600#
gate valve. The valve’s body is made from ASTM A216 WCB material.
The system operates at 700 psi and 750 degrees F. Using a corrosion
allowance of 0.125”, what thickness must be present in order to
continue to safely operate? Round to nearest hundredth ( s =).14800
Given in B 31.3( Hint 1.5 x 8.635 x 700/ 2 X 14 800 + 0.125 )
a. 0.48”
b. 0.38”
c. 0.51”
d. 0.43”
7. If corrosion or erosion is anticipated for a valve, what should be done

prior to installing the valve?
a. Severance thickness determinations should be made when the valves
are installed so that the fretting rate and metal ruination can be
determined
b. Retirement thickness measurement should be made after installation
so tat the fatigue rate and metal loss can be determined
c. Reference thickness measurements should be made when the valves
are installed so that the corrosion rate and metal loss can be
determined
d. Retina measurements of the macula should be made when the iris’ are
installed so the optical rate and losses of perception can be
determined

K.RAVINDRAN
8. Which of the items listed below would NOT normally be contained in
inspection records of piping?
a. Original date of installation, the specifications and strength levels of the
materials used
b. Original vessel hydrotest pressures and conditions that the tests were
performed under
c. Original thickness measurement and the locations and dates of all
subsequent readings
d. Calculated retirement thicknesses
9. Accurate records of a piping system make possible an evaluation of

_____________ on any piping, valve or fitting
a. Computerization
b. Security and continuity
c. Cost and competency
d. Service life
10. You are working as an inspector. While reviewing a tabulation of

thickness data on a section of piping in non-corrosive or very low
corrosive service, you find the initial thickness reading of an inspection
point to be 0.432” and marked nominal on a NPS 6 pipe. At the next
inspection 12 months later you find a reading by ultrasonics of 0.378” at
the same point. Twelve months later UT readings were taken and the
thickness at the point was still 0.378” what would this mean to you?
a. No measurement was taken originally, the nominal thickness was
listed and the piping probably had an under-tolerance of 12.5%
b. There was an error made by the inspector at the installation or the
inspector who UT” d the piping at the next inspection made an error
c. The UT machine that the inspector used during the 12 month
inspection after installation was defective and not reading correctly
d. The pipe contractor or the installer put the wrong schedule piping in
service
11. You are working as an inspector. While reviewing a tabulation of

thickness data on a section of piping, you find the letter “C” marked
under a column headed by the word METHOD. What does the “C”
indicate?
a. The inspection temperature of the pipe was COLD
b. The thickness measurement was made by an inspector with ID OF “C”
c. The thickness measurement was taken with calipers
d. The thickness measurement was CONFIRMED by a second party

K.RAVINDRAN
12. Which of the following is not an important function of an accurate
sketch?
a. Assist in determining future locations that urgently require
examinations
b. Identifying systems and circuits in terms of location, size, material etc
c. Serve as field data sheets
d. None of the above
13. The Wenner 4-Pin methods, the soil bar, and the soil box do not
represent methods of determining
a. Holidays
b. Pipe-to-soil potentials
c. Cathodic protection acceptability
d. All of the above
14. The total resistivity for a wenner 4-Pin test that utilizes pins spaced 2
feet apart and a 6 “R” factor is:
a. 2298 ohm/cm
b. 3500 ohm/cm
c. 6000 ohm/cm
d. 8000 ohm/cm
15. Which of the following is not a consideration when using a soil bar?
a. Using a standard prod bar
b. Avoiding the addition of water
c. Applying pressure on the soil bar after injection
d. None of the above
16. Which of the following is a consideration when using a soil box

a. Depth of pins less than 4% of spacing
b. Ensuring the soil has dried out before testing
c. Avoiding contamination of the sample during handling and storage
d. All of the above

K.RAVINDRAN
QUESTION NO ANSWER REFERENCE NO
1 C 11.1.2
2 B 11.1.2
3 A 11.1.2
4 A 11.1.2
5 B 11.1.2
6 C 11.2
7 C BOK
8 B 12.1
9 D 12.1
10 A Table 3
11 C GK
12 D 12.2
13 D Fig 30 & 31
14 A 10.10.1.4.3
15 D 10.10.1.4.4
16 C 10.10.1.4.5

K.RAVINDRAN
Practice Questions
All Questions are Closed Book
1. API Recommended Practice 574. Inspection of Piping Tubing Valves,
and Fittings, does not cover.
a. Control valves
b. Piping smaller than 2” NPS
c. Tubing smaller than 1.5” diameter
d. Fittings smaller than 2” NPS
2. The refining industry generally uses what type piping for severe
service?
a. Brass
b. Cast
c. Seamless
d. Longitudinal seam welded
3. Piping is made by rolling plates to size and welding the seams larger
than _______ inches Outside diameter
a. 10
b. 16
c. 14
d. 12
4. Steel and alloy piping are also manufactured to standard dimensions in

nominal pipe sizes up to ________ inches.
a. 24
b. 36
c. 48
d. 50
5. Steel and alloy piping are also manufactured to standard thicknesses

designated as schedules in nominal pipe sizes up to ______ inch
a. 24
b. 36
c. 48
d. 50

K.RAVINDRAN
6. The actual thickness of wrought piping may vary from its nominal
thickness by a manufacturing under tolertance of as much as ________
percent.
a. 12.5
b. 12.0
c. 10.0
d. 10.5
7. Cast piping has thickness tolerance of +_____ inch and -_____ inch
a. 1/16,0
b. 1/16, 1/16
c. 1/32, 1/32
d. 3/64,0
8. For all nominal pipe sizes of ____ inches and smaller, the size refers to
the nominal inside diameter.
a. 10
b. 12
c. 14
d. 16
9. Under tolerance of welded pipe often used in refinery service is

__________ inch
a. 0.125
b. 0.050
c. 0.010
d. 0.005
10. For what service is cast iron piping normally used?

a. Non-hazardous service, such as lube oils.
b. Non-hazardous service, such as water
c. Corrosive service, such as acids
d. Non-corrosive service, such as low temperature caustic
11. Tubing is generally seamless drawn, but is may be welded. Its stated
size is its actual
a. Outside radius
b. Inside diameter
c. Outside diameter
d. Inside radius

K.RAVINDRAN
12. There are many type valves. Which is incorrect valve type listed below?
a. Style valve
b. Gate valve
c. Check valve
d. Globe valve
13. What type valve is normally used in a fully open or fully close position?
a. Gate
b. Globe
c. Slide
d. Plug
14. What type gate valves have body and port openings that are smaller
than the valves end opening
a. Borda tube gate valves
b. Reduced-port gate valves
c. Weir gate valves
d. Sluice gate valves
15. What type of gate valve should not be used as block valves associated
with pressure relief devices?
a. Sluice gate valves
b. Weir gate valves
c. Borda tube gate valves
d. Reduced-port gate valves
16. What is a globe valve used for?

a. It is normally used as block valve
b. It is commonly used to regulate fluid flow
c. It is ordinarily used to measure pressure drop
d. It is frequently used in place of a slide valve
17. A plug valve consists:

a. Of a slide or slides that operate perpendicularly to the flow and move
on rail guides to interrupt flow.
b. Of a ball with a hole in it that fits into the valve body and interrupts the
flow of material.
c. Of a circular gate that operates in and out in the body to interrupt flow
d. Of a tapered or cylindrical truncated come with a slot fitting into a
correspondingly shaped seat.

K.RAVINDRAN
18. What type of valve depends upon a spherical type gate has a hole in it
and is rotated to open or close it?
a. Diaphragm valve
b. Plug valve
c. Globe valve
d. Ball valve
19. What are check valves normally used for

a. They are generally used in erosive or high-temperature service
b. They are used to automatically prevent backflow
c. They are commonly used to regulate fluid flow
d. They are used for conditions that require quick on/off or bubble tight
service.
20. What are slide valves generally used for?

a. They are used to automatically prevent backflow
b. They are used for conditions that require quick on/off or bubbletight
service
c. They are generally used in erosive or high-temperature service
d. They are commonly used to regulate fluid flow.
21. What type of pipe joint is generally limited to piping in non-critical

service and has a nominal size of 2 inches or smaller?
a. flanged joint
b. threaded joint
c. socket-weld joint
d. butt-welded joint
22. Socket welded joints are usually used in nominal pipe size of ________
or smaller
a. 4”
b. 3”
c. 2.5”
d. 2”
23. Which of the joints listed is the most common found in the petroleum
industry?
a. Compression joints
b. Butt-welded joints
c. Bell-and-spigot joints
d. Sleeve joints

K.RAVINDRAN
24. The primary purpose of piping inspection is to
a. Satisfy the requirements of jurisdictional regulations
b. Achieve ate the lowest cost, piping that is reliable and has the desired
quality
c. Ensure plant safety and reliability, also achieve desired quality
assurance
d. Produce a piping system that meets minimum design and serviceability
requirements.
25. Adequet inspection is a prerequisite for maintaining piping:

a. In a leak free condition
b. Satisfactory to the owner-user
c. In a satisfactory operating condition
d. In a safe, operable condition
26. OSHA 1910.119mandates that:

a. Piping be inspected to a code or standard such as API 570
b. Owner/user adopt API 570
c. Water piping be inspected the same as chemical piping
d. The owner/user immediately shut down corroded piping system
27. Regulatory requirements usually cover only those conditions that affect.
a. Pollution
b. Operations
c. Safety
d. Maintenance
28. The single most frequent reason for replacing piping is:
a. An over-zealous inspector
b. In-service cracking
c. H2S deterioration and erosion
d. Thinning due to corrosion
29. On piping that is operating, the key to effective monitoring of piping

corrosion is identifying and establishing ______________________
a. L.O.L’s
b. J.L.G’s
c. T.M.L’s
d. C.U.I’s

K.RAVINDRAN
30. Which one of the following is not a factor for consideration when
establishing corrosion-monitoring programs?
a. Accessibility
b. Circuitisation
c. Transducer diameter
d. Risk classification
31. A greater loss in metal thickness will usually be observed near a

restriction or change in direction in a pipe line. What usually causes
this?
a. The effects of turbulence or velocity
b. The Effects of stagnation or fretting
c. The effects of corrosion or declination
d. The effects of oxidation or waning
32. What type of problem would you expect to find in catalyst, flue-gas, and
slurry piping on a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit
a. Embrittlement
b. Cracking
c. Corrosion
d. Erosion
33. Stainless steel such as type 304 18 Chr.-8 Ni in the presence of

temperature above 100 degrees F. may crack because of the presence
of:
a. Nitrates
b. Sulphides
c. Chlorides
d. Dissolved oxygen
34. A 2” diameter line is injecting a product into an 8” diameter pipe. What

type of deterioration would you expect to take place?
a. Accelerated corrosion or erosion
b. Long term corrosion
c. Chloride cracking
d. Dissolved oxygen pitting
35. What type of problem would you expect in piping containing Amine?
a. Dissolved oxygen cracking
b. Stress corrosion cracking
c. Galvanic corrosion
d. Crevice corrosion

