Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LEADERSHIP EXCELLENCE
A course book for the NEBOSH HSE Certificate
in Health and Safety Leadership Excellence
Contents
Foreword 1
Element 1 1.1 Reasons for health and safety leadership, organisational health and safety vision
ELEMENT 1
and benefits of excellent health and safety leadership. 3
What is health and safety leadership? 3
The reasons for and benefits of effective health and safety leadership 4
Behaviours/traits of a good health and safety leader 5
Developing an agreed health and safety vision for an organisation
(health and safety leadership value 1) 6
The characteristics that makes a good health and safety leader 8
1.2 The moral, legal and financial reasons for good health and safety leadership 9
Moral 9
Legal 10
Financial 21
1.3 How leaders can gain assurance that health and safety is being
managed effectively 23
What is health and safety leadership? 3
Context of the organisation
Risk profiling
ELEMENT 2
Management system thinking
Leadership team involved, informed and visible
Governance, competency and resource
Approval and monitoring of performance indices
Horizon scanning
Benchmarking of organisational health and safety performance
1.4 How good leadership can positively influence health and safety culture 24
The meaning of safety culture 24
Environmental, health and safety (EHS) and management as a conduit for change 25
Blame culture, no name no blame and just culture 26
Three-aspect approach to health and safety culture 28
Levels of maturity in health and safety culture 29
Leading and lagging indicators of health and safety culture 31
Measuring the ‘right’ things 31
High Reliability Organisations (HROs) 34
ELEMENT 3
Edition 1 Element 1 references / further reading 37
Version 1
Human failure and decision making 38
Contains public sector information licenced under the Open Government Licence v1.0. Element 2
2.1 Understanding how human failure can impact on health and safety culture
Every effort has been made to trace copyright material and obtain permission to reproduce it. If there are any errors or omissions, NEBOSH and how the ‘Make it Happen model can help to change behaviours. 39
would welcome notification so that corrections may be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this course book. Errors 40
Violations 41
© NEBOSH
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, mechanical, photocopied or otherwise, without the express
permission in writing from NEBOSH HSE.
Contents
Foreword
2.2 Decision making processes, mental short cuts, perception biases and habits 47
ELEMENT 1
The differences between ‘Automatic’ and ‘Reflective’ decision making. 47
ELEMENT 1
Leadership 59
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 3
ELEMENT 3
Contents
Foreword 5
1
A guide to the symbols used in this The HSE’s five leadership values
course book
rsh
Leade ip Valu
y es
ACTIVITY Ke
ELEMENT 1
ELEMENT 1
3
Carry out an activity to reinforce what you
2 4
have just learned.
1 5
EXAMPLE
Real or imagined scenarios that give context
to points made in the text
A B
Supporting
Foundations
EMBEDDING
KEY TERMS
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 2
legal and financial arguments for good and the business benefits excellent health and safety
leadership brings
health and safety leadership. Here we will
be looking at the level of penalties that yy The moral, legal and financial reasons for good health and
ELEMENT 3
ELEMENT 3
safety leadership
organisations and individuals can expect to
see should health and safety legislation be yy How leaders can gain assurance that health and safety is
breached. The chapter will conclude with being managed effectively
a look at how leaders can gain assurance yy How good leadership can positively influence health and
that their organisation is managing health safety culture.
Foreword
6 Element 1 The foundations of health and safety leadership 7
1.1 1.1
Reasons for health and safety leadership, organisational health and
safety vision and benefits of excellent health and safety leadership.
Worker involvement later, it could mean that the business is totally destroyed; this
yy engaging the workforce in the promotion and will, obviously, have a major impact on workers and other
achievement of safe and healthy conditions; stakeholders alike.
yy effective ‘upward’ communication; and In the UK, there is a well-established health and safety
ELEMENT 1
ELEMENT 1
The reasons for and benefits of yy positively influence health and safety behaviours in the
What is health and safety leadership? their own behaviours, both individually and collectively and, effective health and safety leadership workplace; and
where they see that they fall short, to change what they do to
yy reduce the likelihood of work related stress.
become more effective leaders in health and safety. These should be self-evident in any organisation; however, it
KEY TERMS
is unfortunately not always the case. “The sad but true fact These assumptions are widely supported by finds from almost
Why leaders need to act:
Leadership can be defined as the is that many organisations only get to learn the true cost all major incident inquiries and investigations.
capacity to influence people, by means yy protecting the health and safety of workers or members of of poor health and safety after an incident has occurred.
of personal attributes and/or behaviours, to the public who may be affected by workplace activities is Many high-profile incidents, trace their root causes back to
ACTIVITY
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 2
achieve a common goal. CIPD 1 an essential part of risk management and must be led by failures of leadership at the very top and many result not just
senior leaders/boards; in high penalties, but cause the business to collapse due to What do you think the reasons and
irreparable reputation damage.” Dame Judith Hackitt, the business benefits are for effective health
A debate has long existed about the differences between yy failure to include health and safety as a key business risk past Chair of HSE. and safety leadership?
