REVIEW [SUGGEST NAME]

ABSTRACT

The magnetocaloric materials that undergo the highest magneto-caloric effect, Magnetic
refrigeration are topics of current interest due to the potential improvement of energy efficiency
of cooling and temperature control systems, in combination with other environmental benefits
associated to a technology that does not rely on the compression/expansion of harmful gases.
This review presents the fundamentals of the effect, focuses on the materials and compares them
to find the best magneto caloric material for refrigeration and hence selection of a suitable MCM
which exhibits near-room-temperature MCE.

INTRODUCTION

Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magneto caloric effect. This
technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures (well below 1 Kelvin), as well as the
ranges used in common refrigerators, depending on the design of the system. It is a physical
process that exploits the magnetic properties of certain solid materials to produce refrigeration
.The refrigerant is often a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium magnesium nitrate. It gives cooling
nearest to absolute zero than any other method hence it made liquification of gases easier. At the
same time, it does not emit any CFC or HCFC compound hence it never affects our environment
specially OZONE layer.
FIG 1. CONVENTIONAL REFRIGERATION VS MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Different ways of generating the magnetic field used in a magnetic refrigeration device have
been discussed and it has been shown that permanent magnets are the only viable solution, at
present, to common household magnetic refrigeration devices [1]. Magnetic cooling devices can
offer a similar or improved performance than traditional vapor compression refrigeration
systems. Superconducting magnets are only feasible for large scale applications otherwise it will
be a big drawback for magnetic refrigeration for common applications [2]. Magnetic cooling
technology proven that it is environmentally safe. Computer models have shown 25% efficiency
improvements over vapor compression System [4]. The Gadolinium alloys show a good
response to magnetization with huge temperature and entropy change[5]. While magnetic
refrigeration is a highly effective and environmentally friendly refrigeration system, it still
requires development in several areas before it can be used in a broad variety of applications,
such as domestic refrigerators and air conditioners, since it has a limited temperature span and
cooling capability[8].
Magneto caloric effect was discovered in pure iron in 1881 by E.Warburg.DeDebye (1926) &
Giauque (1927) proposed a improved technique of cooling via adiabatic demagnetization
independently.he cooling technology was first demonstrated experimentally in 1933 by chemist
Nobel Laureate William F.Giauque & his colleague Dr.D.P. MacDougall for cryogenic
purposes.In 1997,Prof. Karl A. Gscheidner, Jr. by the lowa State University at Ames Laboratory
demonstrated the first near room temperature proof of concept magnetic refrigerator.
FIG 1. Material undergoing magnetic caloric effect

When a Magneto-Caloric Material (MCM) is brought closer to a permanent magnet it gets

magnetised as shown in Figure 1. Similarly, when the MCM is moved away from the external
magnetic field (demagnetized ) its temperature decreases.[16] A magnetic refrigerator is
designed to exploit this temperature drop to produce a cooling effect. Under adiabatic
demagnetisation the magnetic entropy increases, causing a decrease in lattice vibrations and
resulting in a temperature drop. Similarly, if magnetisation is done at a constant temperature, it
reduces the material’s magnetic entropy and this is represented as the isothermal entropy
change (ΔSM). When the magnetisation is done adiabatically there will be a rise in the
temperature (ΔT) of the MCM. This is because the magnetic dipoles in the MCM, in the
presence of the magnet, align themselves to the external magnetic field created by the magnet
[8]; its magnetic entropy, SM reduces. It is an adiabatic process and the total entropy, S must
remain constant, its thermal entropy, ST (directly proportional to temperature) increases. The
entropy of a system comprises of lattice (thermal) entropy, electronic entropy and magnetic
entropy. Change in entropy is given by equation (1) where S is entropy, T is temperature and H
is magnetic field.[26]