K.RAVINDRAN
36. What area do you consider to be of most concern when inspecting a
piping system?
a. Underneath insulation on lines operating at temperatures above 200ºF
b. In a straight run pipe containing motor oil
c. At and/or downstream of a chemical injection point
d. Underneath insulation on line operating below 25ºF
37. Leaks in utility piping (water, steam etc.) are:

a. Only of minor concern and may be disregarded
b. Always dangerous but losses are negligible
c. Seldom hazardous but they do result in losses
d. Usually hazardous and losses result
38. Where do many (may be the majority) of leaks occur in pipelines?

a. Straight runs of piping
b. Flanges or packing glands
c. Changes of direction of piping
d. Downstream of injection points
39. The prompt repair of _________ will often prevent serious corrosion or
erosion of gasket surface or packing glands.
a. Supports
b. Leaks
c. Guides
d. Welds
40. The deformation of a vessel wall in the vicinity of a pipe attachment;

expansion joints that are not performing properly; a pipe dislodged from
its support etc are evidence of:
a. Misalignment
b. Leaks
c. Weld problems
d. Drips
41. Spring hanger loading should be checked under:

a. Elevated temperature conditions
b. Both cold and hot conditions
c. Sub-zero temperature conditions
d. Ambient temperature conditions

K.RAVINDRAN
42. An inspector finds concrete fireproofing around a structural steel
column with openings (cracks). The inspector suspects that water may
be entering. What should the inspector do?
a. The inspector should ask his supervisor what he should do.
b. All the fireproofing should be stripped from the column
c. Enough fireproofing should be removed to determine the extent of the
problem
d. No action should be taken
43. If a steel column in a pipe support rack is corroded. What should the
inspector do?
a. Have the corrosion products cleaned off and have the column painted
b. No action is required
c. Thickness measurements should be taken to determine whether
enough metal is left to safely support the load.
d. Call a piping engineer.
44. How do you inspect non-destructively for loose or broken foundation

bolts?
a. Break out the concrete around the foundation bolt.
b. Hammer the bolts vertically with a hammer
c. Lightly rap the bolts sideways with a hammer while holding a finger
against the opposite side.
d. Radiograph the foundation
45. As an inspector, you find a 6” diameter pipe line that is vibrating and
swaying. What is one of the most important things you would check for
and where would you check?
a. Fireproofing on the supports should be checked for spalling and
breaking
b. Welds should be inspected for cracks, particularly at points of restraint
c. Base-plates of the pipe supports should be checked to see if the bolts
are tight
d. Valves in the system should be checked to insure they are not
vibrating open/closed

K.RAVINDRAN
46. An insulated pipe shows evidence of defects in the jacketing covering
the insulation. You suspect that water may be getting in through the
defects. What you would do?
a. Strip the pipe line complete to allow 100% inspection and renewal lot
the insulation
b. If no discoloration is present to indicate corrosion (rust), no action is
required
c. Strip enough insulation to determine the extent and severity of possible
corrosion
d. Strip at least 50% of the insulation from the pipe to allow examination.
47. While inspecting an underground pipe line right-of-way, you find a

discolored spot on the ground near a road that crosses the right-of-way.
Which of the items below would be the course you would follow?
a. The inspector should make a note for the records and have the area
checked at some future time for possible leakage.
b. It is not unusual to have discoloration on pie line right-of-ways. If the
discoloration is not wet and there is no evidence of leakage, no action
is required.
c. The inspector picks up material from the discolored area. If it smells
okay and no there is no reaction on the skin, the area should pose no
problem
d. The discoloration should be investigated as a possible spill. Soil or
liquid samples should be checked to see if it is corrosive to the
underground.
48. Ultrasonic instruments are widely used for thickness measurements

and are used extensively by inspection organizations. If a transducer is
not equipped with “high temperature” delay-line material, it can be
damaged by temperatures over _________ degrees F.
a. 150
b. 1000
c. 250
d. 300

K.RAVINDRAN
49. An insulated piping system needs to have its pipe wall thickness
checked. The owner-user does no want holes cut in the insulation for
UT measurements and they do not want to shut down. What would you
do to obtain thickness reading?
a. AE
b. MT
c. ET
d. RT
50. Reduction of strength of the metal in a pipe, scaling, bulging, metal

deterioration or completer failure are all symotoms of:
a. Excessive pressure
b. Low temperature
c. Excessive temperature
d. Blocked effluent
51. Points of probable external corrosion of underground piping can be

located by a series of measurements of the:
a. Electrical resistance of surrounding soil or by measurement of pipe-to-
soil electrical potential
b. Wattage of the surrounding piping or by measurement of pipe-to-
conduit electrical resistance
c. Potential of the cathodic protection or by wattage of the pipe-to-soil
electrical resistance
d. Volt-amps readings of the surrounding soil or by measurement of pipe-
to-pipe electrical potential
52. One of the most important things that an inspector must after carrying
out inspection.
a. Make sure all electrical potentials have been checked and shut off
where necessary to prevent contact
b. Check all lines to just before the point they enter the unit limits to make
sure only the unit lines are inspected.
c. Review the condition of transportation (cars, trucks, scooters, bicycles
etc) to make sure transportation is not interrupted.
d. Review the records of previous inspections and of inspections
conducted during the current operating period.

K.RAVINDRAN
53. When making a visual internal inspection of a pipe and fouling is found,
what should the inspector do?
a. Make a note to include in the records; another inspector at the next
period may want to investigate further
b. Check with the operators to see if it is causing problems, if no
problems no further action is necessary
c. Cleaning should be considered, also, the deposits should be checked
to find their origin
d. Have the line cleaned completely immediately, make a complete write
up for records
54. The locations on piping most susceptible to cracking are

a. Changes of directions
b. Welds
c. Straights runs
d. Flange bolts
55. When checking austentic materials for cracks using PT methods only
liquid penetrants
a. With low or no nitrides should be used
b. With low or no carbides should be used.
c. With high or medium chlorides should be used
d. With low or no chlorides should be used
56. What type of defect would you expect to find at the problem of a groove
of a ring joint flange made from ASTM-347 Stainless Steel?
a. Pits
b. Cracks
c. Hydrogen blisters
d. Fouling
57. Valves should be dismantled at specified intervals to permit

examination of all internal parts. Body thickness should be measured at
locations that were inaccessible before dismantling, particularly at:
a. The disk seating surfaces
b. Flange where the bonnet is attached
c. Locations that show evidence of corrosion or erosion
d. Random locations throughout the valve

K.RAVINDRAN
58. Bodies of valves that operate in severe cyclic temperature service
should be checked internally for:
a. Erosion
b. Fouling
c. Cracks
d. Pitting
59. Gate valves should be measured for thickness between the seats, since
serious deterioration may have occurred because of:
a. Cracks
b. Turbulence
c. Fouling
d. Corrosion
60. Why is the area between the seats of a gate valve a weak location?
a. Pitting can occur at this location while the valve is operating open
b. Fouling can occur at this location where there is a possibility of high
velocity
c. The body of the valve is thinner in this location
d. The welding action of the disk when is seats causes strain in this area
61. After a valve has been inspected, repaired and reassembled, what
should be done next?
a. It should be plasited inside to prevent corrosion and returned for
reinstallation
b. It should be returned to the job for reinstallation
c. It should be painted and the inlet and outlet capped
d. It should be tested to API 598 requirements
62. In addition to checking the gasket surfaces of flanges for defects, and
checking for corrosion and erosion, which of the following additional
checks:
a. The rating of the flanges must be checked to make sure that they are
both class 150 and they both have the same number of bolt holes.
b. The bolts should be checked for proper specification, stretching and
corrosion. The gasket must be of the proper type and material
c. The flange bolt holes must match and at least one flange must be a
class 15 or 30
d. The bolts should be machine grade and brand-new. The gasket must
be a minimum of a spiral would grafoil filled.

K.RAVINDRAN
63. A weld is being made in carbon steel piping carrying Amine (MEA).
What should the inspector check in addition to insuring that the weld is
proper and meets specification?
a. The class of the piping, i.e. 150,300,600 etc should be verified
b. Amine can cause environmental cracking; the weld should be checked
for hardness
c. Welds on the weld hangers should be made checked and the results
recorded
d. Check the seating surface and lightness of the joint by WFMT
64. Welded joints in carbon steel and carbon-molybdenum steel exposed to

elevated temperature of 800º For over may be subject to:
a. Hydrogen attack
b. Graphitization
c. Environmental cracking
d. Graphitic corrosion
65. Which one of the listed is not a cause for a threaded joint leak?
a. Use of the proper lubricant
b. Improper assembly or loose threads
c. Corrosion or poor fabrication
d. Cross threading or dirty threads at assembly
66. Why should a leaking threaded joint not be tightened while the system
is in service under pressure?
a. An undetected crack in a thread root might fail and cause a release of
product
b. Tightening may exacerbate the hardness of the threads and cause
leaks.
c. The pressure on the gasket may be so great that it causes a failure
and thus leaks
d. Supports may fail if the threaded joint is lightened-tension on the
supports
67. What type of pipe joint must not be used without adequate axial
restraint on the piping?
a. Threaded joints
b. Flanged joints
c. Clamped joints
d. Welded joints