‘Management’ and ‘Leadership’ across a wider spectrum than in board decisions can have catastrophic results. Many
health and safety; sometimes it is difficult to determine what high-profile safety cases over the years have been rooted If you don’t regulate yourselves things are likely to go
these differences might be. However, in the area of health in failures of leadership; and wrong; this is when you are going to meet the regulator.
and safety we can draw some clear distinctions about these Investors want to know that they are investing in a well led/
terms. yy health and safety law places duties on organisations and run organisation which performs well. In this day and age,
employers, and directors can be personally liable when your customers will expect you to evidence your good health
It is perfectly possible, and hopefully probable, that a health these duties are breached: members of the board have and safety performance; there are many companies that will
and safety manager, will also be a leader in health and both collective and individual responsibility for health and not include organisations in their supply chain who cannot
safety. However, this does not mean that a health and safety safety.2 evidence good health and safety management.
leader automatically ‘manages’ the day to day functions of
organisational health and safety or has ultimate responsibility The United Kingdom’s health and safety regulator, the Health It is important for you to realise that an organisation’s
for them. and Safety Executive (HSE), suggests the following principles reputation is built over many years but it can be destroyed
underpin both health and safety leadership and consequently in seconds. Any adverse incidents will have a major impact
When we start to examine the different styles of leadership an organisation’s health and safety performance. on all stakeholder interactions which include productivity,
ELEMENT 3
ELEMENT 3
The following case studies from the HSE show what can Behaviours/traits of a good health The relationship between attitudes and behaviour can desirable scenario and a clear strategic vision, but an open
happen with poor and good leadership. and safety leader sometimes appear complex but for the purposes of this and honest approach based on genuine empathy and interest
exercise we should be aware that: in the ideas of others involved in the process. Egotism,
conceitedness, cynicism, and a lack of emotional intelligence
LEADERSHIP CASE STUDIES
attitudes affect behaviour and will prove disingenuous for any plan and could damage the
ELEMENT 1
ELEMENT 1
The HSE has highlighted a number of examples wider relationship with health and safety needs within the
behaviour affects attitudes.
of weak health and safety leadership. In one organisation.
such case, the HSE describes the fatal injury of a worker in It has long been a key marketing strategy that in order to
a recycling firm employing approximately 30 people. The ensure customers or consumers buy your product or service Developing an agreed health and
worker had been maintaining machinery which was not (change their behaviour) they must first be persuaded to safety vision for an organisation
properly isolated and then started up unexpectedly, with actually want or need your product or service (change their (health and safety leadership value 1)
fatal results. attitude). There have been many examples of attempts to
change people’s behaviour in a positive way. For example,
Commenting on the case, HSE’s investigating principal
Encouraging communication is one trait to attempt to help people to stop smoking, change their ACTIVITY
inspector said, “Evidence showed that the director chose
of a good health and safety leader diet, or wear a seat belt, requires that people’s attitudes are
not to follow the advice of his health and safety adviser • What would be appropriate for the health
So what qualities should a good health and safety leader changed toward these activities. Considerable, time, effort
and instead adopted a complacent attitude, allowing the and safety vision of your own organisation?
evidence? The behaviours of a health and safety leader are and, of course, significant resources are essential for such
standards in his business to fall.”
as or are more important as their attitude. A good health endeavours. But all this can be wasted if the people who • Does the present version contain or take account of
As a result, the company director received a 12-month and safety leader will display a variety of behaviours which are trying to persuade others to change are perceived as these factors?
custodial sentence for manslaughter after an HSE and police can positively influence the workforce. Very often they will dishonest or hypocritical because their own behaviour does
• List what you think the most important components
investigation revealed there was no safe system of work for not even be aware that they are doing this. Some of these not demonstrate their belief in the change. ‘Deeds not
might be.
