JCONH^ VCGKCYHBHG
(HVV^A\@ GK YBC C ])

JHVA^HG HEB@^
(L@ GHJ ^C VA^])
V^HE]@ESO HGHJ@YH YCOCG VCONA^HG
(M^@ JJ@ GK IC OCG]@ GK HGHJPY@ Y IAS^YC)

M@YC]SDS@ SG]SE 4
(HK^C CM L A^)

JHNA^H]A^@SO ]CEG@E VC^O@GPHEHG

(JHNA^H]A^P AL VC ]^AJCSO C GK@ GCC ^@
GK)

V^AK^HO Y]SM@ ]CEG@E VC^O@GPHEHG

(MCVH^]COC G] VC]^AJCSO CGK@ GCC ^@ GK)

LHESJ]HY ]CEG@E
( CGK@ GCC ^@ GK L HISJ]P)

SG@\C^Y@]HY @YJHO ^@HS

VCEHGNH^S

M@YC]SDS@ AJCB
(HVV^A\C M NP)  

( @mbho Ebhj`m, Y.].,O.] )

Mascg pcgkhsub
 EH]H VCGKHG]H^

  Hsshjhouhjh`euo [hrhbohtujjhb` [hnhrhehtub,

Vud` syueur ecbhm`rht Hjjhb Y[] yhgk tcjhb oconcr`ehg rhboht-Gyh

ecphmh pcguj`s ugtue n`sh ocgycjcsh`ehg jhparhg rcso` prhet`euo ]
ceg`e Vconarhg @@ `g` mcgkhg pcgub ecoumhbhg mhg tcpht phmh whetu yhgk
tcjhb m`tcgtuehg. Mcgkhg rhboht Hjjhb Y[], pcguj`s mhpht ocgycjcsh`ehg
pcguj`shg mhg

 pcgyusughg jhparhg yhgk m`ncr` dumuj ‚JHVA^HG ^CYO@ HGHJ@YH YCOCG

VCONA^HG‟ m` Vram` Durushg ]ceg`e Vcro`gyhehg Sg`vcrs`ths @sjho ^`hu `g`.
]cgtu nuehg scpcgubgyh tukhs `g` mhpht m`scjcsh`ehg mcgkhg nh`e, ghoug ncreht
 nhgtuhg mhr` tcohg  ’    tcohg scecjaopae mhg dukh p`bhe jh`ggyh yhgk dukh
 ncreagtr`nus` mhjho pcgycjcsh`hg jhparhg `g`. 

]uj`shg `g` ocruphehg bhs`j mhr` scouh pcgkhohthg yhgk pcguj`s

mhpht sctcjhb ocjheuehg rhgkeh`hg prhet`euo scdhe nujhg Hpr`j >680 yhgk jhju,
mhg m`hduehg scnhkh` scnhkh` shjhb shtu syhrht ugtue ecjujushg mhr` ohth
euj`hb

‚]ceg`e Vconarhg @@‟. 

Vcguj`s ocgyhmhr` nhbwh ohs`b nhgyhe tcrmhpht eceurhgkhg mhjho

 pcguj`shg jhparhg `g` ugtue `tu pcguj`s shgkht ocgkbhrhpehg er`t`e mhg shrhg
yhgk oconhgkug. Vcguj`s ncrbhrhp, jhparhg `g` mhpht ncrohglhht nhk` scouh
p`bhe. Heb`rgyh pcguj`s ocgkuihpehg tcr`oh ehs`b.

[hsshjhouhjh`euo[hrhbohtujjhb`[hnhrhehtub,

Vcehgnhru, Oc`

>680 Baroht

Eho`,
`
 SIHVHG ]C^@OH EHY@B
(K^H]@]SMC) 

  Hsshjhou‐hjh`euo [hrhbohtujjhb` [hnhrhehtub, 

Mcgkhg sckhjh ecrcgmhbhg bht` pcguj`s `gk`g ocgkuihpehg nhgyhe pcgkbhrkhhg

mhg tcr`oh ehs`b ecphmh 4

8.   @mbho Ebhj`m Y].O], scnhkh` mascg pcgkhsub ohth euj`hb

Vrhet`euo Hghj`sh Juopur Vconarhg scehj`kus Ecphjh
Jhnarhtar`uo ]ceg`e Vcro`gyhehg Sg`vcrs`ths @sjho ^`hu yhgk tcjhb
nhgyhe ocon`on`gk mhg oconcr` scohgkht, oat`vhs` mhg n`on`gkhg
ecphmh pcguj`s.
>.  Ceh Eusuoh Mcw`,Y] scjheu @gstruetur Jhnarhtar`uo ]ceg`e
Vcro`gyhehg, yhgk tcjhb nhgyhe ocon`on`gk mhg oconcr`ehg shrhg-shrhg
yhgk oconhgkug.
9.  Hs`stcg jhnarhtar`uo, yhgk tcjhb ocjuhgkehg nhgyhe whetu, tcghkh mhg
 p`e`rhggyh ugtue ocon`on`gk prhet`ehg (pcguj`s), mhjho prhet`euo
Hghj`sh Juopur Vconarhg `g`4

h.  Ibhj`mhb Vrht`w` Y`rckhr (839>86;63) 4 pcrianhhg ‚Vconuhthg

Yuspcgs` Ycocg, Icthehg Yhopcj, mhg Vcgkud`hg Mcgs`ths Ycocg‟. 
 n.  O`lthbuj Dhgghb (839>86>83) mhg ^`th Yushgt` (8=9>86302)4
 pcrianhhg ‚Vcgku d`hg ^bcajaky Yuspcgs` Ycocg‟. 
i.  Nhrmhg ^hbohthg (839>86690) mhg Oujyhm` (839>868=3) 4
 pcrianhhg ‚Vcgkud`hg ]b`iecg`gk  ]`oc Yuspcgs` Ycocg
Mhg Vcgkud`hg @g`t`hj & L`ghj Yctt`gk ]`oc‟. 
m.  M`gmh Vhocjh Lhsyh (839>86;22) mhg Ijhrh Aethv`h (839>86>00) 4
 pcrianhhg ‚Vcgkud`hg Lrcc [htcr ‟. 
c.  O. Yyuer` (839>86=62) mhg ^hboht @jbhg Ohgz`zs (839>869;0) 4
 pcrianhhg ‚Vcgkud`hg L`jtrht`ag Jass ‟. 
l.  Hkus Oughgmhr (8=9>86<23) 4 pcrianhhg ‚Vcgkud`hg Iaoprcss`vc
 strcgktb Mhg Ybchr nagm strcgktb Yuspcgs` Ycocg‟. 

``
 =.  Hkus Oughgmhr scjheu pcon`on`gk jhparhg heb`r Hghj`sh Ycocg
Vconarhg
3.  Hyhbhgmh mhg @nugmh tcri`gth, scrth shumhrh-shumhrheu yhgk tcrshyhgk.

<.  Sgtue tcohg-tcohg prhet`ehg Hghj`sh Ycocg Vconarhg >680, tcthp

scohgkht ugtue ocgycjcsh`ehg euj`hb.
Ycjh`g `tu, pcguj`s dukh ocgkuihpehg tcr`oh ehs`b ecphmh p`bhe-p`bhe
yhgk ougke`g tcrjcwht/ t`mhe mhpht pcguj`s scnutehg shtu pcrshtu, yhgk tcjhb
oconhgtu
 pcguj`s mhjho ocgycjcsh`ehg Jhparhg ^cso` `g`. Mueugkhg mhg mah tcthp pcguj`s
 nutubehg.