K.RAVINDRAN
68. Which of the following is not a cause of misalignment?
a. In adequate provision for expansion or broken and/or defective
anchors or guides
b. Too many bolts in the flanges or bolts with the wrong material
c. Excessive friction on sliding saddles or broken or corroded rollers
d. Excessive operating temperatures or broken or improperly adjusted
hangers.
69. Where excessive vibration or swaying was noted in a piping system

during operation, an inspection should be made for point of
____________ and _________ _________ and for cracks in welds at
locations that could not be inspection during operation.
a. Graphitization, graphitic corrosion
b. Scaling, internal oxidation
c. Abrasion, external wear
d. Rusting, hydrogen blisters
70. Piping that has been in service or had hot spots of 800ºF and above
should be checked for creep or deformation with time under stress by:
a. Using a transit to establish correct alignment and elevation or
plumbness
b. Measuring the outside diameter of the pipe and comparing established
data for life.
c. Pressure testing the piping to ensure it is serviceable.
d. Examining the piping with acoustic emission equipment
71. Special attention should be given to small connections such as vents,

bleeders, any type of small nipple. One method for successfully
checking the condition and the thickness of nipples is the use of:
a. RT
b. AE
c. MT
d. PT
72. A pressure test for-inservice piping, in most cases is a:

a. Leak test
b. Stress test
c. Ebullition test
d. Strength test

K.RAVINDRAN
73. If a pressure test is conducted with air or if excess air is trapped in a
system that is being hydrostatically tested, a failure of the system will
be:
a. Less violent than in a totally liquid filled system because it, does not
expand as rapidly as a hydraulic medium
b. Easy to manage because the air will prevent liquid from being spread
of the area and possibly causing an environmental incident
c. More violent than in a totally liquid filled system because of the
expansion of the compressible medium
d. Of little consequence since it the failure will be similar to air leaking
from a nail hole in a motor car tire inner tube
74. Which of the following materials NOT be commonly used for a pressure
test?
a. Water with or without an inhibitor, freezing-point depressant, or wetting
agent chloride
b. Liquid products normally carried in the system, if the are not toxic or
likely to cause a fire in the event of a leak or failure.
c. Steam, air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium or another inert gas
75. In which of the following systems would water be a questionable test

medium?
a. Gasoline reflux lines, propane piping, and butane systems
b. Diesel fuel systems, gas oil systems, and kerosene systems
c. Acid lines, cryogenic systems, and air drier systems
d. Reboiler oil systems, boiler piping, and steam turbine lines.
76. What should be considered when testing carbon steel piping during
cold weather or if cold fluids are used in the testing?
a. The transition temperature of the steel should be considered to prevent
brittle failure
b. The test medium may freeze if it escapes during test
c. The transition temperature of the medium should be considered for
brittle cracking
d. The translation temperature of the test medium may freeze the test
gages
77. What is the preferred medium for a pneumatic test?

a. A flammable gas
b. An inert gas
c. Hydrogen gas
d. Propane gas

K.RAVINDRAN
78. What type of piping usually has a pressure recorded attached in which a
permanent record of the test is made?
a. Boiler piping
b. Underground piping
c. Light hydrocarbon unit piping
d. Operating unit piping
79. The service was fluidized catalyst one. Choose correct option for the
PRD
a. Since valve body thk is normally heavier than pipe thk ,routine
monitoring of valve body thk is not required
b. Valves have to be removed at specified intervals for inspection and
can be reused with same bonnet
c. Valves should be tested as per the requirements of API 578
d. All
e. None
80. Flutter will occur in

a. Gate valeves
b. Globe valves
c. Ball Valves
d. Swing-check valve
81. When the valves Leak through the gate

a. Valves should be removed from the service
b. Valve should be immediately repaired
c. Leak through the gate should be plugged
d. Potential for the leakage to cause accelerated corrosion downstream
of the valve should be considered to finalize the priority of the
increased inspection of the valve replacement
82. Improperly torque fasteners in the flanges will cause

a. Crack in the Fasteners
b. Flange deformation
c. Crack in the Flange
d. Slipping fasteners

K.RAVINDRAN
83. When there is excessive bolt loading, most probably
a. Nut Canot rotate freely
b. Nut will rotate freely
c. Flange may bend
d. Stud may get cracked
84. Grapphitization can be checked by

a. RT
b. UT
c. Metallography
d. PT
85. If there is a misalignment in large Dia Catalyst transfer lines as in FCC

units
a. They should be checked when the pipe is hot
b. They should be checked with RT
c. They should be checked when the pipe has cooled down
d. Use VA Laser Tachometer
86. For Non metallic pipes

a. inspection freq Is Set usually with in the first two years of operation
b. Visual Examination & Pressure testing Are Primary inspection
methods
c. ASTM D 5263 Provides Guidance for VT of FRP
d. All
e. None
87. For Locating Delamination Following Advance Method except --------

is used
a. Use PT
b. Coin Tapping
c. UT
d. RT
88. To find Growing Cracks in the FRP which is better

a. RT
b. UT
c. AE
d. VT

K.RAVINDRAN
89. For FRP Hardness Reference is given in
a. API 574
b. ASME B 31.3
c. ASTM D 2583
d. API 578
90. B 31.3 has restrictions on the use of---------- Pressure testing

a. Water without Inhibiter
b. Liquid Products that are normally carried in the system
c. Helium
d. All
e. None
91. Water is not a suitable medium in some cases because

a. MIC
b. In acid lines
c. Use of uninhibited salt water on some non ferrous alloys
d. All
e. None
92. If steam is used at 200 Deg C

a. Category D piping rule should be applies
b. Steam Should not be used
c. The rules for Pneumatic system should be followed
d. Steam canot be heated to 200 DegC
93. The purpose of delforez hole is

a. To Equilease the pressure on both sides
b. To alert the personnel through a weep through the telltale hole
c. To determine the wall loss & Crack Presence in the selected area
d. To supplement UT Examinations in Critical Areas
94. Holiday testing is used

a. To find Missing refractory which are called Holidays
b. To evaluate the coating serviceability of buried piping in service
c. To find missing welding portion like LOP
d. The frequency of Holiday testing the same as class 2 piping

K.RAVINDRAN
95. In Wenner Four pin modal, Resistivity ρ is given as--------------, where d is
the distance in feet and A is the Area
R = (Voltage drop between the inner pins) / (induced current flow between
the outer pins)
a. 191.5 xd /R
b. 191.5 x d xR
c. D X R/ A
d. DXRXA
96. In the soil box method if the resistivity of the soil sample is not going to
be measured immediately after its removal
a. The soil should be kept in a separate container & Periodically water
should be added
b. The Soil Resistivity should be measured after it has been dried at
ambient temperature
c. The depth of soil sample collection is not the criteria and so sample
collected from any depth is ok
d. None
97. Most plant Piping are not suitable for Intelligent Pigging
a. Because of small size
b. Because of sharp bends
c. Because SWC valves
d. All
e. None

K.RAVINDRAN
QUESTION NO ANSWER REFERENCE NO
1 A 1
2 C 4.1
3 B 4.1
4 C 4.1
5 B 4.1
6 A 4.1
7 A 4.1
8 B 4.1
9 C 4.1.1.3
10 B 4.1.1.4
11 C 4.2.4.2
12 A 4.3.1
13 A 4.3.2
14 B 4.3.2
15 D 4.3.2
16 B 4.3.3
17 D 4.3.4
18 D 4.3.5
19 B 4.3.8
20 C 4.3.9
21 B 5.2
22 D 4.5.3.3
23 B 5.3.2
24 C 6.1
25 D 6.2
26 A 6.2
27 C 6.4
28 D 7.3.1
29 C 7.3.2.2
30 C 7.3.4
31 A 7.3.3
32 D 7.4.7
33 C 7.4.8.1
34 A 7.4.6.2a
35 B 7.4.8.1
36 C 7.4.6.2
37 C 10.1.2.1
38 B 10.1.2.1
39 B 10.1.2.3
40 A 10.1.3
41 B 10.1.4.1

K.RAVINDRAN
42 C 10.1.4.2
43 C 10.1.4.2
44 C 10.1.4.4
45 B 10.1.5
46 C 10.1.6.1
47 D 10.1.7
48 B 10.2.1.5.1
49 D 10.2.2.1
50 C 7.4.1.1.1
51 A 10.10.1.2
52 D 12.5
53 C 10.3.1.2
54 B 10.3.2
55 D 10.3.2.2
56 B 10.3.5.1.2
57 C 10.3.4.4
58 C 10.3.4.4
59 B 10.3.4.4.1
60 D 10.3.4.4.1
61 D 10.3.4.3
62 B 10.3.5.1.3
63 B 10.3.5.2
64 B 10.3.5.2.4
65 A 10.3.5.3
66 A 10.3.5.3 caution
67 C 10.3.5.4 caution
68 B 10.3.6
69 C 10.3.7
70 B 10.3.8
71 A 10.2.2.1
72 A 10.5.1.1
73 C 10.5.2.2
74 B 10.5.2.5
75 C 10.5.2.6
76 A 10.5.2.6
77 B 10.5.2.7
78 B 10.10.1.4.4
79 E 10.3.4
80 D 10.3.4.5
81 D 10.3.4.7
82 B 10.3.5.1.1
83 A 10.3.5.1.3

K.RAVINDRAN
84 C 10.3.5.2.4
85 C 10.3.6
86 D 10.4.1
87 C 10.4.1
88 C Table 5
89 C Table 5
90 C 10.5.2.5
91 D 10.5.2.6
92 C 10.5.2.6 note
93 B 10.7
94 B 10.2.1.3
95 B 10.10.1.4.3
96 D 10.10.1.4.5
97 D 10.10.2.1

K.RAVINDRAN
API 574 TIPS
1. Refer Table 1 for NPS, ID,OD THK of pipes
Cast iron piping is generally used for non hazardous service, such as water;
it is generally not recommended for pressurized hydrocarbon service. The
standards and sizes for cast iron piping differ from those for welded and
seamless piping.
2. Small-bore piping (NPS 2 pipe size and less) can be used as primary
process piping or as nipples, secondary, and auxiliary piping.
3. Auxiliary piping is normally open to service and used for flush lines,
instrument piping, analyzer piping, lubrication, and seal oil piping for rotating
equipment.
4. Tubing is generally seamless, but may be welded. Its stated size is the
actual outside diameter. Tubing is usually made in small diameters and is
mainly used for heat exchangers, instrument piping, lubricating oil services,
steam tracing, and similar services.
5. A gate valve consists of a body that contains a gate that interrupts ßow. This
type of valve is normally used in a fully open or fully closed position. Gate
valves larger than 2 inches (51 mm) usually have port openings that are
approximately the same size as the valve end openings,
6. Reduced port gate valves have port openings that are smaller than the end
openings. Reduced port valves should not be used as block valves
associated with pressure relief devices or in erosive applications, such as
slurries, or lines that are to be pigged
7. Globe Valves
A globe valve, which is commonly used to regulate fluid flow, consists of a
valve body that contains a circular disc that moves parallel to the disc axis
and contacts the seat.
For fine-throttling service, a very steep tapered seat may be used; this
particular type of globe valve is referred to as a needle valve.
8. A plug valve consists of a tapered or cylindrical plug fitted snugly into a

correspondingly shaped seat in the valve body. Plug valves usually function
as block valves to close off flow.