MAGNETIC CALORIC EFFECT

Before deepening onto the different materials micro and nanostructure, a brief description of
the MCE should be given. The MCE has a 2-fold definition: (i) it is a temperature change
undergone by a magnetic material when a field is applied in an adiabatic process (ΔTad) and (ii)
it is an entropy change of a magnetic material when a magnetic field is applied in an isothermal
process {2}. In the thermodynamics formalism, the total entropy of a magnetic system at
constant pressure can be written as Stot(T, H) 5 SL(T, H) 1 SM(T, H) 1 SE(T, H), where SL(T, H),
SM(T, H), and SE(T, H) are the lattice, magnetic, and electronic contributions to the total
entropy S(T, H), for a specific temperature and magnetic field. Hence, the MCE is intimately
related to the interplay and energy flow between these three kinds of excitations [22]. To
minimize the total energy, the material magnetic moments tend to re-orientate themselves
along the direction of the applied magnetic field, thus decreasing the entropy associated with
the magnetic sublattice (from a disordered to an ordered state). If this process occurs under
adiabatic and reversible conditions, the system must compensate the decrease of magnetic
entropy (SM) by, typically, increasing the lattice entropy (SL) to maintain the total entropy
constant. Thus, an entropy (energy) transfer occurs from the magnetic to the lattice reservoir,
i.e., an increase in the material temperature occurs. This temperature change is experimentally
mensurable and is identified as ΔT ad. On the other hand, if the magnetic field is applied in an
isothermal process, where there are heat transfers to the surroundings and hence there are no
constraints to the total entropy, the change in the magnetic entropy will, typically, lead to a
change of the system entropy— defined as ( Δs iso)[18].
Hence, MCE is characterized both by ΔT ad and ΔS iso, which can be expressed via Maxwell
relations, as
where M represents the magnetization and Cp represents the specific heat.

MAGNETIC CALORIC MATERIALS

Magnetic caloric materials showing peak MCE ideal around room temperature is a major
characterstic which should be possessed by the material.[41].The way by which the materials
can be differentiated is by knowing the curie temperature, The Curie temperature (TC), also
known as the Curie point, is the temperature at which some materials lose their permanent
magnetic properties, which can be replaced (in most cases) by induced magnetism. The Curie
temperature is named after Pierre Curie, who discovered that magnetism may be lost at a certain
temperature [7].
In this review we highlight the scientific efforts to find the best alternative materials to be
used in magnetic refrigeration applications; for example, Gd-Si-Ge alloys 11 Ni–Mn–Ga
alloys,12 Mn–As–Sb alloys,13 La–Fe–Co–S alloys [14], Mn–Fe–P–As alloys,15 TmGa
compound,16 Praseodymium alloyed with nickel (PrNi5),17La–Ca–Sr–Mn–O manganites
(3d-4f oxides).18
Magnetic caloric materials are classified into two based on phase transition from ferromagnetic
to paramagnetic state.[3] i) first-order material (FOM) and ii) second-order material (SOM) [10].
The temperature ranges of the MCE of SOMs (e.g. Gd) is larger than those exhibited by the
FOMs. At a certain temperature known as the Curie temperature, the ferromagnetic to
paramagnetic state transition occurs.[52]. Spontaneous magnetisation vanishes beyond the Curie
temperature and the material then transforms into a paramagnetic one. Furthermore, the MCE is
maximum during this phase transition [25]. The way the transition occurs is what differentiates a
first-order material from a second-order material

Various Materials that undergo MCE

1..1 Single elements: Rare-earths and others
Gadolinium (Gd) presents a strong magneto volume coupling, high magnetic moment at
room temperature and is considered the benchmark material for room temperature
magnetic refrigeration. Miller’s group has been performing a thorough study on the
influence of different thin film growth and preparation techniques on the structural,
magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of Gd films[23].
Gd thin films are devoted to the dependence of their Curie temperatures (TC) on the thin
film growth details. In the literature, a wide range of TC values can be found, ranging from
260 to 295 K (which is approximately bulk Gd TC).41–44 For polycrystalline thin films, such
TC distribution can be directly associated with the crystallite size distribution present in the
film. However, there are other factors playing an important role, such as the effect of H2
content and substrate temperature (TS) on the properties of thin (50 nm thick) Gd films.
[43].mtchell and belly’s studies say that gd metal can undergo MCE at room temperature.
they claim to have discovered the reason for detrimental magnetic properties of Gd films
grown at room temperature: smaller grain sizes and larger fraction of fcc Gd paramagnetic
(PM) phase and residual strain arising from the growth process.
1.2 PERVOSKITES
Perovskites are of usually cubic structures having a general formula of ABO3. In this
structure, A site may be commonly occupied by rare-earth or alkaline-earth element while B
site is occupied by a transition metal ion. Few perovskite materials show change structure
at room temperature. This happens owing to the instability of structure. MnO6 exhibits two
structures, say orthorhombic and rhombohedral, due to lattice fluctuations,since
manganese performs multiple valencies and, for each valency, the t value is changed. Rare-
earth-based manganites are considered as best
materials for MEC in refrigeration technology. However, extensive studies are made on
AMnO3 (A = La, Pr, Sr,Ba and Ca)-like structures [23]. Recently, a number of new
manganites have emerged, exhibiting advanced RCP.RCP is a measure of the amount of
heat transferred by a refrigerant per ideal cycle . the evaluation of RCP is evidently shown
for La0.7Ca0.25Sr0.05MnO3 single crystal, since long-time gadolinium (Gd) is aneffective
material at room temperature (RT) for RCP applications.
 Reference [27]—TABLE 2