[hjjh`euosshjho [hrrhbohtujjhb` [hnhrhehtub.

```
 MHL]H^ @Y@

(IAG]CG]Y)

Bhjhohg

EH]H VCGKHG]H^ ...................................................................................... `

(V^CLHIC)

SIHVHG ]C^@OH EHY@B ........................................................................... ``

(K^H]@]SMC)

MHL]H^ @Y@ ....................................................................................................... `v

(IAG]CG])

MHL]H^ KHONH^ ......................................................................................... x

(V@ I]S^C IAG]CG])

MHL]H^ ]HNCJ .............................................................................................. x`

(]HNJC IAG]CG])

VCGMHBSJSHG .............................................................................................. 8

(@G]^AMSI]@AG)

VC^IANHHG @ VCONSH]HG YSYVCGY@ YCOCG, IC]HEHG

YHOVCJ, MHG VCGKSD@HG MCGY@]HY YCOCG 

CRVC^@ OCG] @ (V^CVH^H]@ AG AL ICOC G]Y YSYVCGY@ AG,

 YHOVJC HG M C RHO@ GH ]@ AG AL IC OC G]Y
 YSYVC GY@ AG MC GY@ ]P ) ................................. = 

8.8. ]uduhg ........................................................ =

8.>. ]car` Mhshr ................................................. =

`v
 8.9. Hjht mhg Nhbhg ................................................ 0

8.9.8. Hjht .......................................................... 0

8.9.>. Nhbhg ..................................................... 0

8.=. Vrascmur Vcrianhhg ......................................... 86

8.3. Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg ............................................ 8>

8.<. Vcrb`tugkhg ....................................................... 8>

8.;. Vconhbhshg ....................................................... 8=

8.2.  M`siuss`ag  ........................................................ 83

8.0. Ecs`opujhg ....................................................... 8<

VC^IANHHG @@ VCGKSD@HG ^BCAJAKP   YSYVCGY@

CRVC^@ OCG] @ @ YCOCG (CRHO@GH]@AG AL ICOC G]Y
YSYVCGY@ AG 82 
^BCAJAKP) .....................................................
>.8. ]uduhg ................................................................ 82

>.>. ]car` Mhshr ........................................................ 82

>.9. Hjht mhg Nhbhg ................................................ >6

>.9.8. Hjht ......................................................... >6

>.9.>. Nhbhg ..................................................... >8

>.=. Vrascmur Vcrianhhg .......................................... >>

>.3. Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg ............................................. >>

>.<. Vcrb`tugkhg ....................................................... >9

>.;. Vconhbhshg ....................................................... >=

v
 >.2.  M`siuss`ag .................................................. ><

>.0. Ecs`opujhg ................................................. >;

VC^IANHHG @@@ VCGKSD@HG ]B@ IECG@ GK ]@ OC YSYVCGY@

YCOCG MHG VCGKSD@HG @ G@ ] @ H J & L @ GHJ
 YC ]]@ GK ]@ OC

CRVC^@ OCG] @ @ @ (CRHO@GH]@AG AL ICOC G]Y YSYVCGY@ AG

]B@ IECG@ GK ]@OC HGM CRHO@GH]@AG AL
@ G@ ]@ HJ & L @ GHJ YC]]@ GK ]@ OC) ............... >0 

9.8. ]uduhg ........................................................ >0

9.>. ]car` Mhshr ................................................. >0

9.9. Hjht mhg Nhbhg ........................................... 98

9.9.8. Hjht................................................... 98

9.9.>. Nhbhg ............................................... 9>

9.=. Vrascmur Vcrianhhg.. .................................... 99

9.3. Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg ....................................... 9=

9.<. Vcrb`tugkhg ................................................. 93

9.;. Vconhbhshg ................................................ 9<

9.2.  M`siuss`ag .................................................. 9;

9.0. Ecs`opujhg ................................................. 92

VC^IANHHG @\ VCGKSD@HG L^C C [H]C^

C RVC^@ OCG] @ \ (CRHO@ GH]@AG AL L ^C C [H]C^ ) .............. 90 

v`
 =.8. ]uduhg ................................................................ 90

=.>. ]car` Mhshr ........................................................ 90

=.9. Hjht mhg Nhbhg ................................................ =6

=.9.8. Hjht ......................................................... =6

=.9.>. Nhbhg ..................................................... =6

=.=. Vrascmur Vcrianhhg ......................................... =8

=.3. Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg ............................................ =8

=.<. Vcrb`tugkhg ....................................................... =8

=.;. Vconhbhshg ....................................................... =>

=.2.  M`siuss`ag  ....................................................... ==

=.0. Ecs`opujhg ....................................................... =3

VC^IANHHG \ VCGKSD@HG L @ J]^H]@ AG JAYY

C RVC^@ OCG] \ (CRHO@ GH]@AG AL L @ J]^H]@ AG JAYY) ..... =; 

3.8. ]uduhg ................................................................ =;

3.>. ]car` Mhshr ........................................................ =;

3.9. Hjht mhg Nhbhg ................................................ =2

3.9.8. Hjht ......................................................... =2

3.9.>. Nhbhg ..................................................... =0

3.=. Vrascmur Vcrianhhg .......................................... 36

3.3. Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg ............................................. 36

v``
 3.<. Vcrb`tugkhg ................................................. 36

3.;. Vconhbhshg ................................................ 3>

3.2.  M`siuss`ag .................................................. 3=

3.0. Ecs`opujhg ................................................. 3;

VC^IANHHG \@ VCGKSD@HG IAOV^CYY@ \C Y]^C GK]B MHG

  YB C H^ NAGM Y]^ C GK]B YSYVCGY@ YCOCG

CRVC^@ OCG] \@ ( C  RHO@GH]@ AG AL IC OC G]Y YSYVC GY@AG

IAOV^CYY@\C Y]^C GK]B HGM YBC H^ NAGM
 Y]^C GK ]B    ) ........................................................ 32

<.8. ]uduhg ........................................................ 32

<.>. ]car` Mhshr ................................................. 32

<.9. Hjht mhg Nhbhg ........................................... <6

<.9.8. Hjht................................................... <6

<.9.>. Nhbhg ............................................... <6

<.=. Vrascmur Vcrianhhg.. .................................... <8

<.3. Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg ....................................... <=

<.<. Vcrb`tugkhg ................................................. <=

<.;. Vconhbhshg ................................................ <0

<.2.  M`siuss`ag .................................................. ;8

<.0. Ecs`opujhg ................................................. ;>

v```
VCGS]SV .............................................................................................. ;=

(IJAY@GK)

8. Ecs`opujhg ..................................................... ;=

>. Yhrhg ............................................................... ;=

MHL]H^ VSY]HEH .............................................................................

(^CLC^CGIC)

JHOV@^HG

(H]]HIBOCG])

`x
 MHL]H^ KHONH^

(J@Y] AL L@ KS^C)

Khonhr Bhjhohg

8.8.  Hjht Vcrianhhg Vconuhthg Yuspcgs` Ycocg,Icthehg Yhopcj mhg

Vcgkud`hg Mcgs`ths Yuspcgs` Ycocg ................................................... 86
>.8  Vcrhjhthg Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg ^bcajaky Yuspcgs` Ycocg ............. >8

9.8 Hjht Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg ]b`iecg`gk t`oc, @g`t`hj mhg Yctt`gk ]`oc

Yuspcgs` Ycocg ....................................................................................... 9>
=.8 Hjht Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg Lrcc [htcr  ................................................ =8

3.8 Hjht Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg L`jtrht`ag Jass  ......................................... =0

<.8  Hjht Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg Ybchr Nagm
Ytrcgktb Yuspcgs` Ycocg ...................................................................... <8

x
 MHL]H^ ]HNCJ
(J@ Y] AL ]HNJC)

]hncj Bhjhohg

8.8  Bhs`j pcgkhohthg pconuhthg suspcgs` scocg, icthehg shopcj,

Mhg Vcgkud`hg Yuspcgs` Ycocg ............................................................. 8>
>.8 Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg Vcgkud`hg ^bcajaky Yuspcgs` Ycocg ................... >>
9.8. Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg ]b`iecg`gk t`oc  ........................................................ 9=

=.8. Ehgmugkhg H`r Garohj HV@ .................................................................... =6

=.> Vcgkud`hg Lrcc [htcr  .............................................................................. =8

3.8. Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg Vcgkud`hg L`jtrht`ag Jass  ...................................... 36

3.> ]hncj Bhs`j Vcrianhhg L`jtrht`ag Jass Ycjhoh 96 ocg`t ................... 38

3.9 IOI ............................................................................................................. 3>

3.=  Nhr`tc ............................................................................................................ 39

3.> Bhs`j Vcrnhgm`gkhg ]car` Mcgkhg Vcrianhhg ...................................... 3=

<.8 Vcrnhgm`gkhg b/m tcrbhmhp eacl`s`cg lhetar ....................................... <>

<.> Vcgkud`hg Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg Ybchr nagm strcgktb  .............. <=

<.9 G`jh`  Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg Ybchr nagm strcgktb mhr` Yct`hp

Yhopcj ......................................................................................................... <= 

x`
 VCGMHBSJSHG
(@G]^AMSI]@AG)

Vrhet`euo ]ceg`e Vconarhg @@ ocruphehg shjhb shtu nhk`hg mhr` `jou

 pcro`gyhehg. Mhjho ]ceg`e Vconarhg m`pcjhdhr` sckhjh scsuhtu yhgk ncrbunugkhg
mcgkhg s`lht ’  s`lht lju`mh mhg s`lht ’  s`lht mhr` lju`mh pconarhg scpcrt` scocg
mhg juopur. Sgtue ocgkhoht` sckhjh scsuhtu yhgk ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg s`lht
’    s`lht tcrsnut oheh m`hmhehgjhb pcgkhohthg, pcrianhhg, r`sct mhg
pcgcj`t`hg tcgthgk
]ceg`e Vconarhg @@.
Vrhet`euo ]ceg`e Vconarhg @@ yhgk m`jheuehg hmhjhb shjhb shtu ncgtue
uphyh ugtue ocopcjhdhr`, ocgkcthbu`, mhg ocohbho`  ’  s`lht lju`mh
s`lht
  
 pconarhg. Mhjho pcrianhhg `g` m`nuet`ehg tcgthgk s`lht ’   s`lht o`gyhe mhg lju`mh
yhgk tcjhb m`gyhthehg ajcb phrh hbj` tcrmhbuju mhg mhjho pcrb`tugkhg mhth bhs`j
 pcrianhhg m`pheh` pcrshohhg-pcrshohhg yhgk tcjhb hmh ugtue ocgkcice mhth bhs`j
 pcrianhhg yhgk m`jheuehg ecoum`hg m`nhgm`gkehg mcgkhg mhth mhr` j`tcrhtur.
Ncrec`gk`ghg mhr` pconuet`ehg s`lht  ’   s`lht lju`mh mhg s`lht  ’    s`lht lju`mh
 pconarhg oheh m`hmhehgjhb prhet`euo ]ceg`e Vconarhg @@ jhn `g` m` Vram` Durushg
]ceg`e Vcro`gyhehg Sg`vcrs`ths @sjho ^`hu.
Ycjh`g `tu pcohbhohg yhgk m`mhpht mhjho pcjheshghhg prhet`euo `g`, hehg
ocopcroumhb hthu shgkht oconhgtu ohbhs`swh mhjho ocgk`eut` mhg

ocohbho` ohth euj`hb t`gkeht hths yhgk ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg s`lht  ’  s`lht

o`gyhe mhg lju`mh

scpcrt` ohth euj`hb tceg`e rcscrva`r mjj.
Jhparhg rcso` `g` m`susug sctcjhb pcguj`s ocgkhmhehg prhet`euo m`
Jhnarhtar`uo ]ceg`e Sg`vcrs`ths @sjho ^`hu. Vcrianhhg yhgk m`jheuehg mhjho
 prhet`euo tcrscnut hmh scnhgyhe < oamuj yh`tu4
8.   Vcrianhhg 8 - VCONSH]HG YSYVCGY@ YCOCG, IC]HEYHG
YHOVCJ, MHG VCGKSD@HG MCGY@]HY YCOCG (V^CVH^H]@AG
AL ICOCG]Y YSYVCGY@AG, YHOVJC HGM CRHO@GH]@AG AL
ICOCG]Y YSYVCGY@AG MCGY@]P). 
8 
 > 

>.   Vcrianhhg > - VCGKSD@HG  ^BCAJAKP YSYVCGY@ YCOCG

(CRHO@GH]@AG AL ICOCG]Y YSYVCGY@AG ^BCAJAKP). 
9.   Vcrianhhg 9 - VCGKSD@HG ]B@IECG@GK ]@OC YSYVCGY@ YCOCG

MHG VCGKSD@HG  @G@]@HJ &  L@GHJ YC]]@GK

]@OC (CRHO@GH]@AG AL ICOCG]Y YSYVCGY@AG ]
B@IECG@GK ]@OC
 HGM CRHO@GH]@AG AL @G@]@HJ & L@GHJ YC]]@GK ]@OC). 
=.   Vcrianhhg =  ’    VCGKSD@HG  L^CC [H]C^ (CRHO@GH]@AG AL
 L^CC [H]C^). 
3.   Vcrianhhg 3 ’  VCGKSD@HG L@J]^H]@AG JAYY (CRHO@GH]@AG AL
 L@J]^H]@AG JAYY). 
<.   Vcrianhhg <
 ’   VCGKSD@HG IAOV^CYY@\C Y]^CGK]B MHG
 
YBCH^ NAGM Y]^CGK]B YSYVCGY@ YCOCG ( CRHO@GH]@AG AL

ICOCG]Y YSYVCGY@AG IAOV^CYY@\C Y]^CGK]B HGM YBCH^

 NAGM Y]^CGK]B) .

Vrhet`euo ]ceg`e Vconarhg yhgk m`jheuehg `g` hmhjhb shjhb shtu

ohth euj`hb whd`n mhjho n`mhgk pcro`gyhehg, nhk` ohbhs`swh ]ceg`e
Vcro`gyhehg Sg`vcrs`ths @sjho ^`hu. Ajcb ehrcgh `tu, scnhkh` nuet`
tcjhb m`jheuehggyh
 prhet`euo tcrscnut, oheh m`susugjhb ‚JHVA^HG ^CYO@
V^HE ]@ESO HGHJ@YH YCOCG VCONA^HG‟ `g` ugtue m`hduehg
scnhkh` shjhb shtu syhrht ugtue ocopcrajcb g`jh` mhg ecjujushg mhjho ohth
euj`hb ]ceg`e Vconarhg @@

tcrscnut.
Ycjh`g `tu m`bhrhpehg tuj`shg `g` mhpht m`pheh` mhg m`pcrkughehg
scnhkh` hiuhg hthu pcmaohg ajcb phrh prhet`ehg ]ceg`e Vconarhg @@ m`
ehopus tceg`e
 pcro`gyhehg m` thbug ocgmhthgk.
]uduhg jhparhg pcguj`shg `g` hmhjhb suphyh pconhih ocgkcrt`
mhg ocohbho` mcgkhg dcjhs ocgkcgh` pcrianhhg-pcrianhhg yhgk m`jheuehg mhg
mhpht ocgcrhpehggyh tcruthoh m` mhjho mug`h pcro`gyhehg. Ehrcgh mhjho
mug`h
 pcro`gyhehg, `jou Ocehg`eh ^cscrva`r shgkht crht bunugkhggyh.
 > 
Hkhr pcguj`shg jhparhg `g` tcrhrhb oheh pcrju hmhgyh nhthshg ohshjhb.

Nhthshg ohshjhbgyh hmhjhb ocgkcgh` pcrianhhg s`lht-s`lht lju`mh rcscrva`r

yhgk
 9 

tcjhb m`jheuehg. Ehrcgh ectcrnhthshg whetu, tcghkh, n`hyh mhg `jou pcgcj`t`, oheh
bhj tcrscnut m`nhths`. Sgtue `tu pcguj`s oabag ohhl d`eh ghgt`gyh tcrmhpht
eceurhgkhg mhg ecshjhbhg.

Y`stcoht`eh pcguj`shg jhparhg `g` hmhjhb5

VC^IANHHG @ 4 Ncr`s`ehg tcgthgk pconuhthg suspcgs` scocg, icthehg
shopcj, mhg pcgkud`hg mcgs`ths suspcgs`  scocg
yhgk ocj`put` tuduhg, tcar` mhshr, pcrhjhthg mhg
nhbhg,
 pcrb`tugkhg, pconhbhshg, scrth ecs`opujhg..

VC^IANHHG @@ 4 Ncr`s`ehg tcgthgk pcgkud`hg rbcajaky suspcgs` scocg

yhgk ocj`put` tuduhg, tcar` mhshr, pcrhjhthg mhg nhbhg,
 pcrb`tugkhg, pconhbhshg, scrth ecs`opujhg.

VC^IANHHG @@@ 4 Ncr`s`ehg tcgthgk pcgkud`hg tb`iecg`gk t`oc suspcgs`

scocg mhg pcgkud`hg `g`t`hj & l`ghj sctt`gk t`oc yhgk
ocj`put` tuduhg, tcar` mhshr, pcrhjhthg mhg nhbhg,
 pcrb`tugkhg, pconhbhshg, scrth ecs`opujhg.

VC^IANHHG @\ 4 Ncr`s`ehg tcgthgk pcgkud`hg  lrcc whtcr yhgk ocj`put`

tuduhg, tcar` mhshr, pcrhjhthg mhg nhbhg, pcrb`tugkhg,
 pconhbhshg, scrth ecs`opujhg.

VC^IANHHG \ 4 Ncr`s`ehg tcgthgk  l`jtrht`ag jass yhgk ocj`put`

tuduhg, tcar` mhshr, pcrhjhthg mhg