K.RAVINDRAN
9. The slide valve is a specialized gate valve generally used in erosive or high-
temperature service. It consists of a flat plate that slides against a seat. The
slide valve uses a fixed orifice and one or two solid slides that move in
guides, creating a variable orifice that make the valve suitable for throttling or
blocking.
10. Threaded joints are generally limited to piping in non critical service that has
a nominal size of 2 inches (51 mm) or smaller.
11. Cast iron pipe joints can be of the flanged, packed, sleeve, hub-and-spigot-
end or hub-and-plain-end, or bell-and-spigot- end or bell-and-plain-end type.
Push-on joints with rubber or synthetic ring gaskets are available. Clamped
joints are also used. Threaded joints are seldom used for cast iron.
12. The inspection should result in increased operating safety, reduced

maintenance costs, and more reliable and efficient operations.
13. Additionally, if deterioration is detected in pressure equipment, associated

piping should also be inspected.
14. Elbows, reducers, mixing tees, control valves, and orifices are examples of
piping components where accelerated corrosion may occur because of
increased velocity and/or turbulence.
15. According to API 570, Section 4.2, all process piping must be given a
consequence of failure classification. The inspector reduces the uncertainty
of the data obtained by assigning more TMLs to the lower classified piping
and monitoring more frequently.
16. Carbon steel piping systems, including ones insulated for personnel
protection, operating between 25¡F (-4¡C) and 250¡F (121¡C). CUI is
particularly aggressive where operating temperatures cause frequent or
continuous condensation and re-evaporation of atmospheric moisture.
17. Carbon steel piping systems which normally operate in service above 250¡F
(121¡C), but are in intermittent service.
18. Erosion damage is usually increased in streams with large quantities of solid
or liquid particles and high velocities
19. ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING: Amine stress corrosion cracking in non

stress relieved piping systems.

K.RAVINDRAN
20. ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING Hydrogen blistering and hydrogen-induced
cracking (HIC) damage. This has not been as serious a problem for piping
as it has been for pressure vessels. It is listed here because it is considered
to be environmental cracking and may occur in piping, although it has not
been extensive. One exception where this type of damage has been a
problem is longitudinally welded pipe fabricated from plate materials
21. Brittle Fracture : Carbon, low-alloy, and other ferritic steels may be
susceptible to brittle failure at or below ambient temperatures. In some
cases, the refrigerating effect of vaporizing liquids such as ammonia or C2 or
C3 hydrocarbons may chill the piping and promote brittle fracture in material
that may not otherwise Fail
22. Readings at areas with surface temperatures above 20º F (93 º C) are
normally higher than actual thicknesses and may vary from approximately 1
percent higher at 30 º¡F (149 º C) to 5 percent higher at 700 º F (371 º C )
23. Profile radiography is particularly useful for identifying external corrosion of

small connections under insulation, such as bleed lines and gauge
connections,
24. The locations most susceptible to cracking are welds, including fillet welds at
other than pressure welds, heat affected areas adjoining welds, and points of
restraint or excessive strain.
25. A leaking threaded joint should not be tightened while the system is in
service under pressure. An undetected crack in a thread root might fail and
cause a release of product with serious consequences.
26. The outside diameter of piping in high-temperature service - metal

temperatures of about 800ºF (427ºC) and above- should be measured to
check for creep, or deformation with time under stress
27. Holiday Pipe Coating Survey.

More often it is used to evaluate coating serviceability for buried piping that
has been in service for an extended period.
28. Holiday Pipe Coating Survey

For example, on a coated pipe where there is gradual loss of cathodic
protection potentials, or when an external corrosion leak occurs at a coating
defect, a pipe coating holiday survey may be used to evaluate the coating.

K.RAVINDRAN
29. The corrosiveness of the soils can be determined by a measurement of the
soil resistivity. Lower levels of resistivity are relatively more corrosive than
higher levels, especially in areas where the pipe is exposed to significant
changes in soil resistivity.
30. The formula for calculating the retirement thickness of pipe can be
adapted for valves and flanged fittings by using the factor of 1.5 and
the allowable stress for the material specified in ASME B31.3.
31. Excavation
he last few inches of soil should be removed manually to avoid this
possibility. If the excavation is sufficiently deep, the sides of the trench
should be properly shored to prevent their collapse,
32. In cases of parallel pipes or in areas of intersecting pipelines, the 4-pin

method may not be applicable. Other methods include using a soil bar or a
soil box.

K.RAVINDRAN
API 578 TIPS
API – 578, M.V program for New & Existing Alloys Piping
• API RP 578 – guide lines for Material control, M.V program on ferrous &
nonferrous alloys – during construction, installation maintenance & inspection
of new & existing piping.
• C.S materials are not specifically covered under API – 578.
• Substituting alloy material for C.S material may result in failure: ex: wet
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) hydrofluoric acid (HF), Sulfuric acid (H2S04)
• Within the operating plant responsible for M.V. program – Purchasing,
engineering, warehouse/recovering operations, reliability, maintenance &
inspection
• Alloy material  any metallic materials that contains alloy element such as
CR, NI, MO.
• An Inspection lot does not include item from more than 1 heat
• Material supplier  organization that supplies materials and certified by a
material manufacture.
• Distributor: Wire housing supplier for one or more manufacturers or suppliers
of alloy material.
• M.V. Program  Procedure
• PMI Testing  Physical Testing
• Random  Selection Process made in an arbitrary and unbased manner.
• Representative Sample  Selected At Random From The Inspection Lot
• Standard Reference Material: Chemical analysis checked at laboratory and
used in demonstrating accuracy of the test instrument. (Calibration Block)
• Mill Test Report should not be considered the substitute for the PMI Test.
• Welding  One Electrode or wire sample from each lot or package should be
positively identified. – Weld rods that are having alloying elements in the flux
coating  PMI Testing on weld metal or undercut weld portion is an
expectable alternative.
• Longitudinal welding alloy pipe and fitting should receive random PMI Testing
on base metal and weld metal
• Autogroove weld  only on base metal
• Distributed Supplier materials  Higher degree of PMI Testing is required
due to the potential for material mix ups as a result of handling

K.RAVINDRAN
Existing Piping Systems:
PMI is limited to the pressure containing components and their attachment welds
• Priotorizing piping for Retroactive PMI
o Likely wood of material mix up (Key factor is effectiveness of M.V.
Program at the time of construction and maintenance)
o Consequence of failure
o Corrosion resistance or protect purity
o Historical date relating to material substitution
• Factors to be considered for Extent of PMI Testing
o Historical Inspection and M.V. Program recovered
o Number of plant modification
o Material control during construction and modification
o M.V. Program quality during construction
o Consequence of release
o Likely wood of corrosion / degradation
• PMI Testing with the wire house should not be regarded as alternative to PMI
Testing and Fabricated piping system when testing is specified.
• PMI is not extended to established exact conformance of a material to a
particular alloy specification.
• Depending on the test method – PMI Test method may identified the nominal
composition of alloy material
• PMI Method  portable, X-ray Fluorescence, Portable optical emission in
spectroscopy and lab chemical analysis, Magnetic Testing to difference
between ferritic austenitic.
• Portable X-ray Fluorescence – qualitative and quantitative measurements.
o Element lighter than sulpher (S) cannot be detector by portable X-ray
Fluorescence Spectrometer – INS carbon (C) cannot be determined.
• Portable optical emission spectrometer can also identified carbon (C) content.
Hot work permit may be required because it produces on area wile measuring
• Chemical spot testing – electrode mechanically remaining minute amount of
sulpher metal and depositing it on to filter paper. Distinct color indicates
presence of specific elements
• Resistivity testing – See back effect on thermo electric principles. Alloy
sorters are not prove to be consistently capable of sorting low alloy (< 5% CR)
and austenitic S.S.
• Other technique  Eddy current sorters, electromagnetic alloys sorters,
triboelectric testing device, Thermo electric Test.
• PMI Procedure should cover: techniques used, equipment calibration,
qualification requirements of PMI Testing personal testing methodology,
documentation requirements.

K.RAVINDRAN
API 570 Certification Prep
API 578 Study Questions
This following study aid helps you learn the content of API RP-578, Material
Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping Systems. There will be
about 5 questions from this document on the API 570 exam. We do not spend
class time on this publication. So it is important that you become familiar with
this content in your personal study sessions.
The questions in this study aid are in the same order as API 578. AN answer key
will be provided in class. It is helpful to read through API 578 before working on
this exercise!
1. API 578 provides guidelines for a quality assurance system to verify:

a. All materials.
b. All alloy materials.
c. Only non-ferrous material
d. Only high-alloy materials.
2. Usually substituting an alloy for carbon steel would not cause a

problem. List 3 process services where substituting an alloy for carbon
steel could result in a problem.
a. ___________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________
3. An alloy material is any metallic material that contains alloying elements

that are added:
a. Only to improve mechanical properties.
b. Only to improve corrosion resistance
c. To improve either mechanical properties or improve corrosion
resistance
4. Alloy components include, pipe, fittings, plate, flanges, and _________
5. An inspection lot includes:

a. All materials from same supplier
b. All materials included on the same purchase order
c. All materials of the same material type (i.e. 316 SS)
d. All materials of the same material type from the same supplier and
heat.