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 2
maintenance and that instruction, training and supervision behaviours include: words’, ‘don’t just talk the talk, walk the walk’ and ‘actions
were inadequate.4 speak louder than words’ just three warnings!
yy encouraging communication (whether this be face-to-face
Conversely, the HSE offers the example of British Sugar as or via other communication methods) with all workers From a health and safety leadership perspective, any leader
a case study in the benefits to be gained by organisations regarding any health and safety anxieties the workers may who sets out to change the culture of an organisation, win
through robust health and safety leadership. have; over the workforce or indeed the senior management, whilst
not fully embracing the change or demonstrating their own
The HSE says British Sugar had historically had an excellent yy making changes to improve working conditions
belief in what they are doing, will probably fail.
safety record but in 2003 there were three fatalities at the (this is especially useful if the initial idea came from
company. Although health and safety had always been a communications with the workforce, it shows that the As we will explore later, a key issue in the development of
business priority, the company recognised that a change in leader has listened and, more importantly, acted to an effective health and safety strategy relies on a consensual
focus was needed. This included: address the workers’ anxieties); approach not a dictatorial one. In the past some leadership
styles may seem to have been based on the philosophy of
• the CEO assigning health and safety responsibilities to all yy leading by example by showing the workforce that not ‘do as I say, not as I do’ this however is not sustainable and
directors; only do they know the site health and safety rules but that will lead to negativity. People may, through necessity and a
•
creating effective working partnerships with workers,
they also follow the rules; sense of self-preservation, appear to agree with whatever
trade unions and others; yy encouraging all levels of the workforce to understand and is being pushed on them, but at the first opportunity may
ignore whatever they have been told. As we know, this can
ELEMENT 3
ELEMENT 3
• overseeing a behavioural change programme; and adhere to the site health and safety rules;
probably, at best, lead to ill feeling or resentment and, at
• annual health and safety targets, and initiatives to meet yy being actively involved in health and safety committees worst, catastrophe in the health and safety environment.
these. and taking the lead on any health and safety campaigns/
Later, in our focus on leadership styles we explore amongst
initiatives that are being introduced;
The results of the leadership-led changes included a two- others authentic leadership. This style of leadership requires
thirds reduction in both lost times and minor injury frequency yy where unsafe working practices are taking place, advising that the people who willingly follow or have buy-in for the
rates over a 10-year period, as well as much greater the workers concerned about the possible consequences ideas or vision of an effective leader, do so because they
understanding by directors of health and safety risks.5 of their unsafe act and that working in such a way is are led by example. This not only means a credible and
unacceptable.
ELEMENT 1
internal assessors
ELEMENT 1
BUILDING
1 AND 5 The characteristics that make a good health
PROMOTING and safety leader
A SHARED
This could be a very long list and, unfortunately, can be
H&S VISION
communication
somewhat discouraging for anyone aspiring to become an
Effective role
Involvement /
modelling
effective health and safety leader. You will also find many
“10 Best Ways” “5 most effective…” “15 Top Tips…” all
Supporting over the internet and of course many publications which will
Foundations promise wonderful things.
EMBEDDING For now, let us just say that we should regard many
characteristics as learned skills and behaviours. You can learn
The key word here is ‘shared’. It is vital that everyone to be an effective health and safety leader and seldom are
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 2
feels part of the health and safety vision. It should not people ‘born leaders’ these days, if indeed they ever were.
You may have identified items like having a ‘speak out’ very critical of themselves and sometimes forget to celebrate be something which people right across the organisation It helps, however, to understand what leadership really
culture where everyone is encouraged to point out issues with success. The term ‘lessons learned’ isn’t just about stopping just comply with, it needs to be something to which they means and we look at that in detail later on. Some of these
health and safety wherever they encounter it. Or where all things happening again, it is about making sure what is done contribute. Their contribution must have equal value to all characteristics, however, include:
members of the workforce are inspired to take ownership of well is repeated. others.
yy the courage to stick to what you believe to be right,
health and safety in the organisation. You may have identified
For this to happen effectively it will require excellent sometimes in the face of opposition from potentially
communication as a vital component in the development of The most successful ‘visions’ tend to be simple, succinct and
communication, continuous consultation and discussion, powerful people;
an agreed vision. non-ambiguous. Workers and other stakeholders need to
reflection and feedback. Everyone should feel part of the
be able to easily understand and support the vision; this is yy relentlessly driving the health and safety message
Needless to say, something as vital as an agreed health and process when establishing goals and objectives for their safety
difficult to do if it’s overly complex or involved. Additionally, forward, not as an add-on but as a fundamental business
safety vision or strategy will not be easy to implement. The culture.