nhbhg, pcrb`tugkhg,
 pconhbhshg, scrth ecs`opujhg.

VC^IANHHG \@ 4 Ncr`s`ehg tcgthgk pcgkud`hg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg

 sbchr nagm strcgktb suspcgs` scocg yhgk ocj`put`
tuduhg, tcar` mhshr, pcrhjhthg mhg nhbhg, pcrb`tugkhg,
 pconhbhshg, scrth ecs`opujhg
 VC^IANHHG @
( CRVC^ @ OCG] @ )

VCONSH]HG YSYVCGY@ YCOCG, IC]HEHG YHOVCJ

MHG VCGKSD@HG MCGY@]HY YSYVCGY@ YCOCG

(V^C VH^H]@ AG AL IC OC G]Y YSYVC GY@ AG, YHOVJC HGM

C RHO@ GH]@ AG AL ICOC G]Y YSYVC GY@ AG MC GY@ ]P)

8.8   ]uduhg Vcrianhhg

8.  Sgtue ocgkcthbu` ihrh pconuhthg suspcgs` scocg pconarhg

mhg eaopas`s` scocg pconarhg.

>.  Sgtue ocgnuht icthehg shopcj mhjho pcgkud`hg Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb

mhg Ybchr nagm strcgktb. 

9.  Ocgkcthbu` mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg mcgkhg ocgkkughehg hjht

oum nhjhgic. 

=.  Ocgkcthbu` clce pcghonhbhg zht hmm`t`vc tcrbhmhp mcgs`ths suspcgs`

scocg.

8.>  ]car` Mhshr

Vconuhthg suspcgs` scocg m`oujh` mcgkhg pcrs`hphg pcrhjhthg mhg
ohtcr`hj scocg, nh`e ncruph scocg partjhgm,  h`r mhg hmm`t`vc.
Ycocg  partjhgm  ocruphehg scocg yhgk nhgyhe m`kughehg mhjho
`gmustr` pcro`gyhehg ehrcgh scocg `g` tcrohsue scocg b`mraj`s mhjho hrt`
hehg ocgkcrhs n`jh ncrtcou hthu ncrihopur mcgkhg h`r. Ycocg

partjhgm oco`j`e` = eaopagcg o`gcrhj uthoh, yh`tu I9Y, I>Y,I9H, mhg I=HL. 

I9Y hthu ]r`ihji`uo Y`j`ihtc ocruphehg eaopagcg tcrnhgyhe mhr` scocg

 partjhgm  eaopagcg `g` oconcr` strcgktb yhgk tcrncshr phmh hwhj

 pcgkcrhshg. I>Y hthu M`ihji`uo s`j`ihtc , eaopagcg `g` shgkht pcgt`gk mhjho

= 
 3

oconcr`ehg l`ghj strcgktb scocg. I9H hthu ]r`ihji`uo Hjjuo`ghtc

whjhupug ehmhrgyh eci`j mhr` eaopagcg  s`j`ihtc ghoug ncrpcgkhrub

phmh rbcajak` suspcgs` scocg mhg ocnhgtu prascs pcgkcrhshg hwhj phmh
scocg. I=HL hthu

]ctrh Ihji`uo Hjjuo`ghlcr`tc, Eaopagcg `g` bhgyh scm`e`t pcgkhrubgyh phmh

 strcgktb scocg.
HV@ ( Hocr`ihg Vctrajcuo @gst`tutc) tcjhb ocjheuehg ejhr`l`ehs`
scocg ecmhjho kcjhs kugh ocopcroumhb pco`j`bhg mhg pcgkkajagkhg
scocg yhgk

hehg m`kughehg. Vcgkejhr`l`ehs` `g` m`mhshr` hths eagm`s` suour mhg s`lht  ’  
s`lht scocg yhgk m`scsuh`ehg mcgkhg eagm`s` suour tcrscnut. Eagm`s`
suour tcrscnut ocj`put` ecmhjhohg suour. ]copcrhtur, tcehghg, mhg
ehgmugkhg yhgk tcrmhpht phmh lju`mh larohs` (scpcrt` sujlht mhg
scnhkh`gyh). Ejhs`l`ehs` scocg yhgk m`jheuehg HV@ tcrm`r` mhr` 4

h.  Ecjhs H
Ycocg ecjhs H `g` m`kughehg mhr` ecmhjhohg 6 (pcrouehhg) shoph`
<666 lt. Ycocg tcrmhpht mhjho t`pc n`hsh (arm`ghry typc) shdh.
 n.  Ecjhs N
Ycocg ecjhs N m`kughehg mhr` ecmhjhohg 6 shoph` <666 lt mhg tcrscm`h
mhjho dcg`s yhgk thbhg tcrbhmhp ehgmugkhg sujlht ocgcgkhb mhg t`gkk`
(oamcrhtc mhg b`kb sujlhtc rcs`sthgt )

i.  Ecjhs I
Ycocg ecjhs I m`kughehg mhr` ecmhjhohg 6 shoph` <666 lt mhg

ocopugyh` s`lht b`kb-chrjy strcgktb (prascs pcgkcrhshg icpht). Ycocg

`g` tcrscm`h mhjho dcg`s oamcrhtc mhg b`kb sujlhtc rcs`sthgt. 
m.  Ecjhs M
Ycocg ecjhs M m`kughehg ugtue ecmhjhohg <666 lt shoph` 8>666 lt mhg
ugtue eagm`s` suour yhgk ocopugyh` tcehghg mhg tcopcrhtur t`gkk`.
Ycocg `g` tcrscm`h mhjho dcg`s Oamcrhtc mhg b`kb sujlhtc rcs`sthgt. 
c.  Ecjhs C
Ycocg ecjhs C m`kughehg ugtue ecmhjhohg mhr` <666 lt shoph` 8=666
lt, mhg ugtue eagm`s` suour yhgk ocopugyh` tcehghg mhg tcopcrhtur

t`gkk`. Ycocg `g` tcrscm`h mhjho dcg`s  Oamcrhtc mhg b`kb sujlhtc
 <

rcs`sthgt. 
l.  Ecjhs L
Ycocg ecjhs L m`kughehg mhr` ecmhjhohg 86666 lt shoph` 8<666 lt mhg

ugtue eagm`s` suour yhgk ocopugyh` tcehghg mhg tcopcrhtur t`gkk`.

Ycocg `g` tcrscm`h mhjho dcg`s b`kb sujlhtc rcs`sthgt.

k.  Ecjhs K

Ycocg ecjhs K m`kughehg mhr` ecmhjhohg 6 shoph` 2666 lt mhg

ocruphehg scocg mhshr. N`jh m`thonhbehg rcthrmcr scocg `g`
mhpht m`pheh` ugtue suour mhjho mhg rhgkc tcopcrhtur yhgk
iueup ncshr.
Ycocg `g` tcrscm`h mhjho dcg`s Oamcrhtc mhg b`kb sujlhtc rcs`sthgt. 
b.  Ecjhs B
Ycocg ecjhs B m`kughehg mhr` ecmhjhohg 6 shoph` 2666 lt mhg
ocruphehg pujh scocg mhshr. Mcgkhg pcghonhbhg hiicjcrhtar mhg
rcthrmcr,  scocg `g` mhpht m`kughehg phmh rhgkc ecmhjhohg
mhg tcopcrhtur yhgk ncshr. Ycocg `g` bhgyh tcrscm`h mhjho dcg`s
oamcrhtc
 sujlht rcs`sthgt. 

Sgtue ocgkeagm`s`ehg suspcgs` scocg phmh shht pcgycocghg phmh

junhgk nar, scocg dukh mhpht m`ncr` ncncrhph zht thonhbhg hthu
hmm`t`vc

yhgk oco`j`e` lugks` ncrohiho ’  ohiho hkhr pcecrdhhg pcgycocghg mhpht

ocopcrajcb bhs`j yhgk scsuh` mcgkhg hph yhgk tcjhb m`rcgihghehg. Yhoph`

shht `g` jcn`b mhr` 866 hmm`t`vc tcjhb m`ecghj, hmm`t`vc  ’   hmm`t`vc
tcrscnut m`ecjaopaeehg mhjho 2 ehthkar` yh`tu 4 

8.    Hiicjcrhtar

Ph`tu  Hmm`t`vc yhgk mhpht ocopcricpht prascs pcgkcrhshg

suspcgs` scocg.

>.    ^cthrmcr

Ph`tu hmm`t`vc yhgk mhpht ocopcrjhonht prascs pcgkcrhshg suspcgs`

scocg.

9.    Cxtcgmcr
 ;

Ph`tu hmm`t`vc yhgk m`kughehg ugtue ocgkurhgk` mcgs`ths mhr`

suspcgs` scocg.

=.   [c`kbt`gk Hkcgt

Ph`tu hmm`t`vc yhgk mhpht ocghonhb mcgs`ths mhr` suspcgs` scocg

3.   M`spcrshgt

Ph`tu hmm`t`vc yhgk mhpht ocgkurhgk` v`seas`ths suspcgs` scocg

<.    Lju`m Jass Iagtraj Hkcgt

Ph`tu m`kughehg ugtue ocgickhb b`jhgkgyh lhs j`qu`m suspcgs` scocg

ecmhjho larohs` scb`gkkh tcrdhkh ehgmugkhg ih`rhg phmh suspcgs`
scocg.

;.    Jass I`riujht`ag Iagtraj Hkcgt

Ph`tu hmm`t`vc yhgk ocgkagtraj b`jhgkgyh suspcgs` scocg ecmhjho

larohs` yhgk jcohb. 

2.   Ypci`hjjy Hmm`t`vc

Ph`tu hmm`t`vc ebusus yhgk m`kughehg ugtue suhtu tuduhg tcrtcgtu.

Mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg m`mcl`g`s`ehg scnhkh` pcrnhgm`gkhg

hgthrh duojhb ncrht nunue scocg, h`r pcgihopur, mhg hmm`t`vc
tcrbhmhp vajuoc nunue scocg, h`r pcgihopur mhg hmm`t`vc.

M`ruousehg scnhkh` ncr`eut 4

  
?   

M`ohgh 4

YKY ? mcgs`ths suspcgs`

scocg [s ? ncrht nunue scocg

[hmm ? ncrht hmm`t`vc 

[h`r ? ncrht h`r

 2

\s ? vajuoc nunue scocg

\hmm ? vajuoc hmm`t`vc 

\h`r ? vajuoc h`r

Mcgs`ths supcgs` scocg shghkht ncrpcgkhrub tcrbhmhp tcehghg

b`mrastht`e supcgs` scocg m`mhjo junhgk suour. Hphn`jh larohs` t`mhe
shgkkup ocghbhg tcehghg suspcgs` scocg, oheh hehg ocgycnhnehg larohs`
 pcihb scb`gkkh hehg tcrdhm` jass i`riujht`ag.

Hmh muh dcg`s hmm`t`vc yhgk ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg iagtraj mcgs`ty, yh`tu
 Cxtcgmcr mhg [c`kbt`gk Hkcgt .  Cxtcgmcr hmhjhb hmm`t`vc yhgk
m`kughehg mhjho suspcgs` scocg ugtue ocgkurhgk` mcgs`ths suspcgs`
scocg mhg dukh
 ncrlugks` ugtue ocghonhb y`cm sjurry. Cxtcgmcr yhgk ncruph ijhy dukh mhpht
 ncrlugks` ocgkurhgk` h`r ncnhs ( lrcc whtcr)  mhjho suspcgs` scocg, scjh`g
`tu mhpht dukh ncruph khs yhgk m`jhrutehg mhjho suspcgs` scocg scpcrt`
g`trakcg/ umhrh yhgk bhs`jgyh oconcr`ehg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb yhgk
iueup.

[c`kbt`gk Hkcg hmhjhb hmm`t`vc yhgk m`kughehg ugtue ocghonhb

mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg, ncruph ohtcr`hj mcgkhg mcgs`ths jcn`b ncrht mhr`
mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg yhgk bhrus ococgub` pcrsyhrthhg scnhkh` ncr`eut 4

8.  M`sr`nus` ueurhg phrt`ecj mhr` ohtcr`hj hmm`t`vc bhrus

iaiae (iaopht`njc) mcgkhg ueurhg phrt`ecj scocg. Seurhg
phrt`ecj

hmm`t`vc yhgk jcn`b ncshr mhr` phrt`ecj scocg hehg icgmcrugk

ocgkcgmhp scmhgkehg phrt`ecj ncrueurhg jcn`b eci`j oco`j`e`
ecicgmcrugkhg ocghonhb v`seas`ths suspcgs` scocg
>.  Ehmhr h`r yhgk tcrehgmugk mhjho ohtcr`hj hmm`t`vc t`mhe
nhgyhe (ugb`mraus)
9.  Ohtcr`hj hmm`t`vc bhrus suehr ncrches` (`gcrt)  mcgkhg scocg,
nh`e
 phmh shht pcgihopurhg mhjho suspcgs` scocg ohupug shht
prascs b`mrhs` scocg mhg dukh iaopht`njc mcgkhg hmm`t`vc
jh`g yhgk ocgke`g m`ihopurehg mhjho scocg.

Mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg yhgk rcgmhb scr`gk m`kughehg mhjho apcrhs` 

 0

 pr`ohry icocgt`gk mhg rcocm`hj icocgt`gk kugh ocgkb`gmhr` tcrdhm`gyh

 lrhiturc   phmh larohs` yhgk jcohb. Sgtue ocgurugehg mcgs`ths mhpht

m`jheuehg mcgkhg  ocghonhbehg ijhy hthu zht  ’   zht e`o`h s`j`eht
dcg`s
cxtcgmcr hthu ocghonhbehg  nhbhg ’  nhbhg yhgk mhpht ocopcrncshr
vajuoc suspcgs` scocg, scpcrt` pazzajhg. Ycmhgkehg mcgs`ths suspcgs`
scocg yhgk
t`gkk` m`kughehg n`jh tcehghg  larohs` iueup ncshr. Sgtue
ocopcrncshr mcgs`ths mhpht m`thonhbehg phs`r hthupug ohtcr`hj  ’  
ohtcr`hj pconcrht ecmhjho suspcgs` scocg, scpcrt` nhr`tc.
Vcgkueurhg mcgs`ths m`jhnarhtar`uo ncrmhshrehg mhr` mhth ncrht
mhg vajuoc t`hp eaopagcg yhgk hmh mhjho suspcgs`, scmhgkehg
m`jhphgkhg ocgkkughehg hjht prcssur`zcm oum nhjhgic. 

8.9   Hjht mhg

Nhbhg 8.9.8 
Hjht
8.  Icocgt O`xcr  
>.  ]`onhgkhg
m`k`thj 9.  Vjhst`e ]
rhgsphrhg 
=.  ]hj`
pjhst`e  3. 
Kcjhs ueur  
<.  Icthehg shopcj eun`e mhg s`j`gmcr  
;.  Ytap whtib 2.  Oum
Nhjhgic 

8.9.>  Nhbhg
8.  H`r
>.  Ycocg Vartjhgm
9.  Ncgtag`tc 
 86

=.  Krchsc 

Icocgt O`xcr ]`onhgkhg m`k`thj

um nhjhgic

Khonhr 8. 8 Hjht Vcrianhhg Vconuhthg Yuspcgs` Ycocg,Icthehg

Yhopcj mhg Vcgkud`hg Mcgs`ths Yuspcgs` Ycocg  

8. =  Vrascmur Vcrianhhg
8. =.8  Vconuhthg Yuspcgs` Ycocg Mhg Icthehg Yhopcj
8.  Ocg`onhgk nunue scocg scnhgyhe 936 krho mcgkhg t`onhgkhg
m`k`thj.
>.  Ocgkueur h`r mcgkhg [I^ ([htcr Icocgt ^ht`a) yhgk
m``gk`gehg. Bhrkh [I^ t`mhe najcb ocjcn`b` ehmhr h`r
ohes`ouo ohupug eurhgk mhr` ehmhr h`r o`g`ouo.
9.  Ocg`onhgk hmm`t`vc ncgtag`tc scnhgyhe < krho
 88

=.  Ocgihopur nunue scocg mcgkhg hmm`t`vc ncgtag`tc phmh

eagm`s` ecr`gk.
3.  Ocohsueehg h`r scnhgyhe >89 oj ec mhjho njcgmcr, ecoum`hg

ocgdhjhgehg o`xcr phmh ecicphthg =666 rpo mhg ocohsueehg

ihopurhg scocg mhg hmm`t`vc  ncgtag`tc ecmhjhogyh t`mhe jcn`b
mhr` 83 mct`e, jhgdutehg pcgkhmuehg phmh ecicphthg t`gkk` 8>66
rpo scjhoh 93 mct`e.
<.  Ocgkajcsehg  krchsc ec mhjho icthehg eun`e scmhgkehg ugtue
icthehg s`j`gmcr ihs`gk t`mhe m`ajcs` krchsc. 
;.  Ocguhgkehg shopcj suspcgs` scocg mhr` o`xcr ecmhjho icthehg
yhgk tcjhb tcrscm`h ugtue ecoum`hg m`kughehg mhjho  pcgkud`hg
iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg sbchr nagm strcgktb. 

2.  Oconugkeus icthehg shopcj mcgkhg pjhst`e trhgsphrhg ,

oconcr` jhncj jhju ocrcgmhogyh mhjho concr.

8. =.>  Vcgkud`hg Mcgs`ths Yuspcgs` Ycocg

8.  Ocgkehj`nrhs` pcrhjhthg  prcssur`zcm oum nhjhgic mcgkhg
jhgkehb-jh gkehb scnhkh` ncr`eut4
h.  Oconcrs`behg pcrhjhthg oum nhjhgic
 n.  Ocgk`s` iup mcgkhg h`r b`gkkh pcgub jhju m`tutup mhg
oconcrs`behg nhk`hg juhrgyh 

i.  Ocjctheehg econhj` oum nhjhgic phmh ecmumuehg scoujh 

m.  Ocgcophtehg r`mcr phmh pas`s` sehjh 2,99 ppk (mcgs`ths h`r) 
c.  Ocgcj`t` guva kjhss, n`jh t`mhe sc`onhgk ocgkehj`nrhs`ehg
 sircw shoph` sc`onhgk 

>.  Ocgy`hpehg suspcgs` scocg yhgk tcjhb m`nuht mhr`

eaopas`s` 936 krho scocg partjhgm, 3 krho ncgtag`tc mhg
>6= oj h`r ecoum`hg ocgkueur mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg
mhgkhg ocgkkughehg ruous 4

?   
 8>

M`ohgh 4

YKY ? mcgs`ths suspcgs`

scocg [s ? ncrht nunue scocg

[hmm ? ncrht hmm`t`vc 

[h`r ? ncrht h`r

\s ? vajuoc nunue scocg

\hmm ? vajuoc hmm`t`vc 

\h`r ? vajuoc h`r

9.  Ocohsueehg suspcgs` scocg ecmhjho iup oum

nhjhgic, ecoum`hg iup m`tutup mhg scocg yhgk ocjceht
phmh m`gm`gk
 nhk`hg juhr m`ncrs`behg shoph` ncrs`b,
=.  Ocjctheehg nhjhgic hro phmh ecmumuehg scoujh, ecoum`hg htur
r`mcr b`gkkh sc`onhgk.
3.  Oconhih sehjh scnhkh` mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg pcgkueurhg.

8.3  Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg

]hncj 8. 8 bhs`j pcgkhohthg pconuhthg suspcgs` scocg, icthehg shopcj, mhg

 pcgkud`hg suspcgs` scocg

Nhbhg shopcj Ohssh ψhhm  ψ pcrianhhg   ψtcar`t`i [I^
(kr) (kr/oj) (VVK) (VVK)(%)
Ycocg + h`r+ 3<0 >,3 8=,98 8=,38=,029
 ncgtag`tc

8.<  Vcrb`tugkhg
M`ecthbu` 4

o scocg ? 936 kr

o hmm`t`vc (ncgtag`tc) ? < kr

 89

\ H`r ? >89 oj

ψscocg  ? 9,83 kr/oj 

ψncgtag`tc  ? >,3 kr/oj

M`thgyh 4 h. [I^

 n. YKY

Dhwhnhg 4 h. [I^
 Û2,99 
?+
?   
+  Û2,99 
?=,029 

 
 ? 8 >89 
Û/
Û
? >89  
 
?   
36 
?  
 ,3 ⁍

? 888,8   



 () ?   

? < 
 
,3  ⁍

? >,=   

n. YKY


 ?
    

36+<+
?  
,+,+

 
 89
? 8,;=9 /  8=,=8 
 8=

8. ;  Vconhbhshg

Mhjho suhtu apcrhs` pcgycocghg, mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg shgkht

 pcgt`gk ehrcgh ncrpcgkhrub tcrbhmhp tcehghg b`mrastht`e suspcgs` scocg m`
mhjho junhgk suour. Mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg `g` m`pcre`rhehg scnhkh`
 pcrnhgm`gkhg hgthrh duojhb ncrht nunue scocg, h`r mhg hmm`t`vc tcrbhmhp
 duojhb vajuoc nunue scocg, h`r mhg hmm`t`vc.

Vhmh pcrianhhg `g`, hmm`t`vc yhgk m`kughehg hmhjhb

ncgtag`tc. Eaopas`s` juopur yhgk m`kughehg 936 krho nunue scocg, <
krho hmm`t`vc mhg >89 oj h`r. Vconuhthg suspcgs` scocg mhg icthehg
shopcj m`jheuehg mcgkhg oconuht suspcgs` scocg, jhju ocgy`hpehg
icthehg shopcj eun`e mhg s`j`gmcr. Ncr`ehg  krchsc ecscjurub
pcrouehhg icthehg. Jhju,

ocguhgkehg shopcj suspcgs` scocg. ]utup mhg jhp`s` ecmuh icthehg

mcgkhg hjuoug`uo la`j mhg pjhst`e. Jctheehg ictheehg ecmhjho whtcr nhtb.

Vhmh pcgkud`hg mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg, m`jheuehg ehj`nrhs` phmh hjht

oum nhjhgic, jhju `s` iup mcgkhg suspcgs` scocg mhg jctheehg econhj`
phmh ecmumuehg scoujh mhg ihtht bhs`j pconhihhg mcgs`ths suspcgs`
scocg phmh sehjh oum nhjhgic mhjho ppk.

Bhs`j yhgk m`pcrajcb mhr` hjht oum nhjhgic hmhjhb 8=,98 ppk
 ncrmhshrehg g`jh` sehjh mcgs`ths oum nhjhgic tcrscnut lugks` ncgtag`tc
scnhkh` cxtcgmcr khkhj. Ycihrh tcar`t`s mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg thgph

hmm`t`vc 89.23 ppk. Ghoug, ect`eh hmhgyh pcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc scnhkh`

ugtue ocgkurhgk` mcgs`ths t`mhe ncrbhs`j. G`jh` mcgs`ths suspcgs`
mcgkhg
ocgkkughehg hmm`t`vc, mcgkhg ocgkkughehg ruous scncshr 8=,3> ppk.
Ncrmhshrehg bhs`j tcrscnut mhpht m`pcrajcb nhbwh hmh ncncrhph ecshhbhg
mhjho pconuhthg suspcgs` scocg hthupug ecshjhbhg mhjho prascmur
 pconhihhg mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocggyh. Ehrcgh ncgtag`tc
scbhrusgyh oconcr` pcgkhrub tcrbhmhp suspcgs` scocg tcthp` t`mhe
phmh pcrianhhg eho`. Mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg thgph hmm`t`vc g`jh`gyh
tcrkhgtugk phmh
 ncrht nunue scocg mhg h`rgyh. Ect`eh hmhgyh pcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc

ncgtag`tc oheh g`jh` mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg hehg jcn`b eci`j m`

 8=
nhgm`gkehg
 83

thgph hmm`t`vc. Bhj `g` scsuh` mcgkhg ncgtag`tc scnhkh` hmm`t`vc ehtckar`
cxtcgmcr,  ncrncmh mcgkhg nhr`tc scnhkh` hmm`t`vc wc`kbt`gk hkcgt yhgk
hehg ocghonhb mcgs`ths mhr` suspcgs` scocg.

Ncrmhshrehg bhs`j hghj`sh pcgkud`hg mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg

bhrkh mcgs`ty yhgk eci`j mhpht ocgkurhgk` tcehghg b`mrastht`e
scb`gkkh mhpht ocgickhb tcrdhm`gyh ecrushehg larohs`. Ghoug
hphn`jh mcgs`ths scocg tcrjhju ncshr oheh larohs` t`mhe shgkkup
ocghbhg tcehghg suspcgs` scocg, oheh larohs` hehg pcihb mhg tcrdhm`
jass i`riujht`ag. Ajcb ehrcgh `tu, pcrju m`jheuehggyh pcgkagtrajhg