K.RAVINDRAN
6. A documented material verification program should be established by
the :
a. Authorized Inspector
b. Owner/User
c. Repair organization
d. Engineering organization.
7. The material verification program should cover PMI testing of materials:

a. During construction of piping systems.
b. In existing piping systems.
c. During repairs and alterations of piping systems.
d. In existing piping systems and during construction, repairs and
alterations of piping systems
8. Random sampling is most appropriate for:

a. Low-risk systems
b. Low alloy systems
c. Stainless steel systems
d. Ferritic steel systems
9. Who has the responsibility to determine the extent of PMI performed?

a. Authorized inspector
b. Owner/User
d. Engineering organization
10. Who has the responsibility to verify that the material verification
program is properly implemented?
b. Owner/User
11. Who has the responsibility to review and approve the adequacy of the
PMI program used by fabricators and material suppliers?
b. Owner/User

K.RAVINDRAN
12. A mill test report:
a. Eliminates the need for further material verification
b. Is a report showing material discrepancies
c. Is an important part of the material qualify assurance program
d. Is issued by the owner upon receipt of materials
13. The material verification program specified by API 578 covers:

a. Only pressure – containing components
b. Only pipe, and fittings
c. Only pipe, fittings and welds
d. Pressure – containing and non-pressure containing components
14. During alloy welding:

a. One electrode from each box should be sampled
b. Two electrodes from each box should be sampled
c. One electrode from each lot should be sampled
d. Two electrodes from each lot should be sampled
15. If alloy elements(s) are contained in the flux of a welding electrode, PMI
testing:
a. Is not necessary
b. Is not necessary provided appropriate documentation is provided by
the supplier
c. Could be conducted on any of the production welds.
d. Could be conducted on a weld button prior to production welds.
16. New longitudinal welded alloyed pipe should:

a. Never be used.
b. Be used only if the Quality Factors is 1.0.
c. Receive random PMI testing of weld and base metal
d. Receive 100% PMI testing of weld and base metal
17. Who has the responsibility to determine the extent of PMI testing
required on existing piping systems?
b. Owner / User

K.RAVINDRAN
18. List 4 important factors to consider when prioritizing the need for PMI
on existing piping systems.
a. _______________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________
19. Incorrect substitution of carbon steel is most likely to be found in:

a. Chrome steels
b. Stainless steels
c. Any ferritic steel
d. Any non-ferrous
20. Which of the following piping components is most likely to have a

substitution with the wrong material?
a. A 20’ length of 6 NPS pipe
b. Weld-neck flange
c. Expansion joint
d. Bolting
21. Who has the responsibility to determine the extent of PMI testing
required during repairs and alterations of piping systems?
b. Owner/User
22. Identification of materials by visual stamps or markings:

a. Is not an important part of the material verification program
b. Is not a substitute for PMI testing
c. Is important only on high alloy materials
d. Should only be done by inspectors.
23. PMI tools that use X-Ray fluorescence can not detect:
a. Carbon content
b. Chrome content
c. Iron content
d. Molybdenum content

K.RAVINDRAN
24. How does Portable Optical Emission Spectrometry determine the
elements in a material?
a. An electric arc causes a spectrum of light to be emitted from the tested
material. The light is analyzed
b. X-rays striking the material cause a spectrum of x-rays to be emitted
from the tested material. The x-rays are analyzed.
c. Specific chemicals deposited on the tested material cause a spectrum
of colors to be emitted. The colors are analyzed
d. The surface is polished and etched. A replication is preformed and is
analyzed with a microscope.
25. PMI testing equipment should be:

a. Calibrated every 4 hours
b. Calibrated as specified by the manufacturer
c. Used only by the manufacturer’s personnel
d. Used by owner/user personnel
26. All personnel performing PMI tests should be:
a. Qualified by national exam
b. Qualified by the owner/user
c. Knowledgeable about the operation of the PMI test equipment
d. Knowledgeable about the operation of the plant where the PMI is
conducted.
27. An alloy weld overlay is applied to carbon steel base metal. Who has
the responsibility to establish the minimum alloy requirements of the
as-deposited weld metal?
b. Owner/User
28. What is the appropriate action to take when an incorrect material is

located during a PMI sampling of new materials
a. Inspect 2 more items from the inspection lot
b. Inspect 50% of the items from the inspection lot
c. Inspect 100% of the items from the inspection lot
d. Inspection all items supplied by that manufacturer
29. Marking pens should not contain:

a. Carbon
b. Chrome
c. Oxides
d. Sulfur

K.RAVINDRAN
API 570 Certification Prep
API 578 Study Questions
ANSWER KEY
Q NO Answer Section
1 B 1.1
2 H2s,HF,H2SO4 1.2
3 C 3.1
4 Welding filler material 4.2.5.H
5 D 3.4
6 B 3.10
7 D 4.1
8 A 4.1
9 B 4.2.1
10 B 4.2.1
11 B 4.2.1
12 C 4.2.4
13 A 4.2.5
14 C 4.2.6
15 D 4.2.6
16 C 4.2.6.1
17 B 4.1
18 4.3.2 of 578 4.3.2
19 C 4.3.2.1
20 D 4.3.3
21 B 4.1
22 B 5.1
23 A 5.2.1
24 A 5.2.2
25 B 5.3
26 C 5.5
27 B 6.2
28 C 6.3
29 D 7.1.2

K.RAVINDRAN
API RP 571, Damage mechanisms Affecting Fixed equipment in the
Refining Industry
ATTN: Examination questions will be based on the following sections only:
1) – Brittle Fracture
Its occurrence depends on material fracture toughness and stress
concentration and temp below DBTT
Occurs during start up & shut down
Thicker the material more the brittle fracture
Appearance : Straight non branching crack . It will have more cleavage,
Less IGC, & No micro void coalescence
Inspection : NO
Mitigation: By Doing PWHT or perform warm pre stress Hydro static test
followed by low temperature hydrostatic test to attend MSOT (Minimum safe
operating temperature envelope
2) – Thermal Fatigue
1) Thermal fatigue : Coke drum skirt , Bulge in coke drum skirt, Coke drum
shell
Appearance : Wide, dagger shaped surface crack running transverse to
the stress
Detection : VT,MT and PT & IR
Mitigation : Plan for differential thermal expansion
3) – Erosion/Erosion Corrosion
Pure Errosion is called abrasive wear

It is proportional to V 3 ( V is the velocity)
It is produced by the solid particle in the liquid
More in the bends
Soft alloys like Cu and Al alloys are more prone to it
Failure is fast and quick
Erosion is High at cupro nickel, slowly lower in monel,ss304, hastalloy
,titanium ( Lowest)
Appearance :: Pits, groves and valleys etc
Inspection : VT,UT & RT . IR scan is used to inspect the refractory loss on
stream due to erosion

K.RAVINDRAN
4) – Mechanical Fatigue
Usually ooccurs afeter 10 6 or 107 cycles

Occurs in De aerator vessel
Appearance : Clamp shell like concentric rings, Beach Marks
Insspection ; PT, MT,VT,SWUT, & VA
5) – Vibration Induced Fatigue
There is a high likelihood of cracking when the input load is synchronous or

nearly synchronizes with the natural frequency of the component.
Vibration-induced fatigue can be eliminated or reduced through design and the
use of supports and vibration dampening equipment. Material upgrades are not
usually a solution.
Inspection and Monitoring
a) Look for visible signs of vibration, pipe movement or water hammer.
b) Check for the audible sounds of vibration emanating from piping components
such as control valves and
fittings.
c) Conduct visual inspection during transient conditions (such as startups,
shutdowns, upsets, etc.) for
intermittent vibrating conditions.
6) – Atmospheric Corrosion
Occurs due to moisture.
Corrosion increase up 250 deg F . After that it does not occur . Only CUI
occurs after that temperature
7) – Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

More severe between 100 Degree C to 121 Degree C
Mitigation. : Use paint, coating insulation or vapor barrier
Inspection :IR thermography for wet and dry insulation
9) – Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion

Occurs in De- Aerator cracker
Tubes in steam service can give spider web crack
Use Wet Fluorescent MPT

K.RAVINDRAN
10) – Flue Gas Dew Point Corrosion
The concentration of contaminants (sulfur and chlorides) in the fuel and the
operating temperature of flue gas metal surfaces determine the likelihood and
severity of corrosion.
Stress corrosion cracking of 300 Series SS can be found using VT and PT
inspection.
11) – Microbiological Induced Corrosion (MIC)

MIC is usually found in aqueous environments or services where water is always
or sometimes present, especially where stagnant or low-flow conditions allow
and/or promote the growth of microorganisms.
b) Because there are several types, organisms can survive and grow under
severe conditions including lack of oxygen, light or dark, high salinity, pH range
of 0 to 12, and temperatures from 0oF to 235ºF (–17 oC to 113oC).
In-leakage of process contaminants such as hydrocarbons or H2S may lead to a
massive increase in biofouling and corrosion.
Affected Units or Equipment
a) MIC is most often found in heat exchangers, bottom water of storage
tanks, piping with stagnant or low flow, and piping in contact with some
soils.
b)
Appearance or Morphology of Damage
b) Damage is often characterized by cup-shaped pits within pits in carbon steel
or subsurface cavities in stainless steel (Figure 4-45 through Figure 4-50).
Prevention / Mitigation
b) Proper application of biocides will control but not eliminate microbes so that
continued treatment is necessary.
12) – Soil Corrosion

Critical Factors
a) The severity of soil corrosion is determined by many factors including
operating temperature, moisture and oxygen availability, soil resistivity (soil
condition and characteristics), soil type (water drainage), and homogeneity
(variation in soil type), cathodic protection, stray current drainage, coating type,
age, and condition.
c) Soil resistivity is frequently used to estimate soil corrosivity, mainly because it
is easy to measure. Soil resistivity is related to soil moisture content and
dissolved electrolytes in the soil water.