having a ‘simple’ vision eg, ‘zero harm’ means that you will imperative;
effective leader will need to understand and balance points of This should also clearly include shared responsibility; therefore,
more likely turn your vision into reality. An overly complex
view, overcome barriers and objections and listen carefully to yy being visible and proactive everywhere you can to ensure
vison is an indication that it’s trying to achieve too much and safety responsibilities need to be clearly defined. This needs
what all stakeholders have to say, worker input is key. you both see and hear what people are saying and doing;
to take place across each level of the organisation and should
the quality and/or achievements will be diluted as energies
and
include the policies, goals and plans for the safety culture.
A vision is about where you want to get too. Vision is not and resources will be focused in different directions.
strategy. Vision is a where and a what, while strategy is a yy being able to articulate important messages across a wide
It is vital when building and promoting a shared vision that
ELEMENT 3
Although a vision should be looking to the future, it should
ELEMENT 3
how. In developing your health and safety vison you may variety of understanding and cultural mix.
everyone involved is clear on what is happening, understands
also be time bound so certain goals can be agreed and
want to consider your organisation’s values or stance on why and has the opportunity to comment or challenge when
health and safety management eg, on corporate social ultimately achieved. Each time a goal is achieved that success
appropriate. It is also important that this health and safety
responsibility, you may also discover that what you want should be shared and celebrated with stakeholders, they are
vision is recognised as a long-term process; it should be
your organisations vision to be, is not what it currently is, obviously key in turning the vision into reality. something worth people buying into and not perceived as a
as leaders, you are of course empowered to change this. ‘quick fix’ or box ticking exercise for compliance purposes.
For your vision to develop and grow, it will ideally build on This will certainly be more credible if the leadership style
what you are already successful at. Organisations can be adopted is responsive and considerate to all those involved.
Moral There are many social issues which a good leader should be
Responsibility and accountability for health
44 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (‘protection from
aware of that could affect their organisation. suffering detriment in employment’) in relation to health and
The case for needing good health and safety leadership is and safety safety cases.
Government initiatives and campaigns are aimed at the public
often framed in terms of three basic reasons – moral, legal and
to raise their understanding of health and safety issues. ISO 45001 is an agreed international standard for health and
financial.
safety management systems. It represents an expectation of Legal
ELEMENT 1
ELEMENT 1
You may find that health and safety leaders are asked more
questions as a result of such initiatives. Some examples of best practice. Clause 5.1 requires an organisation’s leadership
Societal expectations recent campaigns in the UK include the UK Health and Safety to take “overall responsibility and accountability for the
Executive’s ‘Helping Great Britain work well’ strategy and prevention of work-related injury and ill health as well as the
provision of safe and healthy workplaces and activities.” By
campaigns such as the ‘Go Home Healthy’ campaign.
taking responsibility for health and safety a good leader sends
To try to prevent incidents from occurring in the first place, a clear message to the workforce that they care about the
there is an expectation that health and safety leaders workers’ health and safety. As this message flows through
understand their organisation’s risk profile. The HSE, in their the organisation it can lead to positive changes, for example,
guidance Managing for health and safety (HSG65) state that
6 by improving morale in the workforce which in turn could
“effective leaders and line managers know the risks their lead to an improved health and safety culture. Health and
organisations face, rank them in order of importance and safety leaders should aim to make themselves as visible as
take action to control them. The range of risks goes beyond possible within the organisation, for example, by conducting
health and safety risks to include quality, environmental regular walkabouts.
and asset damage, but issues in one area could impact in The role, function and limitations of
another”. The risk profile should cover the: Protection of workers from reprisals when legislation as a means of promoting health
reporting health and safety incidents and and safety performance
yy nature and level of the risks faced by the organisation;
hazards
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 3
ELEMENT 3
ELEMENT 1
ELEMENT 1
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 3
ELEMENT 3
Notes
ELEMENT 1
ELEMENT 2
ELEMENT 3
Health and Safety Leadership Excellence should help health and safety leaders understand their
responsibilities (moral, legal and financial) and their leadership style, as well as giving pointers on
building relationships with the workforce. HSE and NEBOSH hope that the book will also become
a valuable reference source once the leader is back in the workplace.
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