mcgs`ths ocgkkughehg hmm`t`vc hthu zht-zht e`o`h Dhg`s cxtcgmcr,
nhbhg-nhbhg scpcrt` pazzajhg mhg pcghonhbhg ijhy ugtue ocgurugehg
mcgs`ths mhg ugtue ocopcrncshr mcgs`ths mhpht m`kughehg
hmm`t`vc dcg`s wc`kbt`gk hkcgt scpcrt` nhr`tc. 

8.2  M`siuss`ag 
 @g h icocgt`gk apcrht`ag, tbc mcgs`ty al icocgt suspcgs` `s
vcry
`oparthgt ncihusc `t hllcits tbc bymrastht`i prcssurc al icocgt suspcgs`
`g tbc wcjjnarc. ]bc icocgt suspcgs` mcgs`ty `s cst`ohtcm hs h rht`a al
tbc hoaugt al wc`kbt al icocgt, whtcr hgm hmm`t`vc pawmcr ta tbc vajuoc
al icocgt, whtcr hgm hmm`t`vc pawmcr.
 @g tb`s cxpcr`ocgt, tbc hmm`t`vc uscm `s ncgtag`tc. ]bc iaopas`t`ag al tbc

 sjumkc uscm `s 936 krhos al icocgt pawmcr, < krhos al hmm`t`vcs hgm >89
oj al whtcr. Ohe`gk icocgt suspcgs`ags hgm shopjc pr`gts `s magc ny
ohe`gk
icocgt suspcgs`, tbcg prcphr`gk iun`i hgm iyj`gmcr shopjcs. K`vc krchsc
ta tbc cgt`rc surlhic al tbc oajm. ]bcg, paur tbc icocgt suspcgs` shopjc.
Iavcr hgm iaht natb pr`gts w`tb hjuo`guo la`j hgm pjhst`i. Vjhic tbc pr`gt
`gta tbc whtcr nhtb. @g tcst`gk icocgt suspcgs` mcgs`ty, ihj`nrht`ag `s
ihrr`cm aut ag tbc oum nhjhgic taaj, tbcg l`jj tbc iup w`tb icocgt suspcgs`
hgm pjhic `t nhie ag `ts ar`k`ghj pas`t`ag hgm gatc tbc rcsujts al tbc icocgt
suspcgs` mcgs`ty rchm`gk ag tbc oum nhjhgic sihjc `g ppk
 8<

]bc rcsujts anth`gcm lrao tbc oum nhjhgic taaj hrc 8=.98 ppk nhscm ag
tbc oum nhjhgic sihjc vhjuc al tbc ncgtag`tc lugit`ag hs h lh`jcm cxtcgmcr.
]bcarct`ihjjy icocgt suspcgs`ag mcgs`ty w`tbaut hmm`t`vc 89.23 ppk.

 Bawcvcr, wbcg hmm`gk hmm`t`vcs ta rcmuic mcgs`ty macs gat ware. Yuspcgs`
mcgs`ty vhjuc us`gk hmm`t`vcs, us`gk h laroujh al 8=.3> ppk. Nhscm ag tbcsc
rcsujts `t ihg nc anth`gcm tbht tbcrc hrc saoc m`ll`iujt`cs `g ohe`gk icocgt
 suspcgs`ags ar crrars `g tbc icocgt suspcgs`ag mcgs`ty rchm`gk praicmurc.
 Ncihusc ncgtag`tc sbaujm bhvc hg cllcit ag icocgt suspcgs` nut gat ag aur
cxpcr`ocgts. ]bc mcgs`ty al icocgt suspcgs`ags w`tbaut hmm`t`vc vhjuc
mcpcgms ag tbc wc`kbt al tbc icocgt pawmcr hgm tbc whtcr. [bcg tbc
hmm`t`ag al ncgtag`tc hmm`t`vcs, tbc icocgt suspcgs` mcgs`ty vhjuc w`jj nc
sohjjcr iaophrcm w`tbaut hmm`t`vcs. ]b`s `s `g hiiarmhgic w`tb
ncgtag`tc hs hg

hmm`t`vc `g tbc cxtcgmcr ihtckary, `g iagtrhst ta nhr`tc hs hg hmm`t`vc

wc`kbt`gk hkcgt tbht w`jj `girchsc tbc mcgs`ty al icocgt suspcgs`ags.
 Nhscm ag tbc rcsujts al hghjys`s al icocgt suspcgs` mcgs`ty tcst`gk tbc
 sohjj mcgs`ty pr`ic ihg rcmuic bymrastht`i prcssurc sa tbht `t ihg prcvcgt
 laroht`ag mhohkc. Bawcvcr, `l tbc icocgt mcgs`ty `s taa jhrkc, tbc
laroht`ag ihggat nchr tbc prcssurc al icocgt suspcgs`, tbcg tbc laroht`ag
w`jj nrche hgm jast i`riujht`ag w`jj aiiur. ]bcrclarc, `t `s gcicsshry ta
iagtraj mcgs`ty us`gk hmm`t`vcs ar ibco`ihjs Dhg`s cxtcgmcrs, ohtcr`hjs
suib hs pazzajhg hgm hmm`t`ag al ijhy ta rcmuic mcgs`ty hgm ta `girchsc
mcgs`ty ihg nc uscm hs hg

hmm`t`vc typc al wc`kbt`gk hkcgt suib hs nhr`tc.

8.0  Ecs`opujhg
Ncrmhshrehg phmh pcrianhhg yhgk tcjhb m`jheuehg oheh mhpht
m`s`opujehg4

8.   Vconuhthg suspcgs` scocg mhg icthehg scocg `g` m` pcrjuehg

mhjho
ocgcgtuehg sbchr nagm mhg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb 
>.  Vconuhthg suspcgs` scocg mhg icthehg scocg yhgk nh`e hehg
shgkht ocgmueugk g`jh` sbchr nagm mhg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb 
 8;

9.   Mhr` pcrianhhg, t`pc hmm`t`vc cxtcgmcr mhg wc`kbt`gk hkcgt

hehg ocopcrncshr g`jh` mcgs`ths mhg ocgurugehg mcgs`ths
=.  Mhjho pcrianhhg ocoheh` hmm`t`vc cxtcgmcr (ncgtag`tc)

3.  Mcgs`ths scocg ncreh`thg crht mcgkhg ψb, yhgk ohgh pcrnhgm`gkhg

jurus, oheh mhr` `tu pcrju ocgkcgmhj`ehg ncshr eci`j gyh mcgs`ths
<.  Hphn`jh mcgs`ths tcrjhju ncshr oheh tcrdhm`gyh larohs` pcihb hthu
jast i`riujht`ag. 
;.  Mhr` bhs`j jhphgkhg mcgs`ths suspcgs` scocg 8=.8 ppk mhg tcar`
8=.38 ppk
2.  Bhs`j tcar` mhg jhparhg, m`ohgh scbhrusgyh m`thonhb hmm`t`vc
 ncgtag`tc scbhrusgyh g`jh` ocgurug(eci`j) tcthp` ecgyhthhggyh
g`jh`gyh ocg`gkeht
 VC^IANHHG @@
(CRVC^@ OC G] @ @ )

VCGKSD@HG ^BCAJAKP YSYVCGY@

YCOCG (CRHO@ GH]@ AG AL ICOC G]Y YSYCGY@ AG ^B
C AJAKP)

>.8  ]uduhg Vcrianhhg

8.   Ocgcgtuehg pjhst`i v`sias`ty mhg y`cjm pa`gt scocg pconarhg

mcgkhg ocgkkughehg lhgg vk octcr.

>.  Ocohbho` rbcajaky scocg pconarhg

9.   Ocgkcthbu` clce pcghonhbhg zht hmm`t`vc tcrbhmhp rbcajaky 

suspcgs` scocg.

>.>  ]car` Mhshr

Vcgkud`hg rbcajak` suspcgs` scocg m`jheuehg ugtue ocgkb`tugk
b`mraj`eh apcrhs` pcgycocghg. Vcgkkughhg mhr` bunugkhg yhgk tcpht phmh
 pcre`rhhg ecb`jhgkhg tcehghg he`nht lr`es` mhg s`lht-s`lht hj`rhg suspcgs`
scocg shgkht tcrkhgtugk mhr` ncshrhg pcgkueurhg phrhoctcr rbcajak` m`
jhnarhtar`uo. 
Hmh muh t`pc hjht yhgk m`kughehg phmh pcgkueurhg rbcajak` suspcgs`
scocg, yh`tu Ihp`jjhry V`pc ^bcaoctcrs mhg Iahx`hj Iyj`gmcr
^atht`aghj
\`siaoctcr. Phgk scr`gk m`kughehg phmh pcgkueurhg rbcajak`
m`jhnarhtar`uo hmhjhb  ^atht`aghj \`siaoctcr hthu yhgk jcn`b
m`ecghj mcgkhg
^bcaoctcr/Lhgg \K octcr.
\`seas`ths mhg Kcj strcgktb ocruphehg nhk`hg paeae mhjho s`lht ’ s`lht
rbcajak` lju`mh pconarhg. Phgk m`ohesum mcgkhg lju`mh gag-gcwtag`hg
hmhjhb lju`mh yhgk ocopugyh` v`sies`ths t`mhe eagsthg, ehrcgh tcrkhgtugk
82 
 80

mhr` ncshrhg kcscrhg (sbchr rhtc) yhgk tcrdhm`. Ncrncmh mcgkhg

lju`mh gcwtag`hg yhgk ocopugyh` v`seas`ths eagsthg, lju`mh gag-
gcwtag`hg ocopcrj`bhtehg suhtu y`cjm strcss mcgkhg duojhb tcrtcgtu mhr`
thbhghg mhjho

yhgk bhrus m`ncr`ehg hkhr lju`mh mhpht ocgkhj`r scjurubgyh.

\`seas`ths pjhst`e (pjhst`i v`sias`ty) scr`gkehj` m`khonhr scnhkh` nhk`hg
mhr` rcs`sthgs` ugtue ocgkhj`r yhgk m`scnhnehg ajcb lr`es` ocehg`e.
P`cjm pa`gt hmhjhb nhk`hg mhr` rcs`sthgs` ugtue ocgkhj`r yhgk
m`pcgkhrub` ajcb khyh thr`e-ocghr`e hgthr phrt`ecj. Khyh thr`e ocghr`e `g`
m`scnhnehg ajcb ouhthg-ouhthg phmh pcrouehhn phrt`ecj yhgk m`spcrs`
mhjho lhsh lju`mh. Kcj strcgktb mhg  y`cjm pa`gt ecmuhgyh ocruphehg
ueurhg khyh thr`e- ocghr`e. Ncmhgyh  kcj strcgktb ocruphehg ueurhg khyh
thr`e-ocghr`e yhgk
stht`s scmhgkehg y`cjm pa`gt ocruphehg khyh thr`e-ocghr`e yhgk m`gho`s.

Mhjho apcrhs` pcgycocghg scncghrgyh yhgk m`ohesum mcgkhg

eags`stcgs` (iags`stcgiy) hmhjhb v`seas`ths, bhgyh mhjho pcgkueurhg tcrmhpht
scm`e`t pcrncmhhg pr`gs`p. Ycb`gkkh pcgkkughhg eags`stcgs` `g` mhpht m`pheh`
ugtue oconcmhehg v`seas`ths phmh apcrhs` pconarhg (juopur pconarhg).
\`seas`ths hmhjhb thbhghg lju`mh tcrbhmhp hj`rhg hthu kcrhehg.
\`seas`ths scocg m`ueur mcgkhg lhgg vk octcr (oujt` spccm ratht`aghj ).
Ycpcrt` phmh Ytarocr, phmh hjht `g` m`kughehg muh s`j`gmcr, tcthp` puthrhg
s`j`gmcr tcrscnut m`jheuehg ajcb ocs`g  sygibagaus yhgk mhpht m`htur
duojhb puthrhg
 pcrocg`tgyh (rpo) yh`tu 9, <, 966 mhg <66 rpo mhg tarquc yhgk pcrju ugtue

 puthrhg tcrscnut mhpht m`nhih phmh m`hj. Mcgkhg hjht `g` (yhgk
tcjhb m`sthgmhrm`shs` ueurhggyh), oheh bhs`j pcgkurhgkhg tarquc hgthrh
ueurhg
<66 rpo mhg 966 rpo ocruphehg  pjhst`i v`sias`ty scocg mhjho shtuho
ip (icgt`pa`sc) scmhgkehg bhs`j pconhihhg tarquc  phmh 966 rpo
m`eurhgk` mcgkhg pjhst`i v`sias`ty ocruphehg y`cjm pa`gt scocg mhjho

shtuhg jn/866 lt >

. Octamc pcgkueurhg v`seas`ths mhg y`cjm pa`gt mcgkhg hjht `g` m`scnut octamc
‒> t`t`e‐. 
 80
Vjhst`i \`sias`ty (κ p) ?
I<66  ’  I966 P`cjm pa`gt (PV) ?
I966   ’  κ p M`ohgh 4 κ p  ? pjhst`i
v`sias`ty, ip
 >6

Pp ? y`cjm pa`gt,  jn/866 lt>

I<66 ? m`hj rchm`gk phmh <66 rpo
I966 ? m`hj rchm`gk 966 rpo

\`seas`ths yhgk tcrjhju t`gkk` hehg ocgycnhnehg 4

h.  Vcgctrht`ag rhtc turug

n.  Vrcssurc jast t`gkk` ehrcgh tcrjhju nhgyhegyh kcscehg Vrcssurc surkc

yhgk ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg jass i`riujht`ag mhg  swhnn`gk
 ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg tcrdhm`gyh njaw aut .
i.  Yuehr ocjcphsehg khs mhg iutt`gk mhr` juopur shht m`pcrouehhg
Ycmhgkehg v`seas`ths yhgk tcrjhju rcgmhb ocgycnhnehg 4
h.  Vcgkhgkehthg iutt`gk t`mhe ohes`ohj
 n.  Ohtcr`hj ’ ohtcr`hj pconcrht juopur tcrcgmhpehg

Kcj strcgktb hmhjhb pconcgtuehg phmhthg ehrcgh khyh thr`e ’  ocghr`e

hgthrh pjht-pjht ijhy  d`eh m`m`hoehg mhg `g` nuehg s`lht mhjho hj`rhg tcthp`
mhjho echmhhg stht`s m`ohgh ijhy mhpht ocgkhtur m`r`. Oheh mcgkhg
 ncrthonhbgyh whetu (yhgk tcrnhths) oheh hehg ncrthonhb pujh kcj
strcgktb. Kcj strcgktb  dhgkhg m`ehihuehg mcgkhg  y`cjm pa`gt (o`g`ouo
sbchr strcss yhgk bhrus m`jhophu` scncjuo hmh kcscrhg) whjhupug y`cjm
pa`gt yhgk t`gkk`
 ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg  kcj strcgktb yhgk t`gkk` . Y`lht  y`cjm pa`gt
hmhjhb m`gho`s (hmh hj`rhg hthu kcrhe) scmhgk s`lht kcj strcgktb hmhjhb stht`s
(the hmh kcrhehg hthu m`ho ). Ycpcrt` hph yhgk tcjhb mhpht m`mukh
scncjuogyh, phmh

uouogyh v`seas`ths yhgk t`gkk` ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg strcgktb yhgk t`gkk`

 pujh, bhj `g` m`ehrcghehg ajcb s`lht v`seas`ths ohupug  kcj strcgktb yhgk
 ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg s`lht thr`e- ocghr`e hgthr pjht ’   pjht phmh ijhy.

>.9  Hjht mhg Nhbhg

8.  Hjht
>.  ]`onhgkhg 
9.  O`xcr  

=.  Lhgg vk octcr  

 >8

3.  Kcjhs ueur  

<.  Ytap whtib 

;.  Nhbhg
8.   Ycocg Vartjhgm  
>. 

H`r  9.  Ncgt
ag`tc 

]`onhgkhg m`k`thj Lhgg \K octcr

Icocgt O`xcr Kcjhs ueur

Khonhr >.8 Vcrhjhthg Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg ^bcajaky

Yuspcgs` Ycocg
 >>

>.=  Vrascmur Vcrianhhg

8.   Ocgk`s` ncdhgh mcgkhg suspcgs` scocg yhgk tcjhb m`s`hpehg shoph`
nhths
yhgk tcjhb m`tcgtuehg. 

>.  Ocjctheehg ncdhgh phmh tcophtgyh, ocgkhtur sehjh ecmumuehg

scmco`e`hg ruph scb`gkkh ratar mhg nan tcricjup ecmhjho scocg ocgurut
 nhths yhgk tcjhb m`tcgtuehg. 
9.   Ocgkkcrheehg ratar phmh pas`s` b`kb mhg ocgcophtehg ecicphthg ratar
 phmh ecmumuehg <66 rpo. Vcouthrhg tcrus m`jheuehg scb`gkkh
ecmumuehg sehjh (m`hj)  ocgihph` ecsc`onhgkhg. Ocgihtht bhrkh
yhgk tcjhb m`tugdueehg sehjh scnhkh` pconhihhg <66 rpo. 
=.  Ocgurugehg ecicphthg ocgdhm` 966 rpo mhg ocgihtht sehjh scnhkh`
 pconhihhg 966 rpo.

3.   Ocgkb`tugk ncshrgyh  pjhst`i v`sias`ty mhg  y`cjm pa`gt mcgkhg

ocgkkughehg pcrshohhg 4 
(κ p) ?

I<66 ’  I966 (PV)

? I966  ’  κ p
M`ohgh 4
κ p  ? pjhst`i v`sias`ty, ip
Pp ? y`cjm pa`gt,  jn/866
>
lt

I<66  ? m`hj rchm`gk phmh <66 rpo

I966  ? m`hj rchm`gk 966 rpo 

>.3  Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg

]hncj >. 8 Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg Vcgkud`hg ^bcajaky Yuspcgs` Ycocg

κp 
Nhbhg I<66  I966  (ip) Pp
IOI 29 <> >8 =8 

Ncgtag`tc 28 90 => -9
 >9

>.<  Vcrb`tugkhg
M`ecthbu` 4
Ncrht scocg ? 936 kr

Ncrht hmm`t`vc Ncgtag`tc mhg IOI ? <

kr IOI
8.  I<66 ? 29
>.  I966 ? <>
 Ncgtag`tc
8.  I<66 ? 28
>.  I966 ? 90
Ycocg Ythgmhr
8.  I<66 ? 29

>.  I966 ? <>

M`thgyh 4 κp ( pjhst`i v`sias`ty) mhg Pp ( y`cjm pa`gt) 

Dhwhnhg
4
H.  Ycocg Ythgmhr
8)  κp ( pjhst`i
v`sias`ty) κp ?
I<66 - I966
? 93 - 83

? >6 ip

>)  Pp ( y`cjm
pa`gt) Pp ?

I966   ’  κp 

? 83 ’  >6
>
? -3 jn/866lt  

N.  IOI
8)   κp ( pjhst`i
v`sias`ty) κp ?
I<66 - I966
 >=

? 29- <>
? >8 ip

>)  Pp ( y`cjm
pa`gt) Pp ?
I966   ’  κp 
? <> - >8
>
? =8 jn/866lt  

I.   Ncgtag`tc
8)  κp ( pjhst`i
v`sias`ty) κp ? I<66
- I966
? 28- 90
? => ip 

>)  Pp ( y`cjm
pa`gt) Pp ?

I966   ’  κp 

? 90 ’  =>
>
? -9 jn/866lt  

>.;  Vconhbhshg

 ^bcajaky suspcgs` scocg hmhjhb pcgycj`m`ehg ocgkcgh` hj`rhg

lju`mh scrth pconcgtuehg lju`mh, bhj `g` hehg ocgugduehg bunugkhg
hgthrh jhdu
hj`rhg rhth- rhth( sbchr strcss)/( sbchr rhtc) mcgkhg tcehghg hj`rhg sbchr strcss.

(‚hmm`t`vc yhgk hmh phmh suspcgs` scocg‟

Hgwhr shputrh,Hihmco`h.ug`vcrs`ths Yr`w`dhyh, >68;).

Y`lht-s`lht rbcajaky lju`mh pconarhg yh`tu \`seas`ths mhg Kcj Ytrcgktb.

\`seas`ths ocruphehg ececgthjhg suhtu lju`mh tcrbhmhp hj`rhg, scmhgkehg
Kcj Ytrcgktb shoh mcgkhg P`cjm Va`gt ocruphehg khyh thr`e ocghr`e
hgthrh
 >=
 phrt`ecj, ncmhgyh Kcj Ytrcgktb mhjho echmhhg stht`s mhg P`cjm pa`gt

mhjho echmhhg m`gho`s. Mhjho apcrhs` pcgycocghg, ncshr hthu eci`jgyh

v`seas`ths
 >3

bhrus e`th pcrbht`ehg ehrcgh v`seas`ths ncrbunugkhg jhgksugk mcgkhg

ecohopuhg h`r suspcgs` scocg. Ncshr eci`jgyh bhrkh v`seas`ths `g`
 ncrbunugkhg mcgkhg pcre`rhhg ncshrgyh ecb`jhgkhg tcehghg he`nht lr`es`
mhg

s`lht s`lht hj`rhg suspcgs` scocg yhgk ncreh`thg pujh mcgkhg apcrhs`
 pcgycocghg `tu scgm`r`.
Ycb`gkkh ncshr eci`jgyh bhrkh v`seas`ths mhpht e`th htur mcgkhg
 pcghonhbhg zht hmm`t`vc , mhjho pcrianhhg `g` ocgkkughehg zht
hmm`t`vc yh`tu  Ncgtag`tc mhg IOI scnhgyhe < kr. Lugks` mhr` zht
hmm`t`vc tcrscnut shgkht ncrncmh m`ohgh lugks` pcghonhbhg zht hmm`t`vc
Ncgtag`tc ocruphehg
 dcg`s zht hmm`t`vc Cxtcgmcr ocgkurhgk` mcgs`ths, mhg  Hiicjhrhtar
ocopcricpht pcgkcrhshg. Ycmhgkehg IOI ocruphehg dcg`s zht hmm`t`vc
 ^cthrmcr ocopcrjhonht prascs pcgkcrhshg mhg [c`kbt`gk Hkcgt ocghonhb

mcgs`ths. Vcrncmhhg Ncgtag`tc mhg IOI yhgk jh`ggyh yh`tu

ncgtag`tc ncrs`lht ocgycrhp h`r scmhgkehg IOI ocgk`eht h`r hthu
ncrs`lht Kcj mcgkhg ocg`gkehtehg \`seas`ths.
 Hmm`t`vc yhgk iaiae ugtue suour mhjho (m`hths <666 lt) yh`tu
dcg`s hmm`t`vc ^cthrmcr yhgk tcrohsue ecmhjho rcthrmcr hmhjhb IOI
yhgk tcjhb m`kughehg mhjho pcrianhhg `g`. Hjhshg ocgkhph pcgkkughhg
dcg`s hmm`t`vc
 ^cthrmcr ehrcgh mhr` sck` s`lhtgyh rcthrmcr ocopcrjhonht prascs
pcgkcrhshg suspcgs` scocg, scb`gkkh suspcgs` scocg ocopugyh` whetu
yhgk iueup ugtue ocgihph` ecmhjhohg thrkct yhgk m``gk`gehg,
^cthrmcr scjh`g

m`kughehg ugtue pcgycocghg phmh suour-suour yhgk mhjho, dukh n`sh

m`kughehg ugtue suour yhgk ncrtcopcrhtur t`gkk` hthu ugtue eajao
 pcgycocghg yhgk phgdhgk.
Vhmh pcrianhhg `g` ocgkkughehg hjht Lhg \k Octcr, bhs`j
pcrianhhg mcgkhg hjht tcrscnut m`prajcb bhrkh I<66 ? 29, I966 ? <>
phmh hmm`t`vc IOI. Ycmhgkehg bhrkh I<66 ? 28, I966 ? 90 Vhmh
hmm`t`vc Ncgtag`tc. Ycb`gkkh mhr` bhs`j pcrianhhg tcrscnut mhpht m`b`tugk
bhrkh ³p IOI yh`tu
>8 Ip mhg Pp IOI yh`tu =8 jn/866 lt> ugtue g`jh` ncgtag`tc ³p yh`tu => ip
 >3
mhg yp Ncgtag`tc yh`tu -9 jn/ 866 lt> .
 ><

Vhmh pconhihhg sehjh sc`onhgk IOI + hmm`t`vc ? 26

echths scmhgkehg  Ncgtag`tc + hmm`t`vc ? 36 ecnhwhb, tcthp` phmh
pcrianhhg `g`
 pcgkughhg  Ncgtag`tc + hmm`t`vc (I<66) m`hths 26. Ycb`gkkh mhpht

m`s`opujehg tcrdhm` ecshjhbhg hjht, o`es yhgk eurhgk jhoh yh`tu phmh shht
ocjcthehg Ncdhgh n`sh dhm` scocg tcrnhgk/tcrbhonur.

  >.2  M`siuss`ag
Icocgt ^bcajaky `s hg `gvcst`kht`ag al lju`m ljaw hgm lju`m
laroht`ag, tb`s w`jj sbaw tbc rcjht`agsb`p nctwccg tbc sbchr strcss / sbchr
rhtc hgm tbc
 sbchr strcss ljaw prcssurc. (‚hmm`t`vc yhgk hmh phmh suspcgs` scocg‟ Hgwhr
 shputrh,Hihmco`h.ug`vcrs`ths Yr`w`dhyh, >68;).
]bc prapcrt`cs al mr`jj`gk lju`m rbcajaky hrc \`sias`ty hgm Kcj Ytrcgktb.
\`sias`ty `s tbc tb`iegcss al h lju`m w`tb rcspcit ta ljaw, wb`jc Kcj Ytrcgktb
`s tbc shoc hs P`cjm Va`gt `s hg httrhit`vc laric nctwccg phrt`ijcs, tbc
m`llcrcgic nctwccg Kcj Ytrcgktb `g h stht`i sthtc hgm P`cjm pa`gt `g h