K.RAVINDRAN
13) Sulfidation
Occurs above 500 Deg F
Appearance : Uniform Thinning
Inspection : Use IR TThermography or thermocuple
Mitigation : Use Gigh Cr alloyUses ss 300 or ss 400 for construction or for
cladding
14) Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (ClSCC)

No Practical lower limit
Due to the chloride content
Increase with the chloride content and with the temperature
It affects mostly ss 300
So use duplex steel or nickel based alloy are highly resistant. But High % Ni
content more than 35 % are almost immune
Mitigation : Do not use sea water. So use low chlorine content water
Critical Factors
a) Chloride content, pH, temperature, stress, presence of oxygen and alloy
composition are critical factors.
b) Increasing temperatures increase the susceptibility to cracking.
c) Increasing levels of chloride increase the likelihood of cracking.
d) No practical lower limit for chlorides exists because there is always a potential
for chlorides to
concentrate.
a) Surface breaking cracks can occur from the process side or externally under
insulation b) The material usually shows no visible signs of corrosion.
c) Characteristic stress corrosion cracks have many branches and may be
visually detectable by a craze cracked appearance of the surface (Figure 4-78,
Figure 4-79 and Figure 4-80).
d) Metallography of cracked samples typically shows branched transgranular
cracks (Figure 4-81 and Figure 4-82). Sometimes intergranular cracking of
sensitized 300 Series SS may also be seen.
e) Welds in 300 Series SS usually contain some ferrite, producing a duplex
structure that is usually more resistant to Cl–SCC.
15 – Caustic Stress corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement)

It is an SCC due to caustic environment . It occurs near Non PWHT welds
Description of Damage
Caustic embrittlement is a form of stress corrosion cracking characterized by
surface-initiated cracks that occur in piping and equipment exposed to caustic,
primarily adjacent to non-PWHT’d welds

K.RAVINDRAN
a) Caustic stress corrosion cracking typically propagates parallel to the weld in
adjacent base metal but can also occur in the weld deposit or heat-affected
zones.
b) The pattern of cracking observed on the steel surface is sometimes described
as a spider web of small cracks which often initiate at or interconnect with weld-
related flaws that serve as local stress raisers.
Mitigation : use PWHT
16) – High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTTA)

It occurs at high temperature and high pressure due to formation of methane. It is
usually accompanied by de carburization
Affected units: Hydro processing, Catalytic reformers etc
Mitigation Use alloys with Cr and Mo and use tem between 14 deg C to 28 deg
C Ref API RP 941 for HATA
HTHA will be accompanied by significant amount of decarburization

K.RAVINDRAN
API 571 FOR 570 EXAM
1. What area do you consider to be of most concern when inspecting

a piping system?
a. Underneath insulation on lines operating at temperatures above
200ºF
b. In a straight run pipe containing motor oil
c. At and/or downstream of a chemical injection point
d. Underneath insulation on line operating below 25ºF
2. Erosion – corrosion can appear as

a. craze cracks
b. Burst
c. Groves
d. Knife edge cracks
3. For which kind of Damage mechanism inspection is of no use

a. Temper embrittlement
b. Brittle fracture
c. Erosion- corrosion
d. Caustic corrosion
4. Which of the following properties will not have effect on brittle

fracture
a. Thickness
b. Stress
c. Temperature
d. All
e. None
5. What is the morphology of brittle fracture

a. Multiple clamshell type
b. Full of Branches
c. Straight & un-branched
d. Spider web type

K.RAVINDRAN
6. Performing a warm pre stress hydro test followed by lower temp
hydro test may reduce the likelihood of
a. Temper Embrittlement
b. CUI
c. Briitle fracture
d. Caustic embrittlement
7. Thermal fatigue Cracking may be suspected if the temperature

a. is below 0 Deg C
b. Swing Exceeds 93 Deg C
c. Is above 200 Deg F
d. None
8. Thermal Fatigue mainly occurs in

a. Auto refrigeration equipment
b. High tem High alloy Steel
c. Coke drum shell
d. Equipments in the wet marine environment
9. Thermal fatigue cracks are usually

a. surface
b. Subsurface
c. Wide Dagger shaped & oxide filled
d. Spider web type
10. To detect thermal Fatigue Best NDT is

a. PT
b. VT
c. MT
d. RT
11. Erosion corrosion depends on all of the following except

a. Velocity of the impacting medium
b. TAN level
c. Angle of the impact
d. All
e. none

K.RAVINDRAN
12. Which may reduce erosion
a. Decreasing the pipe dia to decrease the velocity
b. Keeping the bends sharp & short
c. Using replaceable impingement baffles
d. All
e. None
13. Suppose there is refractory loss on the stream due to erosion.

Which ndt Method is faster
a. UT
b. RT
c. IR
d. PT
14. Which metal has the lowest erosion –corrosion

a. C.S
b. Monel
c. Titanium
d. Al-Bronze
15. Which can improve the mechanical fatigue resistance

a. Quenching
b. Tempering
c. Finer grained material
d. All
e. None
16. C.S & Titanium will have endurance limit. So below which
Fatigue crack
a. Increase with number cycle
b. Decrease with the number of cycles
c. Do not occur Independent of the no of cycle
d. C.S & titanium do not have endurance limit at all

K.RAVINDRAN
17. Choose correct option
a. Aus ss exhibit an endurance limit
b. Titanium do not exhibit an endurance limit
c. C.S exhibit an endurance limit
d. All
e. None
18. What is morphology of Mechanical fatigue

a. Straight Un-branched cracks
b. Branched cracks
c. Blisters
d. Clam shell type beach marks
19. How the Fatigue cracking can be prevented best

a. By Doing PWHT
b. By Using correct metallurgy
c. By using proper design
d. While using marking stamps & tools prefer the high stress ones
20. Usually atmospheric corrosion probability is very less

a. at 0 Deg C
b. at 100 Deg C
c. above 121 Deg C
d. Above 121 Deg C but under insulation which gives double
protection
21. Out of the following which may not cause atmospheric

corrosion
a. Wet Rural environment
b. Marine environment above 70 Deg C
c. Bird Turds
d. All
e. None

K.RAVINDRAN
22. If you want to check for corrosion under CUI (With out removing
the insulation) what NDT method is preferable
a. RT
b. UT
c. ET
d. IR
23. If you want to check the missing or damaged insulation what

NDT is Preferred
a. RT
b. ET
c. IR
d. UT
24. How to monitor boiler water condensate corrosion

a. Water analysis
b. Periodic calculation of U Factor
c. Calculation of j factor & X factor
d. All
25. Dealing with Boiler water condensate corrosion has got all of
the following except
a. Pro active inspection programme
b. no proactive inspection programme
c. oxygen scavenging treatment programme
d. None
26. To find the thk in the FCC units where sulphur containing
streams are encountered
a. it is normal to use UT Thk Gage
b. It is preferable to use UT Scanning devices
c. It is usual to use pit gage
d. All
e. None

K.RAVINDRAN
27. Sulphidation occurs at
a. 500 Deg C
b. 500 Deg F
c. 100 Deg C
d. Ambient temperature
28. sThe way to resist sulphidation is

a. Doing PWHT
b. Increasing the chromium content
c. Improvements in design
d. All
e. None
29. To find the corrosion rate due to sulphifation at a given temp for
a given material one uses
a. Psu nelson curve
b. Mc-Conomy curve
c. Wan Der-Wall Curve
d. Mac- Peterson curve

a. A sulphide scale on the surface increases the severity of
sulphidation
b. Copper based alloys form sulphide at higher tem than C.S
c. In general 300 series gives poor resistance to sulphidation
d. Sulphidation in general forms uniform thinning in the absence of
high fluid velocities and contaminants
31. At 600 Deg F for 5 Cr and for sulphur content 1 % What will be
the Corrosion rate ( Open Book)
a. 1 mpy
b. 10 mpy
c. 3-4 mpy
d. 7 to 10 mpy

K.RAVINDRAN
32. Out of following which is the environmental assisted cracking
a. Brittle fracture
b. Thermal fatigue
c. Sulphidation
d. Chloride SCC
33. Which of the following is not susceptible to chloride SCC

a. SS 300 series
b. Nickel alloys containing 20 % nickel
c. SS 400 series
d. All
e. None
34. Chloride SCC appear

a. As Straight cracks without branches
b. As the deep grooves
c. As Branched cracks
d. As a small & large voids
35. You have Chloride SCC on Aus SS . Which is the better NDT
method to detect it
a. PT
b. MT
c. RT
d. ET
36. To Prevent Chloride SCC

a. Use materials with Nickel content more than 50 %
b. Use low Chloride content water during Hydro testing
c. Use C.S
d. All
e. None

K.RAVINDRAN
37. Spider web like crack does not appear in appear in
a. Chloride SCC
b. Caustic embrittlement
c. Corrosion fatigue
d. none
38. Choose uncorrect option

a. Increasing caustic concentration & temperature & doing PWHT
increase the severity of caustic embrittlement
b. Caustic embrittlement can occur in BFW in Boiler tubes that
alternate between wet & dry condition due to overfiring
c. Usually caustic embrittlement propagates parallel to the weldment
d. Nickel bade alloys are more resistant to the caustic embrittlement
39. For NaOH concentration of 20 % weight at 250 Deg F , which

material is suitable ( Open Book)
a. Carbon steek
b. Carbon steel with PWHT
c. Nickel alloys
d. Chromium alloys
e. All
40. For C.S below endurance limit Fatigue cracking is more

probable for the cycles in the range of
a. 104
b. 107
c. 1000
d. None
41. HTHA ir more elaborately dealt in

a. API 510
b. API 570
c. API RP 941
d. API 2015

K.RAVINDRAN
42. HTHA can be confirmed by
a. PT
b. WFMT
c. Metallographic analysis of the damaged areas
d. UT
43. In Early stage HTHA can be detected in sample by

a. PT
b. WFMT
c. UT
d. Scanning microscope
44. HTHA can be dealt with

a. By using alloys with high Mo & Chromium content
b. By Doing the PWHT
c. By increasing the Partial pressure
d. All
e. None
45. In order to deal with HTHA in situations having 120 bars of

partial pressure of hydrogen for 600 Deg f, use Open Book)
a. use 6 cr -0.5 Mo
b. Use PWHT
c. Use 1.25 Cr- 0.5 Mo
d. Use nickel based alloys
46. Which damage mechanism will appear as the cup shaped pits
within pits in C.S or sub surface cavities in SS?
a. LMB
b. MIC
c. Chloride SCC
d. HIC

K.RAVINDRAN
47. When you inspect a Vessel Made up of MOC Having thk 60 mm
having MDMT --5 DEG C. When it was operated at - 10 Deg C,
Straight Un- branched Cracks where found what May be they?
a. Cold Thermal Fatigue
b. HOT tears
c. Brittle Fracture
d. Stress Corrosion Crack
48. Cracks were found in the Coke drum Shell to have dagger
shaped & Oxide filled. Surface Cracks What are they & Which NDT
method is the best to inspect
a. Cold Cracks, RT
b. Thermal Fatigue, PT
c. Thermal Fatigue MT
d. HIC, UT
49. You are inspecting a small dia pipe near a Compressor. You
find Beach like Marks Initiating from a Letter punched area in the
form of Clam Shell Appearance. What it May be
a. Circular Cracks
b. Stress Ruptures
c. Brittlememt
d. Fatigue Cracks
50. When you are inspecting a piping & Equipment that handles
Caustic removal unit You find cracks of spider Web Shape on the
Steel Surface. What May be they. Which NDT method is suitable?
a. Crater Cracks, VT
b. IGSCC, UT
c. Caustic Embrittlememt, WFMPT
d. Hot BURST, PT