mygho`i sthtc. @g icocgt`gk apcrht`ags, wc oust phy httcgt`ag ta tbc n`k ar
sohjj v`sias`ty ncihusc v`sias`ty `s m`rcitjy rcjhtcm ta tbc hn`j`ty al icocgt
whtcr suspcgs`.
]bc s`zc al tbc pr`ic al v`sias`ty `s rcjhtcm ta tbc cst`oht`ag al tbc hoaugt al
 prcssurc jass muc ta lr`it`ag hgm tbc ghturc al tbc ljaw al icocgt suspcgs`
wb`ib `s hjsa rcjhtcm ta tbc icocgt`gk apcrht`ag `t scjl.
Ya tbht tbc s`zc al tbc v`sias`ty pr`ic ihg nc hmdustcm ny hmm`gk
hmm`t`vcs,
`g tb`s cxpcr`ocgt us`gk < krhos al hmm`t`vc, Ncgtag`tc hgm IOI. ]bc
 lugit`ag al tbcsc hmm`t`vc sunsthgics `s vcry m`llcrcgt wbcrc tbc lugit`ag
al hmm`gk Ncgtag`tc hmm`t`vcs `s h typc al hmm`t`vc Cxtcgmcr wb`ib
rcmuics mcgs`ty, hgm tbc hiicjcrhtar hiicjcrhtcs bhrmcg`gk. [bcrchs IOI
`s h typc al ^cthrmcr hmm`t`vc wb`ib sjaws mawg tbc bhrmcg`gk praicss
hgm tbc [c`kbt`gk Hkcgt hmms mcgs`ty. ]bc atbcr m`llcrcgic nctwccg
Ncgtag`tc hgm IOI `s ncgtag`tc wb`ib hnsarns whtcr wb`jc IOI n`gms
whtcr ar `s kcj ny
`girchs`gk v`sias`ty.
 ><
 Hmm`t`vcs tbht hrc su`thnjc lar mccp wcjjs (hnavc <666 lt), wb`ib hrc
typcs al ^cthrmcr hmm`t`vcs `gijumcm `g tbc rcthrmcr hrc IOI tbht bhvc nccg
uscm
 >;

`g tb`s cxpcr`ocgt. ]bc rchsag lar us`gk tb`s typc al ^cthrmcr hmm`t`vc
`s ncihusc `g tcros al `ts rcthrmcr ghturc sjaws mawg tbc icocgt suspcgs`
bhrmcg`gk praicss, sa tbht icocgt suspcgs` bhs cgaukb t`oc ta rchib tbc

mcs`rcm thrkct mcptb, ncs`mcs nc`gk uscm lar icocgt`gk mccp wcjjs, `t ihg
hjsa nc uscm lar tcopcrhturc wcjjs. bc`kbt ar lar jagk icocgt`gk iajuogs.
 @g tb`s cxpcr`ocgt us`gk h \k Octcr Lhg mcv`ic, tbc rcsujts
al cxpcr`ocgts w`tb tbcsc mcv`ics wcrc anth`gcm ht tbc pr`ic al I<66 ? 29,
I966
? <> ag IOI hmm`t`vcs. [b`jc tbc pr`ic al I<66 ? 28, I966 ? 90 ag
 Ncgtag`tc hmm`t`vcs. Ya tbht lrao tbc rcsujts al tbcsc cxpcr`ocgts ihg nc
ihjiujhtcm tbc pr`ic al ³p IOI wb`ib `s >8 Ip hgm Pp IOI wb`ib `s =8 jn
/ 866 lt> lar ncgtag`tc ³p vhjucs al => ip hgm yp Ncgtag`tc tbht `s -9 jn /
866
 lt>.

Ag h nhjhgicm sihjc rchm`gk IOI + hmm`t`vc ? 26 hgm hnavc wb`jc

 Ncgtag`tc + hmm`t`vc ? 36 mawg, nut `g tb`s cxpcr`ocgt tbc usc al
Ncgtag`tc + hmm`t`vc (I<66) hnavc 26. Ya tbht `t ihg nc iagijumcm tbht

tbcrc `s h taaj crrar, tbc o`x hrc jcss icocgt ljy / sihttcrcm. 

>.0  Ecs`opujhg
Hmhpug ncncrhph ecs`opujhg mhjho pcrianhhg `g` yh`tu 4
8.  Hpj`ehs` m` jhphgkhg pcrianhhg `g` hmhjhb ugtue ocgkb`tugk b`mrhuj`eh
 pcgycocghg yhgk shgkht ocgcgtuehg mhjho pcre`rhhg
ecb`jhgkhg tcehghg he`nht lr`es` mhg s`lht-s`lht hj`rhg yhgk ocgcgtuehg
ecncrbhs`jhg apcrhs` pcgycocghg.

>.  Nhgyhegyh hmm`t`vc yhgk m`kughehg ncrpcgkhrub tcrbhmhp ncshrgyh

 pcrunhbhg bhrkh v`sias`ths.
9.  Vcghonhbhg zht hmm`t`vc Ncgtag`tc ocopcricpht pcgkcrhshg,
scmhgkehg IOI ocopcrjhonht pcgkcrhshg.
=.   Tht hmm`t`vc ^cthrmcr m`kughehg ugtue suour mhjho.
3.   Bhs`j pconhihhg sehjh Lhg \k Octcr
IOI I<66 ? 29 , I966 ? <>
Ncgtag`tc I<66 ? 28 , I966 90
 >2

Ncrmhshrehg bhs`j pcrb`tugkhg m`prajcb 4

h.  IOI ( ³p IOI yh`tu >8 Ip mhg Pp IOI yh`tu =8 jn/866 lt>)
 n.  Ncgtag`tc ( ³p yh`tu => ip mhg yp Ncgtag`tc yh`tu -9 jn/ 866 lt> )
 VC^IANHHG @@@
(CRVC^@ OC G] @ @ @ )

VCGKSD@HG ]B@ IEC G@ GK ]@ OC , @ G@]@ HJ & L @ GHJ

 YC ]]@ GK ]@ OC YSYVCGY@ YCOCG
(CRHO@ GH]@ AG AL IC OC G]Y YSYVCGY@ AG ]B@ IEC G@ GK
]@ OC HGM CRHO@ GH]@ AG AL @ G@]@ HJ & L @ GHJ YC]]@ GK
]@ OC)

9.8   ]uduhg Vcrianhhg

8.   Ocgcgtuehg tb`iecg`gk t`oc mhr` suhtu suspcgs` scocg
mcgkhg ocgkkughehg hjht
htoaspbcr`i iags`staoctcr. 
>.  Ocgkcthbu` clce pcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc tcrbhmhp tb`iecg`gk t`oc suhtu
suspcgs` scocg
9.   Ocgcgtuehg `g`t`hj mhg l`ghj sctt`gk t`oc mcgkhg ocgkkughehg hjht \`iht
 Hpphrhtus 

9.>  ]car` Mhshr

]b`iecg`gk t`oc m`mcl`g`s`ehg scnhkh` whetu yhgk m`pcrjuehg suspcgs`
scocg ugtue ocgihph` eags`stcgs` scncshr 866 SI (Sg`t al
Iags`stcgiy).

Eags`stcgs` scncshr 866 SI ocruphehg nhthshg nhk` suspcgs` scocg

hkhr ohs`b mhpht m`paoph, scnhn n`jh jcn`b mhr` `tu scocg hehg ncrncgtue ‒
iarg‐ 
scb`gkkh suj`t ugtue m`paoph mhg n`jh m`pheshehg oheh hehg ocrushe
paoph scocg. Mhjho pcgycocghg yhgk m`ohesum eags`stcgs` hmhjhb
v`seas`ths, bhgyh mhjho pcgkueurhggyh hmh scm`e`t pcrncmhhg
pr`gs`p. Ycb`gkkh
 pcgkkughhg eags`stcgs` mhpht m`pheh` ugtue oconcmhehg v`seas`ths
phmh apcrhs` pcgycocghg mcgkhg apcrhs` pconarhg (juopur pconarhg).
]b`iecg`gk t`oc suspcgs` scocg shgkht pcgt`gk ugtue m`ecthbu`.
Ehrcgh whetu pcoaophhg yhgk hehg m`jheuehg bhrus jcn`b eci`j mhr`
 tb`iecg`gk

t`oc, scnhn n`jh jcn`b ncshr mhr` tb`iecg`gk t`oc oheh suspcgs` scocg hehg

>0 
 96

ocgkcrhs tcrjcn`b mhbuju scncjuo scjurub suspcgs` scocg ocgihph` thrkct

yhgk tcjhb m`tcgtuehg. Mhg hphn`jh suspcgs` scocg ocgkcrhs m`mhjho
ihs`gk , bhj `g` ocruphehg ecdhm`hg yhgk shgkht lhthj mhjho apcrhs`
pcgycocghg.

Vcgkcrhshg dukh tcrkhgtugk phmh tcopcrhtur ecmhjhohg suour yhgk

hehg m`jheuehg pcgycocghg.
Sgtue suour yhgk mhjho mhg eajao yhgk phgdhgk m`pcrjuehg whetu
 pcoaophhg yhgk jhoh, scb`gkkh tb`iecg`gk t`oc bhrus jcn`b jhoh. Sgtue
ocopcrphgdhgk hthu ocopcrjhonht tb`iecg`gk t`oc  pcrju
m`thonhbehg rcthrmcr ecmhjho suspcgs` scocg
scpcrt` Ihji`uo J`kgasujlaght, Ihrnaxyoctbyj Bymraxyctbyj
Icjjujasc mhg scgyhwh-scgyhwh hsho arkhg`e. Vhmh suour-
suour yhgk mhgkehj m`pcrjuehg tb`iecg`gk t`oc yhgk t`mhe tcrjhju jhoh,
ehrcgh scjh`g thrkct yhgk hehg m`ihph` t`mhe tcrjhju dhub dukh

ugtue ocopcrs`gkeht whetu. Sgtue ocopcrs`gkeht tb`iecg`gk t`oc mhpht

m`thonhbehg hiicjcrhtar ecmhjho suspcgs` scocg. Phgk tcrohsue ecmhjho
hiicjcrhtar hmhjhb Ihji`uo Ibjar`mh, Yam`uo Ibjar`mh,  kypsuo,
Yam`uo Y`j`eht , h`r jhut mhg hmm`t`vc yhgk tcrkajagk m`spcrshgt .
Ncr`eut `g` hmhjhb ncncrhph ohiho mhr` hmm`t`vc yhgk ncrpcgkhrub
tcrbhmhp tb`iecg`gk t`oc4

h.   Hiicjcrhtar hmhjhb hmm`t`vc yhgk mhpht ocopcricpht prascs

tb`iecg`gk t`oc. Iagtab hmm`t`vc, hgthrh jh`g4
8)   Ihji`uo Ibjar`mh, uouogyh pcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc `g` hgthrh >-

=% ecmhjho suspcgs` scocg, pcgkhrubgyh mhpht ocopcricpht

tb`iecg`gk t`oc mhg ocgh`eehg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb 
>)  Yam`uo Ibjar`mh mhg GhIj, mcgkhg ehmhr shoph` 86% N[AO[

 ncrcjheu scnhkh` hiicjcrhtar 

9)   Kypsuo

=)  Y`j`eh

 n.   ^cthrmcr hmhjhb hmm`t`vc yhgk mhpht ocopcrjhonht prascs

 pcgkcrhshg suspcgs` scocg, scb`gkkh suspcgs` scocg ocopugyh`

whetu yhgk iueup ugtue ocgihph` ecmhjhohg yhgk m``gk`gehg.

 98

Iagtab hmm`t`vc hgthrh jh`g4

8)   J`kgasujlaght,  clcet`l m`ihopurehg ecmhjho suspcgs`
scocg mcgkhg ehmhr 6,8-6,83% N[AI.  J`kgasujlaght tcthp
clcet`l

shoph` tcopcrhtur 8>8 ´I mhg n`jh m`thonhbehg Yam`uo Nhr`tc

oheh hehg mhpht ncrthbhg scnhkh` rcthrmcr b`gkkh tcopcrhtur 983
a
I.
>)  IOBCI (Ihrnaxyoctbyj Bymraxyoctbyj Icjjujasc), ocruphehg

 paj`shehr`mh yhgk tcrncgtue mhr` ehyu mhg tcthp sthn`j b`gkkh

tcopcrhtur 8>8 aI dukh n`jh tcrmhpht hjehj` phmh suspcgs` scocg.
Vcrcgihghhg ncshrgyh tb`iecg`gk t`oc tcrkhgtugk phmh ecmhjhohg
suour mhg whetu ugtue ocgihph` mhcrhb thrkct yhgk hehg m`scocg.
M`jhnarhtar`uo,
 pcgkueurhg tb`iecg`gk t`oc ocgkkughehg hjht B`kb Vrcssurc  B`kb

]copcrhturc (BVB]) m`s`oujhs`ehg phmh eagm`s` tcopcrhtur shoph` >>6 aL,

NB] 366 aL mhg tcehghg s`reujhs` >366 ps`. ]b`iecg`gk t`oc suspcgs` scocg
m`nhih hphn`jh phmh hjht tcs tcjhb ocgugdueehg 866 SI ugtue sthgmhr HV@,
ghoug hmh pcrushbhhg jh`g yhgk ocgkkughehg hgkeh ;6 SI (scpcrt` phmh
Bumnhy) mcgkhg pcrt`onhgkhg lhetar ecscjhohthg, ecoum`hg m`cestrhpajhs`
ec 866 SI.
Vcrb`tugkhg eags`stcgs` suspcgs` scocg m`jhnarhtar`uo `g`
m`jheuehg mcgkhg ocgk`s` shopcj ecmhjho s`j`gmcr, jhju m`puthr eagsthg
phmh 836 rpo ecoum`hg m`nhih bhrkh tars`gyh. Mhg bhrkh eags`stcgs`
suspcgs` scocg mhpht
m`b`tugk mcgkhg ocgkkughehg ruous 4
;2,>
 ? >6,6>  

9.9   Hjht mhg Nhbhg

9.9.8.  Hjht 4
8.   ]`onhgkhg 
>.  O`xcr  
9.   Htoaspbcr`i iags`staoctcr  

=.  Kcjhs ueur

 9>

3.  Ytap
whtib 9.9.> 
Nhbhg 4
8.   Ycocg Vartjhgm  

>.  H`r  9
.  GhIj 
=.  Krchsc 

]`onhg hg M` `thj Icocgt O`xcr

Kcjhs Seur

 Htoas bcr`i Iags`staoctcr \`iht Hhrhtus

Khonhr 9. 8 Hjht Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg ]b`iecg`gk t`oc, @g`t`hj mhg

Yctt`gk ]`oc Yuspcgs` Ycocg 
 99

9. =  Vrascmur Vcrianhhg
H.  Vcgkud`hg ]b`iecg`gk t`oc 
8.   Oconuht suspcgs` scocg mcgkhg eaopas`s` yhgk tcjhb m`tcgtuehg
yh`tu <66 krho scocg partjhgm,  >;< oj h`r mhg 3 krho GhIj.  
>.  Ocgy`hpehg pcrhjhthg mhg  stap whtib, scncjuo m`jheuehg pcgkud`hg
ocgkehj`nrhs` tcrjcn`b mhbuju pcrhjhthg yhgk hehg m`kughehg. 
9.   Ocgkb`mupehg  sw`tib ohstcr mhg sct tcopcrhtur phmh sehjh yhgk
m``gk`gehg. 
=.  Ocguhgkehg suspcgs` scocg ecmhjho  sjurry iagth`gcr
shoph` ect`gkk`hg yhgk m`tugdueehg ajcb khr`s nhths. 
3.  Vhmmcj yhgk tcjhb m`jhp`s`  krchsc m`phshgk phmh j`m ,
ecoum`hg ocohshgk j`m yhgk tcjhb tcrphshgk phmmcj phmh sjurry
iagth`gcr mhg m`ohsueehg ecmhjho htoaspbcr`i iags`staoctcr. 
<.  Ocgkb`mupehg oatar mhg stap whtib mhg nhih sehjh pcgugdue mhjho
3 ocg`t scjhoh 36 ocg`t, ocgihtht sehjh phmh 36 ocg`t.

N.  Vcgkud`hg `g`t`hj mhg l`ghj sctt`gk t`oc 

8.  Oconuht suspcgs` scocg mcgkhg eaopas`s` yhgk tcjhb

m`tcgtuehg yh`tu <66 krho partjhgm,  >;< oj h`r mhg 3 krho
GhIj.

>.  Ocgy`hpehg \`iht Hpphrhtus mhg stap whtib scncjuo ocjheuehg

 pcgkud`hg.
9.  Ajcsehg krchsc phmh m`gm`gk nhk`hg mhjho r`gk oaujm 

=.  Vhmh nhk`hg nhwhb r`gk oaujm ocjctheehg ehih scnhkh` hjhs hkhr
 sjurry t`mhe tcrtuophb.

3.  @s` r`gk oaujm mcgkhg sjurry mhg tutup.

<.  Ohsueehg ecmhjho whtcr nhtb scsuh` mcgkhg

tcopcrhtur mhr` jhphgkhg.

;.  Yctcjhb ocgmceht` whetu tb`iecg`gk t`oc, honj sjurry mhr` whtcr

nhtb. 
 9=

2.  Jctheehg hjht (nhsc hgm r`gk oaujm)  phmh \`iht Hpphrhtus. Dhrhe
hgthrh dhruo mcgkhg m`gm`gk r`gk oaujm 8 oo

0.  D`eh dhruo sumhb tcrthgihp 3 oo, ncrhrt` sumhb m`pcrajcb `g`t`hj
 sctt`gk t`oc, ihtht whetu pcrajcbhg tcrscnut.

86. Nhj`eehg pas`s` r`gk oaujm phmh \`iht Hpphrhtus.

88. Dhtubehg econhj` dhruo phmh \`iht Hpphrhtus, d`eh sumhb tcrthgihp

8 oo, l`ghj sctt`gk t`oc tcjhb ncrbhs`j.

9.3  Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg

]hncj 9. 8 Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg ]b`iecg`gk t`oc

Ycocg  Hmm`t`vc ]b`iecg`gk t`oc

[hetu
Mhshrocgkkughehg GhIj
(ocg`t)
(SI)
<66 kr 3 kr GhIj 3  >; 
scocg + 86 96 
>;< oj h`r
83 93 

>6 92 

>3 =6 

96 =3 

93 =2 

=6 33 

=3 3< 

36 23 

Vcgkud`hg  @g`t`hj & l`ghj sctt`gk t`oc scjhoh 8 dho 6 ocg`t

m`mhphtehg mhth scnhkh` ncr`eut 4

h.  @g`t`hj sctt`gk t`oc 4 = oo

n.  L`ghj sctt`gk t`oc 4 = oo

 93

9.<  Vcrb`tugkhg
M`ecthbu` 4 ]copcrhturc ]b`iecg`gk ]`oc ? 8=6¶I
]copcrhturc @g`t`hj mhg L`ghj Yctt`gk ]`oc ? <6¶ I

M`thgyh 4 Eagvcrs` subu ec 4 ¶^, ¶L , E, ^hge`g 1

Dhwhnhg 4
H.  ]copcrhturc ]b`iecg`gk ]`oc 8) 

℀ ?  Û℉9> 
?  Û8=69> 
?>2=℀ 
>)  ¶ ?  Û ℉ 
?  Û8=6 
? 88> ¶ 
9)  ? ℉>; 9 
?8=69> 
? =89  
=)  ?℀=<6 
> 2   >;9
? ; ==   
N.  ]copcrhturc @g`t`hj mhg L`ghj Yctt`gk ]

`oc 8)  ℀ ?  Û℉9> 
?  Û<69> 
?8=6℀ 

>) 
¶ ?  Û ℉ 
 9<

?  Û8=6 
? =2 ¶ 
9)  ? ℉>; 9 
?<69> 
? 999  
=)  ?℀=<6 

?8=6>;9 
? <66  

9.;  Vconhbhshg
Vcrianhhg `g` e`th oconhbhs tcgthgk pcgkud`hg tb`iecg`gk t`oc,
`g`t`hj mhg  l`ghj sctt`gk t`oc suspcgs` scocg. Vcrianhhg tb`iecg`gk
t`oc `g` ocgkkughehg suspcgs` scocg yhgk tcrnuht mhr` <66 krho scocg
partjhgm, 
>;< oj h`r, mhg m`thonhb hmm`t`vc ; krho. Vcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc scgm`r`
 ncrtuduhg ugtue ocgkcthbu` clce pcghonhbhg gyh tcrbhmhp tb`iecg`gk t`oc
`tu scgm`r`. Yuspcgs` yhgk tcjhb tcrncgtue ecoum`hg m`ohsueehg ecmhjho
 sjurry iup mhg m`ohsueehg ecmhjho hjht htoaspbcr`i iags`staoctcr. 
Vcgkhohthg yhgk e`th jheuehg scjhoh 36 ocg`t.

]b`iecg`gk t`oc hmhjhb whetu yhgk m`pcrjuehg suspcgs` scocg

ugtue ocgihph` eags`stcgs` scncshr 866 SI (Sg`t Al Iags`stcgiy).
Eags`stcgs`
scncshr 866 SI ocruphehg nhthshg nhk` suspcgs` scocg ohs`b mhpht
m`paophehg jhk`, mhjho pcgycocghg, scncghrgyh yhgk m`ohesum
eags`stcgs` hmhjhb v`seas`ths, iuoh mhjho pcgkueurhggyh hmh pcrncmhhg
scm`e`t pr`gs`p scb`gkkh pcgkkughhg eags`stcgs` `g` mhpht m`pheh` ugtue
oconcmhehg v`seas`ths phmh apcrhs` pcgycocghg mcgkhg v`seas`ths
phmh apcrhs`
 pconarhg (juopur Vconarhg). 
Vhrhoctcr m`hths bhrus m`pcrb`tugkehg mcgkhg icroht hkhr t`mhe tcrdhm`
 9<
ehsus m`ohgh scocg sumhb ocgihph` 866 SI ect`eh prascs pcoaophhg
 9;

ohs`b ncrjhgksugk. Ycb`gkkh prascs pcoaophhg scocg mhpht tcrbcgt` mhg

 dukh bhrus m`p`e`rehg prascs pcgycocghg yhgk clcet`l mhg clcs`cg
m`ohgh e`th t`mhe ushb tcrjhju jhoh ocgugkku scocg ocgkcr`gk sctcjhb
prascs

 pcoaophhg ncrjhgksugk. Yhjhb shtu ihrh ugtue ocrunhb phrhoctcr

tb`iecg`gk t`oc hmhjhb mcgkhg pcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc tcrtcgtu ec mhjho
scocg. Sgtue ocopcricpht prascs pcgkcr`gkhg scocg mhpht ocgkkughehg
hmm`t`vc hiicjcrhtar.  Ycmhgkehg ugtue ocopcrjhonht prascs
pcgkcr`gkhg scocg mhpht mcgkhg ocgkkughehg hmm`t`vc rcthrmcr. 
 @g`t`hj mhg l`ghj t`oc bhop`r shoh mcgkhg tb`iecg`gk t`oc yh`tu
whetu yhgk m`pcrjuehg suspcgs` scocg ugtue ocgkcrhs. Bhgyh shdh hmh
lhetar tcopcrhtur yhgk turut ocgcgtuehg. Ycpcrt` yhgk tcjhb e`th ecthbu`
scohe`g mhjho thrkct pcgycocghg oheh tcopcrhtur hehg scohe`g
t`gkk` pujh, tcopcrhtur yhgk t`gkk` hehg ocopcricpht prascs pcgkcr`gkhg
scocg.
Hpj`ehs` m`jhphgkhg mhr` pcrianhhg `g` hmhjhb mcgkhg m`ecthbu`gyh
tb`iecg`gk t`oc oheh e`th mhpht ocgcgtuehg whetu  sctt`gk  paoph,
m`ohgh whetu pcoaophhg bhrus jcn`b eci`j mhr` tb`iecg`gk t`oc. D`eh
tb`iecg`gk t`oc jcn`b ncshr, oheh scocg hehg ocgkcrhs scncjuo ocgihph`
thrkct.

9.2  M`siuss`ag. 
]b`s cxpcr`ocgt wc m`siuss hnaut tcst`gk tb`iecg`gk t`oc, `g`t`hj hgm l`ghj
 sctt`gk t`oc al icocgt suspcgs`ag. ]b`s tb`iecg`gk t`oc tr`hj uscs h icocgt
 suspcgs`ag ohmc al <66 krhos al partjhgm icocgt, >;< oj al whtcr,
hgm hmmcm ; krhos al hmm`t`vc. ]bc hmm`t`ag al tbc hmm`t`vc `tscjl h`os ta
mctcro`gc tbc cllcit al `ts hmm`t`ags ag tb`iecg`gk t`oc `tscjl. ]bc suspcgs`ag
tbht bhs nccg larocm `s tbcg `gscrtcm `gta tbc sjurry iup hgm `gscrtcm
`gta hg htoaspbcr`i iags`staoctcr. Anscrvht`ags tbht wc ma lar 36 o`gutcs.
]b`iecg`gk t`oc `s tbc t`oc gccmcm lar icocgt suspcgs`ag ta hib`cvc
iags`stcgiy al 866 SI (Sg`t al Iags`stcgiy). Iags`stcgiy al 866 SI `s
tbc j`o`t lar icocgt suspcgs`ag ihg st`jj nc puopcm hkh`g, `g icocgt`gk,
hituhjjy wbht `s ochgt ny iags`stcgiy `s v`sias`ty, agjy `g `ts
 9;
ochsurcocgt tbcrc `s h
 sj`kbt m`llcrcgic `g pr`gi`pjc sa tbht tbc usc al tb`s iags`stcgiy ihg nc uscm ta
 92

m`st`gku`sb v`sias`ty `g icocgt`gk apcrht`ags w`tb v`sias`ty `g mr`jj`gk

apcrht`ags (oum Mr`jj`gk).
]bc hnavc phrhoctcrs oust nc ihrclujjy ihjiujhtcm sa tbcrc `s ga
ihsc wbcrc tbc icocgt bhs rchibcm 866 SI wbcg tbc puop`gk praicss
`s st`jj agka`gk. Ya tbht tbc icocgt puop`gk praicss ihg nc stappcm hgm
hjsa oust nc iags`mcrcm hg cllcit`vc hgm cll`i`cgt icocgt`gk praicss wbcrc
wc ma gat bhvc ta wh`t taa jagk lar tbc icocgt ta mry aut hltcr tbc puop`gk
praicss thecs
 pjhic. Agc why ta ibhgkc tbc tb`iecg`gk t`oc phrhoctcr `s ta hmm h icrth`g
hmm`t`vc ta tbc icocgt. ]a spccm up tbc icocgt mry`gk praicss yau ihg usc
hmm`t`vc hiicjcrhtar. [bcrchs ta sjaw mawg tbc icocgt mry`gk praicss
ihg nc ny us`gk hmm`it`vc rcthrmcrs. @g`t`hj hgm l`ghj t`oc `s
hjoast tbc shoc hs tb`iecg`gk t`oc, wb`ib `s tbc t`oc gccmcm lar tbc
icocgt
 suspcgs`ag ta bhrmcg. @t's dust tbht tbcrc hrc tcopcrhturc lhitars tbht
mctcro`gc. Hs wc hjrchmy egaw tbc mccpcr tbc icocgt`gk thrkct, tbc b`kbcr
tbc tcopcrhturc taa, tbc b`kbcr tbc tcopcrhturc w`jj hiicjcrhtc tbc icocgt
mry`gk praicss.
]bc hppj`iht`ag `g tbc l`cjm al tb`s cxpcr`ocgt `s ta egaw tb`iecg`gk t`oc
 sa tbht wc ihg mctcro`gc tbc puop sctt`gk t`oc, wbcrc tbc puop`gk t`oc
oust nc sohjjcr tbhg tb`iecg`gk t`oc. @l tb`iecg`gk t`oc `s krchtcr, tbc
icocgt w`jj bhrmcg nclarc rchib`gk tbc thrkct.

9.0  Ecs`opujhg
Mhr` pcrianhhg `g` mhpht e`th s`opujehg nhbwh 4 

8.  ]b`iecg`gk t`oc hmhjhb whetu yhgk m` nutubehg suspcgs` scocg

ugtue ocgkcrhs hthu t`mhe mhpht m`hj`rehg ocjhju` paoph.
Vcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc GhIj hehg ocopcricpht prascs pcgkcrhshg
suspcgs` scocg
ehrcgh GhIj tcrohsue ecmhjho hiicjcrhtar .

>.  Vhmh pcgkud`hg `g`t`hj mhg l`ghj sctt`gk t`oc `g` bhop`r shoh mcgkhg
tb`iecg`gk t`oc, yh`tu 4 whetu yhgk m`pcrjuehg suspcgs` ugtue
 92
ocgkcrhs, bhgyh shdh m`s`g` hmh lhetar tcopcrhtur yhgk
ocgcgtuehg.
 VC^IANHHG @\
(CRVC^ @ OCG] @ \)

VCGKSD@HG L^CC
[H]C^  (L^C C [H]C^ C
RHO@ GH]@ AG)

=.8  ]uduhg Vcrianhhg

8.  Ocgkcthbu` ehgmugkhg bhrkh Lrcc [htcr mhr` suspcgs` scocg. 
>.  Ocgkcthbu` lugks` hmm`t`vc Ncgtag`tc mhg  Nhr`tc mhjho bunugkhggyh
mcgkhg Lrcc [htcr phmh supcgs` scocg. 

=.>  ]car` Mhshr

 Lrcc whtcr hmhjhb h`r ncnhs yhgk tcrp`shb mhr` suspcgs` scocg. Ehmhr
h`r o`g`ouo hmhjhb duojhb h`r yhgk m`ihopurehg thgph
ocgycnhnehg eags`stcgs` scocg jcn`b mhr` 96 SI. N`jh h`r yhgk
m`thonhbehg jcn`b eci`j mhr` ehmhr h`r o`g`ouogyh, oheh hehg tcrdhm`
kcscehg-kcscehg (lr`es`) yhgk iueup ncshr m` hggujus scwhetu suspcgs`
scocg m`paophehg mhg dukh hehg ocgh`eehg tcehghg m` hggujus.
Ehmhr h`r ohes`ouo hmhjhb duojhb h`r yhgk m`ihopurehg scb`gkkh n`jh
e`th hon`j suspcgs` scocg scnhgyhe >36 oj mhg m`m`hoehg scjhoh >
dho scb`gkkh tcrdhm` h`r ncnhs phmh nhk`hg hths thnugk. H`r ncnhs tcrscnut
t`mhe
 najcb jcn`b mhr` 9,3 oj, ehrcgh n`jh jcn`b hehg tcrdhm` par`-par` phmh scocg
mhg `g` ocgkhe`nhtehg scocg oco`j`e` pcrochn`j`ths yhgk ncshr scb`gkkh
eagthe hgthrh larohs` mhg lju`mh m`mhjhogyh mcgkhg ihs`gk yhgk m`scocg
mhpht tcrdhm`. Hphn`jh lju`mh larohs` ncruph h`r hs`g hehg
ocgycnhnehg tcrdhm`gyh earas`.
Mhjho bhj pcgycocghg pcrochn`j`ths yhgk tcrncgtue m`ushbhehg
sceci`j ougke`g. Ehrcgh d`eh pcrochn`j`ths scocg ncshr hehg
ocgycnhnehg tcrdhm`gyh eagthe lju`mh hgthrh larohs` mcgkhg hggujus.
90 
 =6

Ncrthonhbgyh pcrochn`j`ths scocg mhpht m`scnhnehg ehrcgh h`r

 pcgihopur tcrjhju nhgyhe, ehrcgh ecjcn`bhg hm`t`l hthu tcopcrhtur larohs`
yhgk tcrjhju t`gkk`.
Ehgmugkhg h`r garohj mhjho suspcgs` scocg yhgk
m`rceaocgmhs`ehg ajcb HV@ mhpht m`j`bht phmh thncj ncr`eut4 
]hncj =. 8 Ehgmugkhg H`r Garohj HV@

HV@ Ijhss [htcr (%) Ny [htcr [htcr

Icocgt [c`ktb al Icocgt (Khj pcr Yhie) (J`tcr pcr Yhie)
H mhg N =<  3.80 80.<
I  3<  <.9> >9.0
M,C,L, mhg B 92  =.>0 8<.>
K  ==  =.0; 82.2
D (Icgtht`vc) -  -  - 

=.9  Hjht mhg Nhbhg

=.9.8. Hjht 4
8.  O`xcr

>.  Kcjhs Seur  9.  ]

`onhgkhg 
=. 
Ytapwhtib
8.  Nhbhg 4
8.  Ycocg Vartjhgm 
>.  GhI
j 9. 
H`r
 =8

Kcjhs Seur
Khonhr =. 8 Hjht Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg Lrcc [htcr 

=.=  Vrascmur Vcrianhhg

8.   Ocgkkughehg thnugk ueur, ecoum`hg ocgk`s` thnugk tcrscnut

mcgkhg suspcgs` scocg yhgk hehg m`ueur ehmhr h`rgyh scnhgyhe >36
oj. 
>. Ocgm`hoehg scjhoh > dho scb`gkkh tcrdhm` h`r ncnhs phmh nhk`hg
hths
thnugk, ihtht bhrkh h`r ncnhs yhgk tcrncgtue. 
9.   H`r ncnhs yhgk tcrdhm` t`mhe najcb jcn`b mhr` 9,3 oj. 

=.3  Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg

]hncj =. > Vcgkud`hg Lrcc [htcr 

Eaopas`s` scocg \ \ lrcc %lrcc

suspcgs` [htcr [htcr  
(oj)
 Ga Ycocg H`r (oj)  Hmm`t`vc (kr) (oj) (%)
(kr)

8  936 >89 < kr >36 =.8 8.<=

Ncgtag`tc 

>  936 >89 < kr GhIj >36 3.= >.8<

=.<  Vcrb`tugkhg
M`ecthbu` 4 \ajuoc suspcgs` scocg ? >36 oj
\ajuoc lrcc whtcr Ncgtag`tc ? =.8 oj
 =>

\ajuoc lrcc whtcr GhIj ? 3.= oj

M`thgyh 4
h) % lrcc whtcr mcgkhg ocghonhbehg zht hmm`t`vc Ncgtag`tc 

 n) % lrcc whtcr mcgkhg ocghonhbehg hmm`t`vc GhIj

Dhwhnhg
4
h)   Hmm`t`vc Ncgtag`tc 
   Û866% 
%   ?   
, 
?   Û866% 
? 8,<= % 
 n) 
Hmm`t`vc GhIj
   Û866% 
%   ?   
, 
?   Û866% 
? >,8< % 
=.;  Vconhbhshg

Vcgkud`hg lrcc whtcr ocruphehg suhtu pcgkud`hg tcgthgk h`r ncnhs yhgk

tcrp`shb mhr` suspcgs` scocg m`ohgh ncrtuduhg ugtue ocgkcthbu`
ehgmugkhg

bhrkh  lrcc whtcr mhr` suspcgs` scocg mhg ugtue ocgkcthbu` lugks` mhr`
hmm`t`vc ncgtag`tc mhg GhIj mhjho bunugkhggyh mcgkhg  lrcc whtcr
phmh suspcgs` scocg. M`ohgh lrcc whtcr `g` oco`j`e` ehmhr h`r o`g`ouo
mhg ehmhr h`r ohes`ouo. ehmhr h`r o`g`ouo hmhjhb duojhb h`r yhgk
m`ihopurehg thgph ocgycnhnehg eags`stcgs` scocg jcn`b mhr` 96
SI. N`jh h`r m`thonhbehg jcn`b eci`j mhr` ehmhr h`r o`g`ouogyh
oheh hehg tcrdhm` kcscehg-kcscehg yhgk jcn`b ncshr m` hggujus phmh
shht suspcgs` scocg m`paophehg. Ehmhr ohes`ouo hmhjhb duojhb h`r
yhgk m`ihopurehg n`jh e`th hon`j suspcgs` scocg scnhgyhe >36 oj
mhg m`m`hoehg scjhoh > dho
 =>
oheh tcrdhm` h`r ncnhs m`hths thnugk. H`r ncnhs t`mhe najcb jcn`b mhr` 9.3 oj,
 =9

ehrcgh n`jh tcrdhm` oheh hehg oconcshr par`-par` phmh scocg mhg dukh
 pcrochn`j`thsgyh. (‚pcgkud`hg lrcc whtcr‟  Lurqag shtr`h, Gavcth Pajjh
Yhr`,
^az` Phbm`ecr,Yhgany Hkugk @rhwhg, [`ga Mzhe` L.Durushg ]ceg`e
 pcro`gyhehg Sg`vcrs`ths @sjho ^`hu‟). 

Mhjho pconuhthg suspcgs` scocg m`pcrjuehg pcrnhgm`gkhg yhgk tcpht

mhjho ocgcgtuehg duojhb h`r mhg nunue scocg. Vcrnhgm`gkhg h`r
yhgk m`ihopur tcrbhmhp scocg scwhetu suspcgs` scocg m`nuht m`scnut
[htcr Icocgt ^ht`a ([I^) duojhb h`r yhgk m`ihopur t`mhe najcb jcn`b
hthu eurhgk ehrcgh hehg ocopcgkhrub` nh`e nuruegyh `ehthg scocg.
("Vcgkud`hg  lrcc whtcr"  , lurqag Yhtr`h, gavcth yajjh Yhr`, raz` yhbm`ecr,
shgany Hkugk @rhwhg, w`ga mzhe` L. Durushg tceg`e pcro`gyhehg
ug`vcrs`ths `sjho r`hu.)

Mhjho pcgkud`hg lrcc whtcr,  hmm`t`vc yhgk jhz`o m`kughehg hmhjhb

nhr`tc
mhg ncgtag`tc. Mhjho pcrianhhg `g` hmm`t`vc yhgk m`kughehg hmhjhb
ncgtag`tc mhg GhIj. M`ohgh ncgtag`tc ncrs`lht scnhkh` pcgk`eht h`r
mhg scocg, scb`gkkh vajuoc lrcc whtcr yhgk m`bhs`jehg scm`e`t. Ycmhgkehg
GhIj ncrs`lht suehr ocgk`eht h`r mhg scocg, scb`gkkh vajuoc  lrcc whtcr
yhgk m`bhs`jehg jcn`b ncshr. Vcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc m`scsuh`ehg mcgkhg
eagm`s` jhphgkhg ehrcgh hmm`t`vc  ncrpcgkhrub tcrbhmhp suhtu
ecthbhghg, euhj`ths mhg ecicphthg suhtu suspcgs` scocg ugtue
ocgkcrhs. ("pcgkud`hg lrcc whtcr" jhzuhrmby vaz`eh lutur, oubhrao
zhehr`h, r`th Yushgt`. Vrakrho stum` tceg`e

 pcro`gyhehg ug`vcrs`ths `sjho ^`hu)

Ncshrgyh mcgkhg pcghonhbhg zht hmm`t`vc hehg ocgycnhnehg vajuoc
suspcgs` hehg ncrthonhb ncshr mhg pcrochn`j`thsgyh gh`e ehrcgh zht
hmm`t`vc yhgk ncrs`lht ocgk`eht h`r. Mhr` bhs`j prhet`euo yhgk m`mhphtehg
mcgkhg
 pcghonhbhg ncgtag`tc vajuoc  lrcc whtcr gyh eci`j. Oheh mhr` `tu
 pcghonhbhg h`r t`mhe najcb ocjcn`b` mhr` g`jh` ohes`ouogyh mhg t`mhe
najcb eurhgk mhr` g`jh` o`g`ouogyh. Ycjh`g `tu mhr` bhs`j prhet`euo dukh
m`mhpht m`ecthbu` tcrdhm` ncncrhph ecshjhbhg mhjho ocjheuehg prascmur
 =9
pcrianhhg. Ehrcgh g`jh`  lrcc whtcr ocjcn`b` ehmhr ohes`ouogyh
yh`tu 9.3 oj.

Ncrmhshrehg hpj`ehs` jhphgkhggyh nhbwh ehmhr h`r ohes`ouo yhgk

 ==

m``z`gehg mhr` suspcgs` scocg 9.3 oj oheh pcrju m`jheuehg

pcgkagtrajhg ugtue ocgickhb tcrdhm`gyh lr`es` (kcscehg) d`eh ehmhc h`r
yhgk m`thonhbehg eurhgk mhr` ehmhr o`g`ouo mhg ocgickhb ohshjhb
he`nht pcrochn`j`ths yhgk ncshr scb`gkkh tcrdhm` eagthe hgthrh larohs`
mhg lju`mh m`mhjhogyh mcgkhg ihs`gk yhgk m`scocg d`eh ehmhr h`rgyh
ocjcn`b` ehmhr ohes`ouo.

=.2  M`siuss`ag 
 Lrcc whtcr tcst`gk `s h tcst al lrcc whtcr wb`ib `s scphrhtc lrao icocgt
 suspcgsc wb`ib h`os ta mctcro`gc tbc iagtcgt al lrcc whtcr lrao icocgt
 suspcgsc hgm ta mctcro`gc tbc lugit`ag al hmm`t`vc ncgtag`tc hgm GhIj `g
rcjht`ag ta lrcc whtcr ag icocgt suspcgs`ags. [bcrc tb`s lrcc whtcr bhs

o`g`ouo whtcr iagtcgt hgm ohx`ouo whtcr iagtcgt. o`g`ouo whtcr iagtcgt
`s tbc hoaugt al whtcr o`xcm w`tbaut ihus`gk icocgt iags`stcgiy al oarc
tbhg 96 SI. @l whtcr `s hmmcm ta sohjjcr tbhg tbc o`g`ouo whtcr iagtcgt,
tbcrc w`jj nc krchtcr lr`it`ag tbht w`jj nc rcjchscm wbcg tbc icocgt
suspcgs`ag `s
 puopcm. ]bc ohx`ouo jcvcj `s tbc hoaugt al whtcr o`xcm `l wc thec
tbc icocgt suspcgsc hs ouib hs >36 oj hgm jchvc `t lar > baurs tbcg
lrcc whtcr aiiurs hnavc tbc tunc. Lrcc whtcr sbaujm gat nc oarc tbhg
9.3 oj, ncihusc `l
`t aiiurs `t w`jj cgjhrkc tbc parcs `g tbc icocgt hgm hjsa `ts pcrochn`j`ty.
("Lrcc whtcr tcst`gk" Lurqag shtr`h, Gavcth Pajjh Yhr`, ^az` Phbm`ecr,

Yhgany Hkugk @rhwhg, [`ga Mzhe` L. Vctrajcuo Cgk`gccr`gk Mcphrtocgt,

 ^`hu @sjho`i Sg`vcrs`ty ").
 @g tbc ohgulhiturc al icocgt suspcgs`ag, hg hpprapr`htc iaophr`sag
`s gccmcm ta mctcro`gc tbc hoaugt al whtcr hgm icocgt pawmcr.
Iaophr`sag al whtcr o`xcm w`tb icocgt wbcg tbc icocgt suspcgs`ag `s
ohmc `s ihjjcm [htcr Icocgt ^ht`a ([I^) tbc hoaugt al o`xcm whtcr
sbaujm gat nc oarc ar jcss ncihusc `t w`jj hllcit tbc kaam ar nhm al tbc
icocgt nagm. ("]cst`gk lrcc whtcr", lurqag Yhtr`h, gavcth yajjh Yhr`, raz`
yhbm`ecr, shgany Hkugk @rhwhg, w`ga mzhe` L. Mcphrtocgt al
pctrajcuo cgk`gccr`gk, ^`hu @sjho`i
 ==
Sg`vcrs`ty).
 =3

 @g lrcc whtcr tcst`gk, hmm`t`vcs iaooagjy uscm hrc nhr`tc hgm ncgtag`tc.
 @g tb`s cxpcr`ocgt tbc hmm`t`vcs uscm wcrc ncgtag`tc hgm GhIj.
[bcrc ncgtag`tc `s h n`gmcr al whtcr hgm icocgt, sa tbc vajuoc al
lrcc whtcr
 pramuicm `s sohjj. [b`jc GhIj `s m`ll`iujt ta n`gm whtcr hgm icocgt, sa
tbc vajuoc al lrcc whtcr pramuicm `s krchtcr. Hmm`t`vc hmm`t`ags hrc
hmhptcm ta
 l`cjm iagm`t`ags ncihusc hmm`t`vcs bhvc hg cllcit ag tbc murhn`j`ty, quhj`ty hgm
 spccm al h icocgt suspcgs`ag ta bhrmcg. ("lrcc whtcr tcst`gk" jhzuhrmby
vaz`eh lutur, oubhrao zhehr`h, r`th Yushgt`. pctrajcuo cgk`gccr`gk
stumy
 prakrho `g ^`hu @sjho`i ug`vcrs`ty) ]bc hoaugt w`tb tbc hmm`t`ag
al hmm`t`vcs w`jj ihusc tbc suspcgs`ag vajuoc ta `girchsc hgm tbc
pcrochn`j`ty
`girchscs muc ta hmm`t`vc sunsthgics tbht hrc whtcr n`gm`gk. Lrao tbc
 prhit`iuo rcsujts anth`gcm w`tb tbc hmm`t`ag al ncgtag`tc tbc vajuoc al
lrcc whtcr `s sohjj. ]bcrclarc, tbc hmm`t`ag al whtcr oust gat cxiccm `ts
ohx`ouo vhjuc hgm oust gat nc jcss tbhg tbc o`g`ouo vhjuc. @g hmm`t`ag,
tbc rcsujts al tbc prhit`iuo hjsa laugm tbht tbcrc wcrc scvcrhj crrars `g
iagmuit`gk tbc cxpcr`ocgthj praicmurc. Ncihusc tbc vhjuc al lrcc
whtcr cxiccms tbc ohx`ouo jcvcj al 9.3 oj. Nhscm ag tbc l`cjm
hppj`iht`ag tbht tbc ohx`ouo
 pcro`ss`njc whtcr iagtcgt al tbc 9.3 oj icocgt suspcgs`ag `s gcicsshry ta
iagtraj ta prcvcgt lr`it`ag `l tbc hoaugt al whtcr hmmcm `s jcss tbhg tbc
o`g`ouo jcvcj hgm prcvcgts pranjcos muc ta jhrkc pcrochn`j`ty rcsujt`gk
`g iagthit nctwccg tbc laroht`ag hgm lju`m `gs`mc w`tb ihs`gk tbht `s
icocgtcm `l tbc whtcr iagtcgt cxiccms tbc ohx`ouo jcvcj.

=.0  Ecs`opujhg
Ncrmhshrehg pcrianhhg yhgk tcjhb m`jheuehg, oheh mhpht m`s`opujehg4
8.   ]uduhg m`jheuehggyh pcgkud`hg  lrcc whtcr hmhjhb ugtue
ocgkcthbu`
ehgmugkhg bhrkh  lrcc whtcr mhg  suspcgsc scocg mhg ugtue
 =3
ocgkcthbu` lugks` mhr` hmm`t`vc  ncgtag`tc mhg GhIj mhjho
bunugkhggyh mcgkhg lrcc whtcr phmh suspcgsc scocg.
 =<

>.   Mhjho pconuhthg  suspcgsc scocg m`pcrjuehg pcrnhgm`gkhg yhgk

tcpht mhjho ocgcgtuehg duojhb h`r mhg nunue scocg yhgk
m`scnut [I^.

9.  Mhjho pcrianhhg `g` hmm`t`vc yhgk m`kughehg hmhjhb ncgtag`tc mhg

 GhIj. M`ohgh ncgtag`tc  ncrs`lht scnhkh` pcgk`eht h`r mhg scocg,

scb`gkkh vajuoc lrcc whtcr yhgk m`bhs`jehg scm`e`t. Ycmhgkehg GhIj
 ncrs`lht suehr ocgk`eht h`r mhg scocg, scb`gkkh vajuoc lrcc whtcr
yhgk m`bhs`jehg jcn`b nhgyhe.

=.   Ncrmhshrehg bhs`j pcgkud`hg m`ecthbu` tcrmhpht ecshjhbhg mhg

ocjheuehg prascmur pcrianhhg, ehrcgh bhrkh lrcc whtcr nh`e
GhIj ohupug Ncgtag`tc m`hths ehmhr ohes`ouo yhgk m`jheuehg.

3.   Hpj`ehs` jhphgkhg mhr` pcgkud`hg  lrcc whtcr hmhjhb pcghonhbhg h`r

( lrcc whtcr ) t`mhe najcb jcn`b mhr` g`jh` ohes`ouogyh mhg t`mhe
najcb eurhgk mhr` g`jh` o`g`ouogyh
 VC^IANHHG \
(CRVC^ @ OCG] \ ) 

VCGKSD@HG L @ J]^H]@ AG JAYY

(C RHO@ GH]@ AG AL L @ J]^H]@ AG JAYY)

3.8   ]uduhg Vcrianhhg  

8.  Ocgkueur bhrkh  l`jtrht`ag jass  phmh 96 ocg`t mhjho suspcgs` scocg
ocgkkughehg hjht l`jtcr prcss. 
>.  Ocgkcthbu` lugks` hmm`t`vc ncgtag`tc mhg GhIj mhjho

bunugkhggyh mcgkhg l`jtrht`ag jass phmh suspcgs` scocg. 

3.>  ]car` Mhshr

Vcr`st`wh  l`jtrht`ag jass scjh`g e`th tcouehg phmh shht s`reujhs` juopur
 pconarhg, phmh apcrhs` pcgycocghg dukh e`th scr`gk ocgcouehg ecdhm`hg
`g`. Bhj `g` ougke`g shdh tcrdhm` ehrcgh o`shjgyh tcehghg b`mrastht`e
mhr` scocg (Vb) jcn`b ncshr mhr` tcehghg larohs` (Vl)  . L`jtrht`ag jass mhjho

bhj `g` vajuoc l`jtrhtgyh bhrus m`eagtraj scmco`e`hg ruph. Ycpcrt`

bhjgyh tcjhb m`scnutehg m`hths nhbwh tcehghg b`mrastht`e yhgk jcn`b
ncshr mhr` phmh tcehghg larohs` ocgycnhnehg l`jtrht`ag yhgk ncshr. Sgtue
`tu oheh ihrh yhgk mhpht m`tcopub ugtue ocgkhths`gyh hmhjhb
ocgkagtraj ncshrgyh mcgs`ths scocg.
Vcgkagtrajhg mcgs`ths scocg mhpht m`jheuehg mcgkhg ocghonhbehg
hmm`t`vc scpcrt` ncgtag`tc ugtue ocgkurhgk` mcgs`ths hthu ocgkkughehg
nhr`tc ugtue ocgh`eehg mcgs`ths scocg.
\ajuoc l`jtrht yhgk b`jhgk t`mhe najcb tcrjhju nhgyhe, ehrcgh
hphn`jh vajuoc l`jtrht yhgk b`jhgk mhjho pcr`st`wh  l`jtrht`ag jass `g`
tcrjhju ncshr oheh hehg ocgycnhnehg suspcgs` scocg eceurhgkhg h`r.
Vcr`st`wh m`ohgh
=; 
 =2

suspcgs` scocg eceurhgkhg h`r he`nht nhgyhegyh vajuoc l`jtrht yhgk

b`jhgk m`scnut ‚ljhsb sct‟. 
Vhmh pcgkud`hg  l`jtrht`ag jass m` jhnarhtar`uo n`hshgyh
ocgkkughehg hjht m`scnut l`jtcr prcss, phmh tcopcrhtur s`reujhs` mcgkhg
tcehghg 8666 ps`. Ocse`pug mco`e`hg  l`jtcr prcss `g` dukh
ocopugyh` ecjcohbhg yh`tu

tcopcrhtur ohes`ouo yhgk n`sh m`kughehg bhgyh shoph` 2>⁶I (826⁶L).

Ncshrgyh hthu tcrdhm`gyh  l`jtrht`ag jass m`ecthbu` mhr` vajuoc l`jtrht
yhgk m`thopugk mhjho scnuhb thnugk hthu kcjhs ueur scjhoh 96 ocg`t
ohsh
 pcgkud`hg. Hphn`jh whetu pcgkud`hg t`mhe shoph` 96 ocg`t, oheh ncshrgyh
 l`jtrht`ag jass mhpht m`b`tugk mcgkhg ocgkkughehg ruous 4

 ?  ∔ Û 3,<;; 

M`ohgh 4  
L96 ? l`jtrht phmh 96 ocg`t,

oj Lt ? l`jtrht phmh t ocg`t,

oj

t ? whetu pcgkueurhg