K.RAVINDRAN
51. MIC can be controlled by
a. maintaining water velocities above certain limit
b. by using biocide
c. try to keep the system clean & dry
d. all
e. None
52. The damage mechanism occurs in moisture environment in the

presence of light & in the absence of light; In the presence of
Oxygen & in the absence of oxygen; below the freezing point of
water & above the Boiling point of water; Occurs in Acidic &
alkaline environments Identify the damaging mechanism
a. CUI
b. Atmospheric corrosion
c. Soil corrosion
d. MIC
53. Which of the following Damage mechanism will have more

branches
a. HIC
b. HTHA
c. LME
d. SCC
54. What is the mechanism of MIC

a. Microbes eat away the metal & make it weaker
b. Excreta & Byproducts of Microbes
c. Microbes produce oxygen which promotes corrosion
d. All
55. The Critical factors for the vibration induced Fatigue is

a. Low temperature
b. Wrong metallurgy
c. Synchronization of the input load with the natural frequency of
the component
d. Temperature

K.RAVINDRAN
56. Which is not the Correct option
a. Vibration induced Fatigue depends on the Amplitude & Frequecny
of the Vibration
b. Vibration effects may be shifted when the vibration section is
anchored
c. It may cause CUI
d. All
e. none
57. Flue gas is

a. Methane
b. Carbon Di oxide
c. Sulphur Di Oxide in the combustion products
d. All

a. Typical due point of sulphuric acid is higher than that of
Hydrochloric acid
b. Typical due point of sulphuric acid is lower than that of
Hydrochloric acid
c. Severity of coorosion depends on thickness of the component
d. None
59. Soil corrosivity is usually measured by

a. Soil Resistivity
b. Soli temperature
c. Soil Ph
d. Type of soil
60. Soil Coorosion is best managed by

a. Coating
b. Cathodic Protection
c. The Use of Special Back fill
d. a & b

K.RAVINDRAN
Figure 5-35 – Recommended Pressure and H2 partial pressure limits
per API 941. (Ref.1)

K.RAVINDRAN
Figure 4-85: Recommended operating limits for carbon steel in
caustic service. (Ref.1)

K.RAVINDRAN
Figure 4-65:
Modified McConomy curves showing typical effect of temperature on
high temperature sulfidation of steels and stainless steels. (Ref.3)

K.RAVINDRAN
API 571 FOR 570 EXAM
Q.NO ANS Reference

1 C GK
2 C 4.2.14.5a
3 B 4.2.7.7
4 E 4.2.7.3
5 C 4.2 7.5
6 C 4.2.7.6 d 1
7 B 4.2.9.3.c
8 C 4.2.9.4.b
9 C 4.2.9.5.b
10 C 4.2.9.7 a
11 E 4.2.14.3 b & 14.4 d
12 C 4.2.14.6
13 C 4.2.14.7
14 C Table 4.3
15 D 4.2 16.4.b iv
16 C 4.2 16.3 c
17 C 4.2.16.3 c
18 D 4.2 16.5
19 C 4.2.16.6
20 C 4.3.2.3 f
21 D 4.3.2.3
22 A GK
23 C 4.2.3.7 g
24 A 4.3.5.7 a
25 B 4.3.5.7 b
26 B 4.4.2.7 c

K.RAVINDRAN
27 B 4.4.2.3 c
28 B 4.4.2.6 a
29 B fig 4.65
30 D 4.4.2.3.g
31 C Fig 4.65 & fig 4.66
32 D 4.5 & 4.5.1
33 C 4.5.1.3.l
34 C 4.5.1.4
35 D 4.5.1.7
36 D 4.5 1.6
37 C fig 4.79
38 A 4.5 3,3 a,b &, 4.53.4 d & 4.5.3.5 a
39 C ( Open Book) fig 4.85
40 B 4.2 16.3 d II
41 C 5.1.3.1.3.d
42 C 5.1.3.1.5.a
43 D 5.1.3.1.5.c
44 A 5.1.3.1.6
45 C use Open Book fig5.35
46 B 4.3.8.5 a & b
47 C 4.2.7.3 & 4.2.7.5
48 C 4.2.9.4 & 4.2.9.5
49 D 4.2.16.5a
50 C 4.5.3.5b & 4.5.3.7a
51 D 4.3.8.6
52 D 4.3.8.3
53 D GK
54 B GK
55 C 4.2.17.3

K.RAVINDRAN
56 E 4.2.17.7G
57 C 4.3.7.1
58 A 4.3.7.3
59 A 4.3.9.3
60 D 4.3.9.6

K.RAVINDRAN
577 for API EXAMS
CLOSED BOOK (API RP-577)
1. What welding process is pictured?
a. GTAW
b. FCAW
c. SMAW
d. SAW
a. GTAW
b. FCAW
c. SMAW
d. GMAW

K.RAVINDRAN
a. GTAW
b. FCAW
c. SAW
d. GMAW
a. GTAW
b. FCAW
c. SAW
d. GMAW

K.RAVINDRAN
5. In the SMAW electrode identification system, a “1” in the third
position would mean:
a. AC & DCEN
b. digging arc with deep penetration
c. all position electrode
d. both a and b
e. none of the above
6. The electrode coating does which of the following:

a. acts as a shielding
b. acts as a deoxidation agent
c. acts as an alloying and ionizing agent
d. all of the above
7. GMAW is characterized by a _________

a. cut length electrode
b. flux core electrode
c. coated electrode
d. solid wire electrode which is fed continuously through a welding
gun
8. Gasses for GMAW can be:

a. inert and reactive
b. argon or helium for some applications
c. inert, mixed with some type of reactive gas
d. all of the above
9. In the electrode identification for GMAW, what does the “S” stand
for, in the electrode ER 70S-1?
a. Silicon
b. Spray arc
c. Solid wire
d. none of the above
10. When using GMAW, the type of metal transfer depends on:
a. shielding gas
b. current and voltage
c. power supply characteristics
d. all of the above

K.RAVINDRAN
11. Spray transfer is considered to be ________.
a. the hottest GMAW welding type transfer
b. the least amount of heating to the base metal
c. the process with the highest deposition rate for the process
d. the process that is a program of exact combination of high and low
currents
12. Globular transfer is considered to be ________.

currents
13. Pulsed arc transfer is considered to be ________.

currents
14. Short circuiting transfer is considered to be ________.

currents
15. GMAW is very sensitive to _________ which tends to leave the metal
unprotected during welding.
a. wind or drafts which tend to blow the shielding gas away
b. ultraviolet light waves
c. arc lengths
d. all of the above
16. The ________ process has an electrode that is not intended to be

consumed during the welding operation.
a. SMAW
b. GMAW
c. FCAW
d. GTAW

K.RAVINDRAN
17. GTAW can be performed using which of the following polarities?
a. DCEN
b. DCEP
c. AC
d. all of the above
18. _______and __________ are the two most commonly used inert
gasses for the GTAW process.
a. CO 2 and oxygen
b. Argon and helium
c. Acetylene and oxygen
19. One of the problems associated with GTAW is:

a. inability to tolerate contamination
b. it is a slow process
c. tungsten inclusions
d. all of the above
20. The ___________ Process is characterized by the use of a

continuously – fed solid wire electrode which provides an arc that is
totally covered by a layer of granular flux.
a. SMAW
b. GMAW
c. FCAW
d. GTAW
21. The biggest advantage of SAW is its __________.

a. portability
b. ability to weld out of position
c. high deposition rate
d. ability to produce almost no weld defects
22. A major problem when using the SAW process is _________.

a. high deposition rate
b. weld contour
c. solidification cracking
d. none of these

K.RAVINDRAN
23. The “dictionary” for welding terms is the AWS document _________
a. A 2.4
b. D 1.1
c. B 1.11
d. A 3.0
24. A weld “joint” is defined as _____________.

a. any fillet weld
b. any place a weld can be performed
c. the junction of members or edges of members which are to be
joined or have been joined
d. the area which is to be welded
25. A weld “groove face” is defined as _______________.

a. that surface of a member included in the groove
b. the bevels and landing of a weld joint
c. the bevels and adjacent base metal
d. Both b and c
26. Which of the following is not a type of weld joint?

a. butt joint
b. corner joint
c. lap joint
d. fillet weld
27. The surface of the weld on the side opposite from where the welding
was done is called the ______________.
a. weld face
b. face reinforcement
c. root surface
d. root opening
28. The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding was
done is called the _______________.
a. weld face
b. face reinforcement
c. root surface
d. root opening

K.RAVINDRAN
29. ___________ refers to the actual melting together of the filler metal
and base metal, or the base metal only.
a. Fusion
b. Dilution zone
c. Penetration
d. Weld
30. ___________ is a term which relates to the distance that the weld
metal has progressed into the joint.
a. Fusion
b. Dilution zone
c. Penetration
d. Weld
31. A weld _______is a single progression of welding along a joint.

a. layer
b. section
c. area
d. pass
32. A common practice to reduce distortion caused by welding is

_____________.
a. backstep sequence
b. weld only on one side
c. preheat one side and weld from the other
d. all of the above
33. One of the most important parts of the welding inspector’s job is the
actual evaluation of welds to determine___________.
a. their suitability for an intended service
b. appearance
c. rating
d. all of the above
34. A ________is some feature which introduces an irregularity in an

otherwise uniform structure.
a. defect
b. fault
c. discontinuity

K.RAVINDRAN
35. A ________is a feature which impairs the suitability of that structure
for its intended purpose.
a. defect
b. fault
c. discontinuity
36. Generally, _________ are considered to be the most critical

discontinuity.
a. undercut
b. cracks
c. overlap
d. porosity
37. __________ is described as the condition where the weld is not

completely fused either to the base metal or to adjacent weld passes.
a. Incomplete penetration
b. Incomplete fusion
c. Porosity
38. _________ describes the situation where the weld metal has not
completely progressed into the weld root to fuse with the existing
root face.
c. Porosity
39. __________are regions within the weld cross section or at the weld
surface where the molten flux is mechanically trapped within the
solidified metal.
c. Overlap
40. _________is defined as a cavity type discontinuity formed by gas

entrapment during solidification.
a. Crack
b. Lamination
c. Porosity
d. Undercut

K.RAVINDRAN
41. A discontinuity that appears as though the weld metal overflowed
the joint and laying on the adjacent base metal surface is called
____________.
a. incomplete penetration
b. incomplete fusion
c. overlap
42. Which of the following is true about laminations?