Vhmh pr`ohry icocgt`gk, l`jtrht`ag jass yhgk m``z`gehg hmhjhb sce`thr

836-
>36 ii yhgk m`ueur scjcoh 96 ocg`t mcgkhg ocgkkughehg shr`gkhg
 ncrueurhg 9>3 ocsb phmh tcehghg 8666 ps`. Ycmhgkehg phmh
squcczc icocgt`gk,  l`jtrht`ag jass yhgk m``z`gehg sce`thr 33-<3 ii scjhoh
96 ocg`t.

3.9   Hjht mhg

Nhbhg 3.9.8 
Hjht
8.  Kcjhs Seur
>.  ]`onhgkhg M`k`thj
9.  Oujt` O`xcr 
 =2
=. 
Ytapwhtib 3.  L`jtcr
Vrcss Yct 
 =0

3.9.>  Nhbhg
8.  Ycocg Vartjhgm
>.  Hmm`t`vc IOI
9.  H`r
=.  Yajhr

Kcjhs ]`onhg hg M` `thj

Icocgt o`xcr Yta whtib

 L`jtcr Vrcss Yct

Khonhr 3. 8 Hjht Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg L`jtrht`ag Jass

 36

3. =  Vrascmur Vcrianhhg
8.   Oconuht suspcgs` scocg mhr` <66 kr scocg partjhgm, >;< oj h`r mhg =
kr IOI mcgkhg ocgkkughehg o`xcr. 

>.  Ocopcrs`hpehg pcrhjhthg  l`jtcr prcss mhg sckcrh ococshgk  l`jtcr phpcr
scicpht ougke`g mhg ocjctheehg kcjhs ueur m`nhwhb s`j`gmcr ugtue
ocghopugk lju`mh l`jtrht.
9.   Ocguhgkehg suspcgs` scocg ecmhjho s`j`gmcr mhg sckcrh ocgutup rhpht.  
Ecoum`hg ocgkhj`rehg umhrh hthu khs G > mcgkhg tcehghg 8666 ps`.  
=.  Ocgihtht vajuoc l`jtrhtc scnhkh` lugks` whetu mcgkhg stapwhib, `gtcrvhj
 pcgkhohthg sct`hp > ocg`t phmh 86 ocg`t pcrthoh, ecoum`hg sct`hp
3 ocg`t ugtue >6 ocg`t scjhgdutgyh. Ocgihtht vajuoc phmh ocg`t ec->3.
3.  Bhrkh l`jtrht`ag jass m`ecthbu` mhr` vajuoc l`jtrht yhgk m`thopugk mhjho
kcjhs ueur scjhoh 96 ocg`t ohsh pcgkud`hg. N`jh whetu pcgkud`hg thmhe
shoph` 96 ocg`t,oheh ncshrgyh  l`jtrht`ag jass mhpht m`ecthbu`
mcgkhg ruous.

<.  Ocgkbcgt`ehg pcgcehghg umhrh hthu khs G >, oconuhgk tcehghg

umhrh mhjho s`j`gmcr mhg ocguhgkehg s`sh suspcgs` scocg yhgk m` mhjho
s`j`gmcr ecmhjho nrchecr. 

3.3  Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg

]hncj 3. 8 Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg Vcgkud`hg L`jtrht`ag Jass

\ajuoc L`jtrht [hetu

 Ga Nhbhg  Hmm`t`vc
(oj) (ocg`t)

8  Ycocg Vartjhgm + h`r Nhr`tc 88< 86

>  Ycocg Vartjhgm + h`r IOI 8=6,= >6

3.<  Vcrb`tugkhg
M`ecthbu` 4 [s ? 936 krho
[hmm ? = krho (IOI)
 38

[hmm ?= krho ( NH^@]C) 

]hncj 3. > ]hncj Bhs`j Vcrianhhg L`jtrht`ag Jass Ycjhoh 96 ocg`t

 Hmm`t`vc [hetu (ocg`t)

>  =  <  2  86  83 >6 >3 96

Nhr`tc (oj) 886 883 882 880 880 

IOI (oj) 8>6 896 893 892 890  8=6 8=6,3

M`thgyh 4 h. L96 IOI 1
 n. L96  Nhr`tc 1
Dhwhnhg 5
h.  L96 IOI

 ?  ∔ Û 3,<;; 

? 8=6,3  ∔Û  , 
? 8;2,>0=   

 n.  L96 Nhr`tc 

 ?  ∔ Û 3,<;; 

? 880   ∔Û  , 

?>89,=2<  
 3>

3.;  Vconhbhshg 
 L`jtrht`ag jass  dukh tcrdhm` phmh apcrhs` pcgycocghg, yhgk ohgh
 l`jtrht`ag jass hmhjhb pcr`st`wh b`jhgkgyh ih`rhg mhr` suspcgsc scocg
ecmhjho larohs` pcrochnjc yhgk m`jhju`gyh. Ih`rhg yhgk b`jhgk m`scnut
l`jtrhtc yhgk b`jhgk t`mhe najcb tcrjhju nhgyhe ehrcgh ocgycnhnehg
suspcgsc scocg hehg

eceurhgkhg h`r ‚ ljhsb sct ‟. 

Mhjho pcrianhhg 3 `g` e`th ocjheuehg pcgkud`hg  l`jtrht`ag jass,
yhgk ohgh e`th ocgkueur bhrkh/g`jh` l`jtrht`ag jass phmh whetu 96 ocg`t.
Ph`tu > ocg`t phmh 86 ocg`t, 3 ocg`t phmh >6 ocg`t, mcgkhg > zht hmm`t`vc
yh`tu IOI mhg nhr`tc. 

]hncj 3. 9 IOI

t`oc  \ajuoc 

>  8>6

=  896

<  893

2  892

86 890

83 8=6

>6 8=6,3

>3

96
 39

]hncj 3. = Nhr`tc

t`oc  \ 

>  886

=  883

<  882

2  880

86 880

83

>6

>3

96

Mhpht e`th j`bht mhg e`th hghj`sh mhr` bhs`j pcrianhhg, zht hmm`t`vc IOI
mhg nhr`tc t`mhe shoph` phmh whetu ec 96 ocg`t. Phgk e`th bhrhpehg
yhgk ohgh zht hmm`t`vc IOI phmh whetu ec >6 ocg`t mcgkhg vajuoc
8=6,3. Mhg

nhr`tc phmh whetu ec 86 ocg`t mcgkhg vajuoc 880 oj.

Ycouh `tu tcrdhm` m`ehrcghehg lhetar ncncrhph bhj phmh shht ocjheuehg
 pcrianhhg yh`tu hjht m` prht`euo eurhgk nhkus, l`jtcrgyh ecncshrhg
yhgk oconuht h`r/l`jtrhtgyh ocrconcs ecjuhr mhg phst` l`jtrhtc e`th hehg
ncreurhgk vajuocgyh.

Jhju n`sh e`th hghj`sh jhk` mhr` thncj tcrscnut, vajuoc l`jtrhtgyh
IOI jcn`b nhgyhe mhr` phmh vajuoc l`jtrhtgyh nhr`tc. Ycncghrgyh scihrh
tcar` jcn`b
 nhgyhe vajuoc l`jtrhtc nhr`tc mhr` phmh IOI. Ncrhrt` m`s`g` tcrdhm`
ecshjhbhg yhgk tcjhb m`dcjhsehg m`hths thm`. Bhs`j pcrnhgm`gkhg tcar` mcgkhg
 39
pcrianhhg
 3=

]hncj 3. 3 Bhs`j Vcrnhgm`gkhg ]car` Mcgkhg Vcrianhhg

 Hmm`t`vc ]car` (oj) Vcrianhhg (oj)

 Nhr`tc >89,=2< 880

IOI 8;2,>0= 8=6,3

Dhm` mhpht m`j`bht m`thncj m`hths, pcrncmhhg bhs`j tcar` mcgkhg pcrianhhg
iueup dhub scj`s`bgyh, `tu m`ehrcgheh ecshjhbhg mhjho prht`euo yhgk
m`dcjhsehg m`hths.  Nhr`tc scbhrusgyh ugtue ocgh`eehg mcgs`ths, mhhg IOI
ugtue ocgurugehg mcgs`ths, tcthp` bhs`j pcrianhhg t`mhe scsuh`. Mhg mhjho
jhparhg `g` e`th t`mhe ocgkb`tugk % ecshjhbhg ehrcgh t tcrheb`r e`th t`mhe
shoph` phmh whetu ec 96 ocg`t.

Hpj`ehs` m`jhpgkhg e`th n`sh ocgkcthbu` m`ohgh n`jh l`jtrht`ag jass tcrjhju

 ncshr oheh ocgycnhnehg pcihb larohs` Ehrcgh nhgyhegyh
ih`rhg/l`jtrht suspcgsc scocg yhgk b`jhgk ec larohs` bhj tcrscnut n`sh
ocgkhe`nhtehg tcrdhm` jass i`riujht`ag.

  3.2  M`siuss`ag
 L`jtrht`ag jass hjsa aiiurs `g icocgt`gk apcrht`ags, wbcrc l`jtrht`ag jass
`s tbc cvcgt al jass al lju`m lrao icocgt suspcgs`ags `gta tbc pcrochnjc

 laroht`ag `t phsscs. ]bc jast j`qu`m ihjjcm tbc l`jtrhtc tbht `s jast sbaujm gat
nc taa ouib ncihusc `t ihuscs tbc icocgt suspcgsc ta jhie "ljhsb sct"
whtcr.
 @g tb`s cxpcr`ocgt, wc pcrlaro l`jtrht`ag jass tcst`gk, wb`ib wc ochsurc
tbc pr`ic / vhjuc al l`jtrht`ag jass `g 96 o`gutcs. ]bht `s > o`gutcs ht 86
o`gutcs, 3 o`gutcs ht >6 o`gutcs, w`tb > hmm`t`vc sunsthgics ghocjy IOI
hgm nhr`tc.
]hncj 3. < IOI

t`oc  \ajuoc 

>  8>6
 33

=  896

<  893

2  892

86 890

83 8=6

>6 8=6,3

>3

96

]hncj 3. ; Nhr`tc

t`oc  \ 

>  886

=  883

<  882

2  880

86 880

83

>6

>3

96
 3<

[c ihg scc hgm hghjyzc tbc rcsujts al tbc cxpcr`ocgt, hmm`t`vc IOI
hgm nhr`tc m`m gat hrr`vc ht 96 o`gutcs. [bht wc bapc lar `s tbc hmm`t`vc
IOI ht
>6 o`gutcs w`tb h vajuoc al 8=6.3. Hgm nhr`tc ht 86 o`gutcs w`tb vajuoc 880.

 Hjj al tbht bhppcgcm ncihusc al scvcrhj lhitars wbcg ma`gk tbc

cxpcr`ocgt tbht tbc mcv`ic `g tbc prhit`ic whs gat kaam, tbc l`jtcr whs jhrkc
wb`ib ohmc tbc whtcr / l`jtrhtc sccp aut hgm aur l`jtrhtc waujm
icrth`gjy mcirchsc `g vajuoc.

]bcg wc ihg hghjyzc hkh`g lrao tbc thnjc, tbc vajuoc al tbc l`jtrhtc
IOI
`s oarc tbhg tbc vajuoc al tbc nhr`tc l`jtrhtc. Hituhjjy, `g tbcary tbcrc `s
oarc nhr`tc l`jtrhtc vajuoc tbhg IOI. ]b`s ochgs tbht tbcrc `s hg crrar
tbht bhs nccg mcsir`ncm hnavc chrj`cr.

 ^csujts al iaophr`sag al tbcary w`tb cxpcr`ocgts4  

]hnjc 3. 2 ^csujts al iaophr`sag al tbcary w`tb cxpcr`ocgts  

 Hmm`t`vc ]bcary C xpcr`ocgts (o

(oj) j)
 Nhr`tc >89,=2< 880

IOI 8;2,>0= 8=6,3

Ya, `t ihg nc sccg `g tbc thnjc hnavc, tbc m`llcrcgic `g tbc rcsujts al tbc
tbcary w`tb tbc cxpcr`ocgt `s qu`tc h m`llcrcgic, ncihusc `t `s h o`sthec `g tbc
 prhit`ic mcsir`ncm hnavc. Nhr`tc `s suppascm ta `girchsc tbc mcgs`ty,
hgm IOI ta rcmuic mcgs`ty, nut tbc rcsujts al tbc cxpcr`ocgt hrc gat
hpprapr`htc.
 Hgm `g tb`s rcpart, wc mag't iaugt% crrars ncihusc wc m`mg't jhst ugt`j 96
o`gutcs.

]bc hppj`iht`ag `g aur hppj`iht`ag ihg l`gm aut wbcrc `l tbc l`jtrht`ag
jass
`s taa jhrkc `t w`jj ihusc tbc laroht`ag ta nrche ncihusc tbc hoaugt al
j`qu`m
 / l`jtrhtc al tbc icocgt suspcgs`ags jast ta tbc laroht`ag ihg ihusc jast
i`riujht`ag.
 3;

3.0  Ecs`opujhg
Ncrmhshrehg pcrianhhg yhgk tcjhb m`jheuehg, mhpht m`hon`j ecs`opujhg
hgthrh jh`g4

8.   L`jtrhtc yhgk tcrjhju nhgyhe b`jhgk hehg ocgynhnehg

suspcgs`
scocg eceurhgkhg h`r scb`gkkh tcrdhm` ljhsb sct .

>.  `jtrht`ag jass tcrdhm` ehrcgh tcehghg b`mrastht`e jcn`b ncshr mhr`
tcehghg larohs`.

9.   Sgtue ocgkurhgk` mcgs`ths mcgkhg zht hmm`t`vc IOI mhg

ocgh`eehg mcgs`ths mcgkhg nhr`tc, tcthp` bhs`j m`jhphgkhg t`mhe
scsuh`.

=.  Hphn`jh l`jtrhtgyh tcrjhju nhgyhe jass oheh mhpht ocrushe larohs`

mhg hphn`jh tcrjhju scm`e`t oheh pcgycocgcg icpht ecr`gk

3.  Mhr` bhs`j pcrianhhg IOI mhg nhr`tc t`mhe shoph` phmh whetu ec 96
ocg`t

<.  IOI bhgyh shoph` phmh whetu ec >6 ocg`t, mhg nhr`tc phmh whetu
ec 86 ocg`t

;.  Bhs`j tcar` pcrb`tugkhg mcgkhg bhs`j pcrianhhg m`jhphgkhg t`mhe

tcrjhju scj`s`bgyh.

2.  Hpj`ehs` mhr` l`jtrht`ag jass e`th n`sh ocgkcthbu` hphn`jh  l`jtrht`ag

jass  tcrjhju ncshr ocgycnhnehg pcihb larohs`, mhg
ocgycnhnehg
jast i`riujht`ag
 VC^IANHHG \@
(CRVC^ @ OCG] \@
)

VCGKSD@HG IAOV^CYY@ \C Y]^CGK ]B   MHG YB C H^ N AGM

 Y]^C GK]B   YSYVCGY@ YCOCG
(CRHO@ GH]@ AG AL ICOC G]Y YSYVCGY@ AG IAOV^CYY@ \C
 Y]^C GK ]B HGM YB C H^ N AGM Y]^C GK]B )  

<.8  ]uduhg Vcrianhhg  

8.   Ocgcgtuehg ncshrgyh iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg sbchr nagm strcgktb

mhr` suspcgs` scocg.

>.  Ocgkcthbu` clce mhr` pcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc tcrbhmhp iaoprcss`vc

strcgktb
mhg sbchr nagm strcgktb.

9.  Ocgkcthbu` ihrh ecrdh hjht bymrhuj`i prcss. 

<.>  ]car` Mhshr 

Mhjho apcrhs` pcgycocghg, yhgk pcrju m`pcrbht`ehg shjhb shtugyh
hmhjhb strcgktb. Ytrcgktb scocg mhpht m`nhk` ocgdhm` muh, yh`tu
iaoprcss`vc
 strcgktb mhg sbchr nagm strcgktb. Hmhpug iaopcrss`vc strcgktb m`mcl`g`s`ehg

scnhkh` eceuhthg scocg mhjho ocghbhg tcehghg-tcehghg yhgk ncrhshj mhr`

larohs` ohupug ihs`gk. Dhm`, iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  ocruphehg eceuhthg
ugtue ocghbhg tcehghg-tcehghg mhjho hrhb bar`zagthj.
Ycpcrt` bhjgyh phmh s`lht-s`lht suspcgs` scocg yhgk jh`g, iaoprcss`vc
 strcgktb m`pcgkhrub` dukh ajcb hmhgyh zht hmm`t`vc. Hmhpug zht hmm`t`vc mhpht
 ncrlugks` ugtue ocgh`eehg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb hthupug ugtue ocgurugehg
iaoprcss`vc strcgktb.  Hmm`t`vc ugtue ocgh`eehg iaoprcss`vc
strcgktb m`hgthrhgyh hmhjhb ihji`uo ibaj`mh, pazzajhg mhg nhr`tc. Ycmhgkehg
hmm`t`vc ugtue ocgurugehg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  hgthrhgyh
ncgtag`tc mhg  sam`uo
32 
 30 

 s`j`eht. Mhjho ocgkueur iaoprcss`vc strcgktb m`kughehg hjht bymrauj`i prcss

mhg iur`gk ibhoncr.
Sgtue ocgihph` bhs`j pcgycocghg yhgk m``gk`gehg, oheh iaoprcss`vc
 strcgktb scocg bhrus mhpht 4

8.  Ocj`gmugk` mhg ocgyaeagk ihs`gk

>.   Ocghbhg tcehghg b`mraj`e t`gkk` thgph tcrdhm` pcrcehbhg

9.  Ocghbhg kagihgkhg scjhoh apcrhs` pconarhg mhg pcrlarhs`

 ncrjhgksugk.

=.   Ocgyheht junhgk suour mhr` lju`mh yhgk earas`l

3.  Ocgyheht hgthrh jhp`shg yhgk pcrochncj

Ybchr nagm strcgktb  m`mcl`g`s`ehg scnhkh` eceuhthg scocg

mhjho ocghbhg tcehghg yhgk ncrhshj mhr` ncrht ihs`gk ohupug ocghbhg
tcehghg-
tcehghg jh`ggyh mhjho hrhb vcrt`ehj.

Mhjho junhgk pconarhg, eceuhthg scocg shgkht m`pcgkhrub` ajcb

 pconcnhghg tr`x`hj yhgk eaopjces mhg  lh`jurc strcss ocruphehg
 pconcnhghg uthoh mhr` pcgcj`t`hg ugtue sthgmhr iaoprcss`vc
strcgktb (Gcv`jjc,8028). Jhk` pujh pcgkud`hg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb t`mhe
ocgugdueehg bhrkh sbchr nagm strcgktb mhr` `ehthg hgthrh scocg
mcgkhg ihs`gk hthupug scocg mcgkhg larohs` nhtuhg. Sgtue `tujhb
m`jheuehg pcgkueurhg sbchr nagm

 strcgktb scocg.

Vcg`jh`hg pcgycohghg n`hshgyh ncrmhshrehg iaoprcss`vc

strcgktb hthu tcgs`jc strcgktb mhr` nhtuhg scocg, mcgkhg hsuos` nhbwh
ohtcr`hjgyh ococgub` syhrht ugtue pconcgtuehg strcgktb yhgk nh`e scrth
ocgkbhs`jehg suhtu `ehthg yhgk euht. Vhmh ecgyhthhg m`jhphgkhg nhbwh
hsuos` m`hths t`mhe tcrjhju ncghr. Sgtue `tujhb m`pcrjuehg suhtu
pcgkud`hg m`jhnarhtar`uo tcrbhmhp euhj`ths scocg.

Ybchr nagm strcgktb tcrueur hgthrh scocg mcgkhg m`gm`gk larohs`

mhg scocg mcgkhg m`gm`gk ihs`gk. Eceuhthg `eht scocg tcrbhmhp m`gm`gk
 30 
ihs`gk
 <6 

shgkht m`pcgkhrub` ajcb m`gm`gk ihs`gk scpcrt` ecehshrhg mhg pcgkhrub oum
ihec yhgk ocgcopcj, mco`e`hg dukh pcgkhrubgyh tcrbhmhp eceuhthg `ehthg
mcgkhg larohs`.

Vcgkueurhg  sbchr nagm strcgktb  m`jhnarhtar`uo m`jheuehg

mcgkhg bymrauj`i prcss. Ncshrgyh sbchr nagm strcgktb mhpht m`ecthbu`
mcgkhg ocj`bht bhrkh tcehghg phmh shht tcrdhm` pcrkcscrhg mhr` shopcj
yhgk m`ud` m`ohgh bhrkh pconcnhghg m`htur tcrkhgtugk phmh hgt`s`phs`
bhrkh  strcgktb mhr` shopcj scocg yhgk ecoum`hg m`ohsueehg ecmhjho
ruous ugtue ocgkb`tugk
 sbchr nagm strcgktb.

<.9  Hjht mhg Nhbhg 

<.9.8  Hjht
8.    Bymrhuj`i prcss
>.   Nchr`gk njaie ohib`gc bymrhuj`i oarthr
9.    Ohgaoctcr
=.  Dhgkeh saragk
3.  Kcr`gmh
<.   Oajm s`j`gmcr
;.  Nhthgk pcgmaragk
<.9.>  Nhbhg

8.  Ycocg yhgk tcjhb m`nuht mhjho icthehg shopcj mcgkhg eaopas`s`
936 kr scocg, < kr ncgtag`tc mhg >89 oj h`r. 

aujm Y`j`gmcr
 <8 

[htcr Nhtb Icthehg Yhopcj Eun`e

Khonhr <. 8 Hjht Vcrianhhg Vcgkud`hg Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg Ybchr nagm strcgktb Yuspcgs` Ycocg

<.=  Vrascmur Vcrianhhg 

H.  Vcgkud`hg Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb
8.  Oconueh pjhst`e pconugkeus ecoum`hg ocjcphsehg scocg
mhr` icthehg shopcj eun`e .
>.  Oconcrs`behg pcrouehhg shopcj mhr` tctcshg h`r mhg phs`r
ohupug kcrushg nut`rhg scocg hkhr t`mhe ocgcopcj phmh
nchr`gk njae ocs`g
 pcgkud`.
9.  Ococr`esh pcrouehhg shopcj hphehb ncghr-ncghr rhth, hphn`jh
 ncjuo rhth oheh rhthehg mcgkhg ocgkkughehg kcr`gmh.

=.  Ocjctheehg shopcj scocg mhjho njae nchr`gk mhg htur

suphyhtcpht m`tcgkhb-tcgkhb pcrouehhg njae nchr`gk m`hthsgyh

mhg njae nchr`gk m`nhwhbgyh, shopcj scocg bhrus ncrm`r` vcrt`ihj.

3.  Ocopcre`rhehg tcehghg ohes`ouo rcthe (pcihb), hphn`jh jcn`b mhr`
9666 ps` (sehjh ohgaoctcr) oconcr` pconcnhghg hwhj t`mhe

m`pcrjuehg.
<.  Ocopcre`rhehg jhdu pconcnhghg shoph` ohes`ouo t`mhe eurhgk
mhr` >6 mct`e mhg t`mhe jcn`b mhr` 26 mct`e .
 <> 

;.  Ocgkb`mupehg oatar pcgkkcrhe paoph mhg dhgkhg

ocjheuehg
 pcgkhturhg (pconctujhg) phmh ehtraj tcst`gk scjhoh pconcnhghg

ohes`ouo ect`eh nhtuhg pcihb. 

2.  Ocgihtht bhs`j pconcnhghg ohes`ouo tcrscnut .

0.  Ocjheuehg pcrb`tugkhg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  scocg, mcgkhg
ocgkkughehg ruous 4 

 
  ?  Û  Û ⁍   
M`ohgh 4  
IY ? Iaoprcss`vc stcgktb scocg, ps`
e ? Eagsthgth earces`, lugks` mhr` pcrnhgm`gkhg t`gkk` (b) tcrbhmhp
m`hoctcr (m)

V ? Vconcnhghg ohes`ouo, ps`

H8 ? Juhs pcghophgk njae nchr`gk mhr` bymrhuj`i oarthr, 
`gib> H> ? Juhs pcrouehhg shopcj scocg, `gib > 

ℇ
]hncj <. 8 Vcrnhgm`gkhg / tcrbhmhp eacl`s`cg lhetar
m

O/m  Eacl`s`cg Lhetar

8,;3 6,02
8,3 6,0<

8,>3 6,09
8  6,2;

N.  Vcgkud`hg Ybchr nagm strcgktb 

8.   Oconueh pjhst`e pconugkeus ugtue ecoum`hg ocgkhon`j icthehg
s`j`gmcr ihs`gk yhgk ncr`s` scocg.
>.  Oconcrs`behg pcrouehhg shopcj mhg pcrouehhg oajm mhr` tctcshg
h`r phs`r ohupug kcrushg nut`rhg scocg hkhr t`mhe ocgcopcj phmh
nchr`gk njaie ocs`g pcgkud`.
 <9 

9.   Ocjctheehg oajm s`j`gmcr yhgk ncr`s` shopcj scocg phmh bajmcr

s`j`gmcr pcgyhgkkh yhgk m`mumuehg phmh nchr`gk njaie bymrauj`i
 nhk`hg nhwhb. Vas`s` shopcj bhrus ncrm`r` vcrt`ehj. 

=.  Ocgmumuehg nhthgk pcgmaragk phmh pcrouehhg shopcj scocg mhg

ocgurugehg pas`s` nchr`gk njaie bymrauj`i  nhk`hg hths
mcgkhg ocouthr thgkeh` pcgkagtraj sp`rhj.
3.  Ocopcre`rhehg jhdu pconcnhghg shoph` ohes`ouo t`mhe
eurhgk mhr` >6 mct`e mhg t`mhe jcn`b mhr` 26 mct`e. Dhgkhg
ocjheuehg
 pcgkhturhg phmh eagtraj tcst`gk  oatar scjhoh pconcnhghg shoph`
tcrdhm` pcrkcscrhg shopcj scocg mhr` ihs`gk shopcj. Vhmh shht
tcrdhm`
 pcrkcscrhg ocruphehg bhrkh pconcnhghg yhgk ohes`ouo 
<.  Ocgihtht bhrkh pconcnhghg kcscr ohes`ouo, ecoum`hg sbchr nagm
 stcgktb  mhpht m`b`tugk mcgkhg ocgkkughehg pcrshohhg 4 

 
  ? ÛÛ ⁍  
 Û  Û ℇ
M`ohgh 4

YNY ? Ybchr nagm strcgktb scocg, ps`

e ? Eagsthgth earces`, lugks` mhr` pcrnhgm`gkhg t`gkk` (b)

tcrbhmhp m`hoctcr (m)

V ? Vconcnhghg ohes`ouo, ps`

H8? Juhs pcghophgk njaie nchr`gk bymrhuj`i oarthr,

`gib> M ? M`hoctcr mhjho ihs`gk shopcj (scocg), `gib

b? ]`gkk` shopcj scocg, `gib

 <= 

<.3  Bhs`j Vcgkhohthg 

]hncj <. > Vcgkud`hg Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg Ybchr nagm strcgktb

Seurhg G`jh`
 Ga Dcg`s Vconcnhghg 
Yhopcj  ]`gkk` M`hoctcr Vhgdhgk Jcnhr
(`g) (`g) (`g) (`g)
8  Eun`e 8 8,9> 9.;= 8.2; 8.22 90<6
>  Eun`e > 8,80 9.;= 8.29 8.2< 9966
9  Y`j`gmcr 8 8,3;8 6.902 9.0; 8.06; >8=3

]hncj <. 9 G`jh` Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg Ybchr nagm strcgktb mhr` Yct`hp
Yhopcj

IY YNY
 Ga  Dcg`s shopcj
(ps`) (ps`)
8  Eun`e 8 >083.;82 - 
>  Eun`e > >332.=938 - 
9  Y`j`gmcr 8 -  830.69>;

<.<  Vcrb`tugkhg 
H.  Vcrb`tugkhg Iaorcss`vc Ytrcgktb

8)  Eun`e 8
M`ecthbu` 4 ]`gkk` ? 99.< oo ? 8.9> `g
Jcnhr ? =;.; oo ? 8.22 `g
Vhgdhgk ? =;.= oo ? 8.2;
`g
]cehghg ? 8.2 tag ? 9;<6 jn
M`hoctcr Nchr`gk njaie ? 0.38 io ? 9.;=
`g
M`thgyh 4 Iaorcss`vc Ytrcgktb
Dhwhnhg4
H8 ? M`hoctcr Nchr`gk njaie ? 0.38 io ? 9.;= `g

H> Yhopcj Eun`e , oheh 4

 <3 

 
?  
 
?Û 
9,8=Û8,2;>
? 8,22Û8,2;  

?9,89 
 ? ⁍ 
? 8,9> ⁍8,22  
?6,;6>  ncrhrt` eacl`s`cg x ? 6,;6>
Vcrnhgm`gkhg t/j tcrbhmhp eacl`s`cg

lhetar R8 ? 8.;3 P8 ? 6.02

R ? 6.;6> P?1
R> ? 8 P> ? 6.2;

M`jheuehg @gtcrpajhs`

 ? U  (    ) Û   _ 

,∞,  
∞,  Û 6,2;6,02
? 6 ,0 2 
6 ,2 > ;
 

 ?  
 
? ,   
? 88><,=6268 / hthu 88><,=6268 ps`
 
  ?  Û  Û  ⁍  
 <3 

?6,2>;Û88><, =6268 ⁍ Û9,8>)

 << 

?>083,;82 ⁍ hthu >083,;82 ps`

>)  Eun`e >
M`ecthbu` 4 ]`gkk` ? 96,8 oo ? 8.80 `g
Jcnhr ? =;.9 oo ? 8.2< `g
Vhgdhgk ? =<.= oo ? 8.29
`g
]cehghg ? 8.3 tag ? 9966 jn
M`hoctcr Nchr`gk njaie ? 0.38 io ? 9.;=
`g
M`thgyh 4 Iaorcss`vc Ytrcgktb
1 Dhwhnhg4
H8 ? M`hoctcr Nchr`gk njaie ? 0.38 io ? 9.;= `g
H> Yhopcj Eun`e , oheh 4
 
?  

?  Û  
9,8=Û8,2;>
? 8,29Û8,2<  
?9,>9 
 ? ⁍ 
 

?6 8,,<89 0 ncrhrt`
2⁍8,2< 0 eacl`s`cg x ? 6,<902
Vcrnhgm`gkhg t/j tcrbhmhp eacl`s`cg
lhetar R8 ? 8.;3 P8 ? 6.02
R ? 6.<902 P?1
R> ? 8 P> ? 6.2;

M`jheuehg @gtcrpajhs` 
 <; 

 ? U  (    ) Û   _ 

? 6,02  ,∞, Û 6,2;6,02 
?6,28;  ∞,

 ?   
 
? ,   
? 0<0,36=3 / hthu 0<0,36=3 ps`
 
  ?  Û  Û  ⁍  
  )
?6,28;Û0<0,36=3 ⁍ Û9,>9

?>332,=983 ⁍ hthu >332,=98 ps`
N. Vcrb`tugkhg  Ybchr nagm strcgktb
M`ecthbu` 4 ]`gkk` ? 90.0 oo ? 8.3;8
`g M`hoctcr ? >>.2 oo ? 6.202
`g
]cehghg ? 0;3 tag ? >8=3 jn
 Oajm Y`j`gmcr
Vhgdhgk ? 86,86 io ? 9,0;== `g
Jcnhr ? =,2= io ? 8,06; `g
M`thgyh 4 Ybchr nagm strcgktb 1
Dhwhn 4
D`eh H8 ? oajm s`j`gmcr, oheh 4
H8 ? V R J
? 9,0;== `g x 8,06; `g
>
? ;,3;08 `g

D`eh H> ? shopcj s`j`gmcr, oheh 4

 <2 

H> ? φ x r x r
? 9.8= x 6,==0 x 6,==0
>
? 6,<9=> `g

 ? ℇ⁍ 
? 8,3;8 ⁍6,202  
?8,;=0 ncrhrt` eacl`s`cg x ? 8,;=0
Vcrnhgm`gkhg t/j tcrbhmhp eaclcs`cg lhitar
R8 ? 8.;3 P8 ? 6.02
R ? 8.;=0 P?1

R> ? 8.3 P> ? 6.0<

M`jheuehg @gtcrpajhs`

 ? U  (    ) Û   _ 

? 6,02 ∞,,∞, Û 6,0<6,02 
?6,0;00> 
 ?  

     
? , ,
? 9922,=2 / hthu 9922,=2 ps`
 
  ? ÛÛ  ⁍  
 Û ℇ
?6,0;00>Û9922,=2 ÛÛ;,3;08/9,8=Û6,202Û8,3;8)

3<2=,309 ⁍ hthu 3<2=,309 ps`

 <0 

<.;  Vconhbhshg  
Vhmh pcrianhhg `g` oconhbhs tcgthgk iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg  sbchr
nagm strcgktb.pcgkud`hg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  ncrtuduhg ugtue ocgcgtuehg
 ncshrgyh iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  scocg, scmhgkehg  sbchr nagm strcgktb 
 ncrtuduhg ugtue ocgcgtuehg ncshrgyh sbchr nagm strcgktb suspcgsc mhg clce
 pcghonhbhg zht hmm`t`vc tcrbhmhp sbchr nagm strcgktb. Iaoprcss`vc
strcgktb ocruphehg eceuhthg scocg mhjho ocghbhg tcehghg-tcehghg
yhgk ncrhshj mhr` larohs` ohupug ihs`gk mhjho hrhb bar`zagthj.
Ybhcr nagm strcgktb ocruphehg eceuhthg scocg mhjho ocghbhg ncrht
ihs`gk mhjho hrhb vcrt`ihj.
Yhopcj scocg yhgk m`kughehg phmh pcrianhhg `g` yh`tu eaopas`s` 936
kr scocg, >89 oj h`r mhg < kr ncgtag`tc. Yhopcj scocg tcjhb m`nuht mhr`
 pcrianhhg scncjuogyh , m`ohgh sjurry scocg m`tuhgkehg ecmhjho
tcehghg eun`e mhg s`j`gmcr yhgk m`ohsuehg ecmhjho whtcr nhtb
ecoum`hg tcjhb ocgkcrhs oheh m`jheuehg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  mhg
sbchr nagm strcgktb, sctcjhb `tu ocrhthehg pcrouehhg shopjc mcgkhg
kur`gmh lugks`gyh hkhr tcehghg yhgk m`ncr`ehg ecphmh shopjc ocrhth
phmh sct`hp s`s`gyh. Ycrth m`ueur t`gkk`, jcnhr mhg phgdhgk yhgk mhthgyh
m`kughehg phmh pcrb`tugkhg. Vcgkud`hg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb 
m`jhnarhtar`uo m`jheuehg mcgkhg ocgkkughehg hjht bymrhuj`i
prcssurc ohib`gc. Vhmh pcgkud`hg `g` m`mhpht g`jh` iaoprcss`vc strcgktb 
eun`e H yh`tu >083,<8> ps` , scmhgkehg g`jh` iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  ugtue
shopjc eun`e N yh`tu >330,6<> ps` mhg  sbchr nagm strcgktb yh`tu
3<2=,009 ps`.
Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  m`pcgkhrub` ajcb ncshrgyh ehgmugkhg h`r mhjho
suspcgsc scocg mhg jhohgyh whetu pcgkagm`s`ehg (iurr`gk t`oc) uouogyh
iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  ocopugyh` bhrkh 2-86 ehj` jcn`b mhr` bhrkh
iaoprcss`vc strcgktb. Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  o`g`ouo m`rceaocgmhs`ehg
ajcb HV@ ugtue ocjhgdutehg apcrhs` pconarhg hmhjhb 366 ps`,
scmhgkehg
 sbchr nagm strcgktb yhgk nh`e t`mhe eurhgk mhr` 866 ps` scb`gkkh ihs`gk
mhpht tcr`eht mcgkhg eaeab mhr` sck` tceg`e , strcgktb scocg m`bhrusehg
 <0 
ococgub`
 pcrsyhrhthg scnhkh` ncr`eut (durghj pctra >68;, vajuoc <. Durghj tr`shet`)4

8.  Euht ocghbhg p`ph scjunugk

 ;6 

>.  @gsthjhs` zagh zagh pcrochnjc 

9.  Ocghbhg kagihgkhg-kagihgkhg pconarhg mhg t`mhe pcihb
ehrcgh
 pcrlarhs`.
=.  Ocgickhb tcrdhm`gyh eagthe hgthrh ihs`gk mcgkhg lju`mh larohs`
Vhmh mhshrggyh scocg yhgk nh`e m`kughehg hmhjhb scocg
yhgk
ocopugyh` bhrkh  sbchr nagm strcgktb  t`gkk` ehrcgh scocg ocopugyh`
eceuhthg ugtue ocghbhg tcehghg yhgk ncrhshj mhr` ncrht ihs`gk.
Vcghonhbhg zht hmm`t`vc ecmhjho scocg ocgycnhnehg pcrunhbhg bhrkh
sbchr nagm
 strcgktb, zht hmm`t`vc yhgk m`kughehg phmh pcrianhhg `g` ncgtag`tc
yhgk ocruphehg dcg`s cxthgmcr yhgk ncrs`lht ocgkb`shp h`r mhg
mcgkhg
 pcghonhbhg ncgtag`tc `g` hehg ocguruehg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  mhg
ocgh`ehg pcrochn`j`ths scocg mhg bhs`j pcrianhhg yhgk tcjhb
m`jheuehg. Ytrcgktb yhgk m`prajcb phmh pcgkud`hg m`hths euhj`ths o`g`ouo.
Bhj-bhj yhgk pcrju m`pcrbht`ehg mhjho pconuhthg suspcgs` scocg yh`tu
eaopas`s` suspcgs` scocg (vajuoc scocg, h`r mhg hmm`t`vc), whetu
 pcgkcrhshg m` mhjho larohs`, tcopcrhtur rcscrva`r mhg ueurhg yhgk
scsuh` ugtue tcopht pcgkcrhshg scocg phmh ihs`gk. Ycnhn, n`jh scocg
ocgkcrhs scncjuo phmh zagh mhg whetu yhgk m``gk`gehg ataoht`s
pcgycocghg ocgkhjho` eckhkhjhg.
Hpj`ehs` jhphgkhg mhr` iaoprcss`vc strcgktb yh`tu e`th mhpht ocgkcthbu`
 ncshrgyh strcgktb mhr` suspcgsc scocg, m`ohgh ecohopuhg strcgktb
mhr` suspcgsc scocg `g` hehg mhpht ocgk`sajhs` nhtuhg Mhg ugtue
ocj`gmugk` scrth ocgyaeagk ihs`gk. 
Hpj`ehs` jhphgkhg mhr`  sbchr nagm strcgktb  hmhjhb ugtue
ocgkcthbu`
 ncshrgyh sbchr nagm strcgktb mhr` suspcgs` scocg scnhkh` ecohopuhg
scocg ugtue mhpht ocghbhg ncrht ihs`gk yhgk m`t`onujehg hthu tcehgh
larohs` mhr` hrhb vcrt`ihj.
 ;6 
<.2  M`siuss`ag 
]b`s cxpcr`ocgt m`siusscs iaoprcss`vc strcgktb hgm sbchr nagm
strcgktb. Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb tcst`gk h`os ta mctcro`gc tbc hoaugt
al icocgt
 ;8 

iaoprcss`vc strcgktb, wb`jc sbchr nagm strcgktb h`os ta mctcro`gc

tbc hoaugt al sbchr nagm strcgktb suspcgsc hgm tbc cllcit al hmm`gk
hmm`t`vcs ta
 sbchr nagm strcgktb. Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb `s tbc strcgktb al icocgt
`g rcs`st`gk prcssurcs ar`k`ght`gk lrao laroht`ags hgm ihs`gks `g tbc
bar`zagthj m`rcit`ag. Ybchr nagm strcgktb `s tbc strcgktb al icocgt `g
bajm`gk tbc wc`kbt al tbc ihs`gk `g h vcrt`ihj m`rcit`ag.
]bc scocg shopjc uscm `g tb`s cxpcr`ocgt whs tbc iaopas`t`ag al 936
 krhos al icocgt, >89 oj al whtcr hgm < krhos al ncgtag`tc. Icocgt
shopjcs bhvc nccg ohmc lrao prcv`aus cxpcr`ocgts, wbcrc tbc icocgt
sjurry whs
 paurcm `gta iun`i prcssurc hgm tbc iyj`gmcr `gscrtcm `gta tbc whtcr nhtb
tbcg bhrmcgcm hgm iaoprcsscm strcgktb hgm sbchr nagm strcgktb wcrc
ihrr`cm aut, hltcr wb`ib ljhttcgcm tbc shopjc surlhic w`tb tbc lugit`ag sa
tbht tbc prcssurc
 k`vcg ta tbc shopjc whs cvcgjy m`str`nutcm. chib s`mc. Hgm ochsurcm
tbc bc`kbt, w`mtb hgm jcgktb tbht tbc mhth `s uscm `g tbc ihjiujht`ag. ]
cst`gk al iaoprcss`vc strcgktb `g tbc jhnarhtary `s magc ny us`gk h
bymrhuj`i prcssurc ohib`gc. @g tb`s tcst tbc vhjuc al iun`i iaoprcss`vc
strcgktb H whs >083.<8>
 ps`, wb`jc tbc iaoprcss`vc strcgktb vhjuc lar tbc N iun`i shopjc whs
>330.6<>
 ps` hgm tbc sbchr nagm strcgktb whs 3<2=.009 ps`. Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb `s
`gljucgicm ny tbc hoaugt al whtcr iagtcgt `g icocgt suspcgs`ags hgm tbc
murht`ag al iurr`gk t`oc kcgcrhjjy iaoprcss`vc strcgktb bhs h pr`ic al 2-86
t`ocs oarc tbhg tbc pr`ic al iaoprcss`vc strcgktb. ]bc o`g`ouo iaoprcss`vc
 strcgktb rciaoocgmcm ny tbc HV@ lar iagt`gu`gk mr`jj`gk apcrht`ags `s 366
 ps`, wb`jc kaam sbchr nagm strcgktb `s gat jcss tbhg 866 ps` sa tbht tbc ihs`gk
ihg nc nagmcm l`rojy `g tcros al cgk`gccr`gk, icocgt strcgktb oust occt tbc
 lajjaw`gk rcqu`rcocgts (pctra daurghj >68;, vajuoc <. ]r`shet` Daurghj)4
8.  Ytragk bajm`gk tbc sbchtb p`pc
>.   @gsthjj tbc pcrochnjc zagc

9.   ^cs`sts mr`jj`gk sbaies hgm macs gat nrche muc ta pcrlarht`ag.
 ;8 
=.   Vrcvcgt iagthit nctwccg tbc ihs`gk hgm laroht`ag lju`m

 Nhs`ihjjy, icocgt tbht `s wcjj uscm `s icocgt wb`ib bhs h b`kb sbchr nagm
 strcgktb pr`ic ncihusc icocgt bhs tbc strcgktb ta w`tbsthgm tbc prcssurc tbht
 ;> 

iaocs lrao tbc wc`kbt al tbc ihs`gk. Hmm`t`ag al hmm`t`vc sunsthgics ta

icocgt ihuscs ibhgkcs `g sbchr nagm strcgktb pr`ics, tbc hmm`t`vc uscm `g
tb`s cxpcr`ocgt `s ncgtag`tc wb`ib `s h typc al cxthgmcr tbht `s whtcr
suie`gk hgm w`tb tbc hmm`t`ag al ncgtag`tc `t w`jj rcmuic iaoprcss`vc
strcgktb hgm
`girchsc tbc pcrochn`j`ty al icocgt hgm tbc rcsujts al cxpcr`ocgts tbht bhvc
nccg ihrr`cm aut. Ytrcgktb anth`gcm `g tcst`gk hnavc o`g`ouo quhj`ty.
 Ohttcrs tbht gccm ta nc iags`mcrcm `g ohe`gk icocgt suspcgs`ags hrc
icocgt suspcgs`ag iaopas`t`ag (icocgt vajuoc, whtcr hgm hmm`t`vcs),
bhrmcg`gk t`oc `g laroht`ag, rcscrva`r tcopcrhturc hgm s`zc su`thnjc lar
icocgt bhrmcg`gk ht tbc ihs`gk. Ncihusc, `l icocgt bhrmcgs nclarc tbc zagc
hgm tbc mcs`rcm t`oc hutaoht`ihjjy icocgt`gk lh`js.
]bc l`cjm hppj`iht`ag al iaoprcss`vc strcgktb `s tbht wc ihg egaw tbc
ohkg`tumc al tbc strcgktb al icocgt suspcgsc, wbcrc tbc strcgktb al
tbc icocgt suspcgsc strcgktb w`jj nc hnjc ta `sajhtc tbc raie hgm ta pratcit
hgm
 suppart tbc ihs`gk.
]bc l`cjm hppj`iht`ag al sbchr nagm strcgktb `s ta mctcro`gc
tbc ohkg`tumc al tbc sbchr nagm strcgktb al icocgt suspcgsc hs tbc
hn`j`ty al icocgt ta nc hnjc ta w`tbsthgm tbc wc`kbt al tbc ihs`gk tbht `s
kcgcrhtcm ar
 strcss tbc laroht`ag al vcrt`ihj m`rcit`ags.

 
<.0 Ecs`opujhg
Ncrmhshrehg pcrianhhg yhgk tcjhb m`jheuehg, mhpht m`hon`j ecs`opujhg
hgthrh jh`g4
8.  Vcgkud`hg ocgkkughehg hjht bymrhuj`i prcssurc ohib`gc mhpht g`jh`
iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  eun`e H ? >083.<8> ps`, eun`e N ?
>330.6<>
 ps` mhg g`jh` sbchr nagm strcgktb ? 3<2=.309 ps`.
>.  Iaoprcss`vc strcgktb  o`g`ouo m`rceaocgmhs`ehg ajcb HV@
ugtue ocjhgdutehg apcrhs` pconarhg (366 ps`) sbchr nagm
 ;> 
st rcgktb yhgk nh`e t`mhe eurhgk mhr` 866 ps`.
 
9. Tht hmm`t`vc  ncgtag`tc mhpht ocruphehg iaoprcss`vc strcgktb mhg
ocgh`ehg pcrochn`j`ths scocg.
 ;9 

=.  Bhj yhgk pcrju m`pcrbht`ehg mhjho suspcgs` scocg yh`tu eaopas`s`
suspcgs` scocg (vajuoc scocg, h`r mhg hmm`t`vc), whetu
pcgkcrhshg m` mhjho larohs`, tcopcrhtur rcscrva`r mhg ueurhg yhgk
scsuh` ugtue tcopht pcgkcrhshg scocg phmh ihs`gk. 

3.  Bhs`j pcrianhhg strcgktb yhgk m`prajcb m`hths euhj`ths o`g`ouo.

  

VCGS]SV
(IJAY@GK)

H.  Ecs`opujhg
Mhr` scjurub pcrianhhg yhgk m`jheuehg phmh prhet`euo Hghj`sh Juopur
Vconarhg `g` mhpht m`thr`e ecs`opujhg uouo yh`tu 4

8.   Cxtcgmcr scnhkh` hmm`t`vc yhgk ocgkurhgk` mcgs`ths

>.  Mcgs`ths rcgmhb mhpht ocgycnhnehg laroht`ag mhohkc.
9.  ]b`iecg`gk t`oc hmhjhb whetu suspcgsc scocg ocgihph` 866 SI
hthu ohs`b mhpht m`paophehg.

=.   Bymrhuj`i Vrcss hmhjhb hjht yhgk mhpht oconhih g`jh` tcehghg ncnhg
ohes`ouo shopcj ugtue ocgcgtuehg g`jh` strcgktb scocg.

3.  IY mhg YNY hmhjhb g`jh` eceuhthg scocg tcrbhmhp tcehghg mhr` hrhb
bar`zagthj ohupug vcrt`ehj.

<.   Hmm`t`vc scpcrt` ihji`uo, ibjar,  mhg nhr`tc mhpht ocg`gkehtehg

eceuhthg scocg mhg hmm`t`vc ncgtag`tc ocgurugehg eceuhthg
scocg.

N.  Yhrhg
Ncrmhshrehg ecs`opujhg yhgk tcjhb m`nuht, oheh shrhg ugtue
jhparhg heb`r `g` hmhjhb scnh`egyh shht ocjheuehg pcrianhhg prhet`ehg
bhrus jcn`b tcj`t` mhjho ocgcgtuehg ohssh scrth subu shopcj yhgk
m`kughehg. Hkhr bhs`j
 pcgkhohthg yhgk m`pcrajcb scsuh` mcgkhg prascmur. Ycncjuo ocgkkughehg
shopcj, bcgmhegyh shopcj m`phghsehg b`gkkh subu `mchj yh`tu 8< ˔L, ehrcgh
 phmh subu tcrscnut pcgkueurhg jcn`b tcj`t`.
Ecphmh phmh pconhih jhparhg scocg pconarhg `g`, shyh ncrbhrhp ohu
oconcr`ehg eaocgthr mhg shrhg. Hphn`jh hmh eceurhgkhg phmh jhparhg rcso`
`g` nh`e mhr` sck` pcguj`shg hthu pug mhr` sck` `s`gyh mco`
ecscopurghhg jhparhg `g` mhg hkhr mhpht ncrohglhht nhk` s`hph pug
yhgk oconhihgyh ehrcgh jhparhg `g` ohs`b shgkht dhub mhr` hph yhgk
hmh m` mug`h pcro`gyhehg.
 ;=

MHL]H^ VSY]HEH
(J@]CJH]S^CY)

Bumh, H. (>682). Vcgkhrub Vcghonhbhg " Nhr`tc", " Bcoht`tc", mhg " Ociaohx"

tcrbhmhp tb`iecg`gk t`oc, iaoprcss`vc strcgktb, rbcajaky nunur scocg
 phmh vhr`hs` tcopcrhturc m` jhnarhtar`uo pconarhg mhg pramues`. Durghj
 Vctra >682, =;-32.

^`hu, S. @. (>682). ]ceg`e Vconarhg @. @g V. Y. Vcro`gyhehg, M`etht Vrhet`euo

 Hghj`sh Juopur Vconarhg. Vcehgnhru4 Vrakrho Ytum` ]ceg`e
Vcro`gyhehg.

^`hu, S. @. (>680). ]ceg`e Vconarhg @@. @g V. Y. Vcro`gyhehg, M`etht Vrhet`euo

 Hghj`sh Ycocg Vconarhg. Vcehgnhru4 Vrakrho Ytum` ]ceg`e

Vcro`gyhehg.

Yhourh, J. (>68;). Vcgkud`hg Iaoprcss`vc Ytrcgktb mhg ]b`iecg`gk ]`oc phmh

scocg pconarhg ecjhs K mcgkhg pcghonhbhg hmm`t`vc rcthmcr.  Durghj
 Vctra >68;,  =0-3=.
  

Jhparhg Heb`r Vrhet`euo Hghj`sh Ycocg Vconarhg `g` tcjhb m`pcr`esh

mhg m`sctudu` ugtue m`d`j`m ajcb4

Vcehgnhru, QQ/QQ/>680

M`pcr`esh ajcb

Hkus Oughgmhr
8=9>86<23