a. a base metal flaw
b. result from the presence of nonmetallic inclusions which occur in
steel
c. were formed when the steel was produced
d. all of the above
43. Recording on a data sheet of an indication that exceeds the reject

flaw size criteria and needs to be corrected is-
a. Recordable indication
b. Reportable indication
c. Notable indication
d. None of above
44. A sub –surface terrace and step-like crack with basic orientation
parallel to the base metal surface caused by tensile stresses in
thickness direction is called
a. Lamination
b. Plane-breaking crack
c. Lamellar tearing
d. Stress corrosion crack
45. Slag inclusion” is not found in welding performed by

a. SMAW
b. SAW
c. FCAW
d. GMAW
46. Most applicable method for sub-surface porosity is

a. UT
b. PT
c. ET
d. RT

K.RAVINDRAN
47. VT is most conveniently performed placing an eye
a. within 6” – 24” with angle less than 30° with the surface
b. within 6’’-24’’ with angle not less than 30° with surface
c. beyond 24’’ with angle less than 30°
d. beyond 24’’with angle not less than 30°
48. A clear radiography film has density of

a. 4
b. 0
c. 2
d. INFINITY
49. In UT examination,
a. A- scan shows cross-sectional elevation view
b. B- scan shows cross-sectional elevation view
c. C-scan shows cross-sectional elevation view
d. None of above
50. Steels with CE greater than 0.55% typically require:

a. Preheating only
b. Pre-heating & PWHT
c. No preheating or PWHT
d. PWHT only
51. Q.A method to assure that PWHT was performed satisfactorily is

a. Hardness testing of weld & HAZ
b. Radiography of weld &HAZ
c. PT or MT of weld &HAZ
d. UT of weld & haz
52. Welding process that has very high metal deposition rate is
a. SMAW
b. GTAW
c. GMAW
d. SAW
53. For qualification of welding operator using RT, , it Requires ---------

length to be examined
a. 3 feet
b. 3 meter
c. 30 inch
d. 6 inch

K.RAVINDRAN
54. RT can best detect
a. Lamination
b. Undercut
c. LOF Side wall
d. All
e. None
55. In order to avoid Hydrogen cracking in the weldment

a. use Pre Heat
b. Use PWHT
c. Use Low Hydrogen electrode
d. All
e. None
56. In UT Calibration , the temperature of the calibration standard should

be within ---------- of the part to be examined
a. 10 deg F
b. 20 Deg F
c. 25 Deg F
d. All
e. None
57. Usually overlapping coverage should be minimum

a. 5 %
b. 10%
c. 2.5 %
d. All
e. none
58. As per API 577, the pressure test should be held at least
a. 3 mts
b. 30 mts
c. 10 mts
d. All
59. As per API 577 HAZ for C.S includes those regions heated to more
than
a. 500 Deg C
b. 300 Deg C
c. 700 Deg C
d. 1000 Deg C

K.RAVINDRAN
a. Steels with CE less than 0.35 require no Pre Heat
b. Steel with CE of 0.35 to 0.55 requires pre heating
c. Steels with CE more than 0.55 requires both Preheat & PWHT
d. All
e. None
61. Aus SS contain ( as per API 577)

a. Low carbon
b. Chromium between 15 % to 32 %
c. Nickel 8 % to 37 %
d. All
e. None

a. To most important consideration in welding Aus SS are
solidification cracking, hot cracking, distortion and maintaining
corrosion resistance
b. Solidification cracking exist in the fusion zone, while hot cracking
exists in the partially melted zone
c. To prevent cracking minimum amount ferrite to be present is 5 % to
20 %
d. All
e. None
63. Hot Taping should be carried with

a. E 6010
b. E 7010
c. E 7018
d. E 6011
64. In the case of Hot Taping carbon steel will burn in the presence of ----
----- and high heat
a. Hydrogen
b. Oxygen
c. Chlorine
d. Steam
65. Which is the most important part of the weld symbol

a. Head
b. Tail
c. Reference Line
d. Arrow

K.RAVINDRAN
66. Which process can create oxygen deficient atmosphere
a. SMAW
b. GMAW
c. SAW
d. All
67. For welding Aluminum , Magnesium etc you will use

a. SMAW
b. GTAW with DCEN
c. GTAW with alternating current
d. SAW
68. Which method of GMAW can produce spatter

a. GMAW Spray transfer
b. GMAW Globular transfer
c. GMAW Short circuit transfer
d. GMAW pulsed arc
69. What is disadvantage of FCAW

a. More susceptible to wind & Drafts
b. Backing material is required for root pass welding
c. Low deposition rates
d. all
e. one

a. One PQR may support several WPS
b. one WPS may be qualified by more than one PQR
c. both
d. none
71. Any electrode has become wet So

a. It can be reused as it is
b. It has to be baked in the oven to 200 Deg f & can be reused
c. It has to be discarded
d. It can be reused with aPI inspector’s permission
72. RT is not allowed in Welder qualification of

a. SMAW
b. GTAW
c. GMAW- S
d. all

K.RAVINDRAN
73. In film interpretation
a. use of Magnifying device is not allowed
b. low power ( 1.5 X to 3 X) Magnifying devices can be used
c. Only high power Lense is allowed
d. Only high intensity light is needed
74. A film density of 3 allows

a. 1% of the incident light
b. .1 % of the incident light
c. 0.01 % of the incident light
d. all
75. In applications where the quality of the final product is important for safety &
reliability
a. One API approved radiographer should evaluate & pass judgement
b. More than one qualified interpreter should evaluate & pass
judgement
c. X ray quality Radiographs should be used
d. Radiograph should be free of indications
76. Manufacturer will supply the MTR

a. mandatorily to the purchaser
b. after the suitable payment
c. Only when purchaser require it
d. Only when the API code insist on
77. In Hot tapping Low Hydrogen electrodes

a. Reduces the risk of HAC in the root pass
b. Reduces the risk of Burnthrough
c. Improve safety
d. All
e. None
78. Service Hazard Hot tapping with H2S is

a. Explosion
b. Pyrophoric scale
c. Burning
d. Combustion

K.RAVINDRAN
API 570- EXAM 9-EXTRA
CLOSED BOOK (API RP-577)
Q.NO ANS REFERENCE

1 C Fig 2 API 577
2 D Fig 6
3 A Fig 4
4 C Fig 10
5 C fig A6
6 D 5.2.1
7 D 5.4.
8 D GK
9 C FIG A7
10 D 5.4
11 A 5.4.3
12 C 5.4.2
13 D 5.4.3
14 B 5.4.1
15 A 5.4.5 B
16 D 5.3
17 D 5.3
18 B GK
19 D 5.3.2
20 E 5.6
21 C 5.6.1
22 C GK
23 D 2.1
24 C 3.68

K.RAVINDRAN
25 A FIG A5
26 D FIG A1
27 C A5
28 A A5
29 A 3.36
30 C 3.30
31 D GK
32 A GK
33 A GK
34 C 3.19
35 A 3.16
36 B GK
37 B 3.29
38 A 3.30
39 D 3.54
40 C 3.47
41 C 3.42
42 D 3.38 & GK
43 B GK
44 C 3.37
45 D 5.4.4C
46 D GK
47 B 9.3.1
48 B 9.8, 9.3 & GK
49 B 9.9
50 B 10.9.1 LAST PARA
51 A GK
52 D 5.6.1
8.2 4TH PARA
53 A
4TH LINE

K.RAVINDRAN
54 E GK
55 D GK
56 D 9.9.1
57 B 9.9.3
58 B 9.11
59 C 10.2.3
60 D 10.9.1 LAST PARA
61 D 10.10.1
62 D 10.10.1 2ND PAGE
63 C 11.2.1
64 C TABLE 13
65 C GK
66 B 4.7
67 C 5.3
68 B 5.4.2
69 B 5.5.1 & 5.5.2
70 C 6.3
71 C 7.7
72 C 8.1
73 B 8.9.1
74 B 9.8.9.3
75 B 9.8.9.5
76 C 10.8 Last Para
77 D 11.2.1
78 B Table 13

K.RAVINDRAN

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API 570 – DAY 4 BOOK

BASIC PIPING INSPECTION, TERMINOLOGY AND RP 574

2. At low pressure and temperature, the thickness determined by the

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 2

7. If corrosion or erosion is anticipated for a valve, what should be done

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 3

9. Accurate records of a piping system make possible an evaluation of

10. You are working as an inspector. While reviewing a tabulation of

11. You are working as an inspector. While reviewing a tabulation of

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 4

16. Which of the following is a consideration when using a soil box

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 5

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 6

4. Steel and alloy piping are also manufactured to standard dimensions in

5. Steel and alloy piping are also manufactured to standard thicknesses

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 7

9. Under tolerance of welded pipe often used in refinery service is

10. For what service is cast iron piping normally used?

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 8

16. What is a globe valve used for?

17. A plug valve consists:

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 9

19. What are check valves normally used for

20. What are slide valves generally used for?

21. What type of pipe joint is generally limited to piping in non-critical

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 10

25. Adequet inspection is a prerequisite for maintaining piping:

26. OSHA 1910.119mandates that:

29. On piping that is operating, the key to effective monitoring of piping

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 11

31. A greater loss in metal thickness will usually be observed near a

33. Stainless steel such as type 304 18 Chr.-8 Ni in the presence of

34. A 2” diameter line is injecting a product into an 8” diameter pipe. What

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 12

37. Leaks in utility piping (water, steam etc.) are:

38. Where do many (may be the majority) of leaks occur in pipelines?

40. The deformation of a vessel wall in the vicinity of a pipe attachment;

41. Spring hanger loading should be checked under:

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 13

44. How do you inspect non-destructively for loose or broken foundation

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 14

47. While inspecting an underground pipe line right-of-way, you find a

48. Ultrasonic instruments are widely used for thickness measurements

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 15

50. Reduction of strength of the metal in a pipe, scaling, bulging, metal

51. Points of probable external corrosion of underground piping can be

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 16

54. The locations on piping most susceptible to cracking are

57. Valves should be dismantled at specified intervals to permit

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 17

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 18

64. Welded joints in carbon steel and carbon-molybdenum steel exposed to

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 19

69. Where excessive vibration or swaying was noted in a piping system

71. Special attention should be given to small connections such as vents,

72. A pressure test for-inservice piping, in most cases is a:

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 20

75. In which of the following systems would water be a questionable test

77. What is the preferred medium for a pneumatic test?

API 570 – BOOK 4 Page 21

80. Flutter will occur in

81. When the valves Leak through the gate

82. Improperly torque fasteners in the flanges will cause