Magnetic entropy change (S), Curie point (TC), field change (H ) and relative cooling power
(RCP) are regarded as the variable parameters of magnetocaloric effect. The comparative
studies on the results of MCE of manganite, glass composites, alloys and spinel ferrites are
given in Table 2.[17] RCP = (−S × T ). This should be as high as possible in order to show
better cooling efficiency.
1.3 GLASS COMPOSITES AND ALLOYS
Glass composites have potential applications in magnetic refrigeration (MR) technology. The
phase transitions and critical behavior of composites can be suitable for finding the
ferromagnetic nature [36]. In Table 2, magnetocaloric parameters are listed for distinct
amorphous based ferromagnetic composites and alloys. Few materials such as
Fe60Ru20B20, LaFe11.4Si1.6H0.21,GdNiAl2,Ni50Co2Mn33In15,
Mn1.1Fe0.9P0.81Ge0.19, Mn1.1 Fe0.9P0.79 Ge0.21,Mn1.1Fe0.9P0.74Ge0.26,
Ni48.4Co34.2Mn34.2In13.8Ga1.7 and Gd55Co25Al20 (ribbon) attributed an appreciable
relative cooling power. The increasing pressure increases the cooling power. In comparing
these RCP values with manganite data, it is understood that alloyed materials have performed
a high cooling power than the manganites.[18]
1.4 SPINAL FERRITES
Ferrites are of AB2O4 spinel structures. For magnetic cooling technology, extensive
investigations have not been done on spinels of AB2O4 (A = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn).
However, few ferrite compositions including MEC parameters are listed in Table 3. It is
observed that Zn0.6Cu0.4Fe2O4 and Zn0.2Ni0.4Cu0.4Fe2O4 attributed RCP values of 289
and 233 J/kg, respectively, at H = 5T .Therefore, these are useful for cooling power
technology.
 TABLE 3[17]—MAGNETIC CALORIC PARAMETERS OF SPINAL FERRITES

CONCLUSION
Magnetocaloric materials provide better cooling and environment protection from various gases.
Moreover, room-temperature relative cooling is being used throughout the world. It is believed
that alloyed materials have performed superior magnetocaloric properties than the manganites.

Various materials were taken and their magneto caloric parameters were considered . Usage of
rare earth material seems to be unavoidable due to giant magnetic moment resulting large change
in magnetic entropy. But rare earth metals are costly so they are bought as its oxides and reduced
to get the properties near its pure form. Various aspects are reviewed and 4 type of various
different magnetic materials for room-temperature refrigeration are theoretically studied here and
finally and are the best materials considered for magnetic
refrigeration due to high RCP value also it shows large tempearature difference and large change
in magnetic entropy.

REFERENCES
[1]. R. Bjork,C.R.H. Bhal,A.Smith.International Journal of Refrigeration. Review and comparison of
magnet designs for magnetic refrigeration.2015

[2]. Dr. L.C Singal,Aishna Mahajan,Rajwinder Singh.SSRG International Journal of Mechanical

Engineering.Magnetic Refrigeration-A Review-A born for the coming generations.2016

[3] Aedah M. Jawad Mahdy.International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences. Overview for
published Magneto caloric Materials used in Magnetic refrigeration application.2018

[4]. Sujay Kulkarni,Anil Mashalkar.international journal for engineering,application and management.

Study of magnetic refrigeration.2018
[5]. P.Kumaran,V.Giridharan,M.Hariharan.International journal of pure and applied mathematics. A
review of room temperature magneto caloric materials for home appliance.2018

[6]. I.A.Abdul Latif,Mahrous R Ahmed.Material science research India. Use of magneto caloric material
for magnetic refrigeration system.2019

[7]. Pranav Pachpande S.A.Karve.International Journal of analytical,experimental and finite element

analysis. Magnetic refrigeration:The modern refrigeration technique.2020

[8]. Ali Alahmer,Malik Al-Amayreh,Ahmed O Mostafa.Molecular Diversity Preservation

International(MDPI). Magnetic refrigeration design technologies:State of the art and general
perspectives.2021

[9]. S.K. Pal a, C. Frommen a, S. Kumar b, B.C. Hauback a, H. Fjellvag b, G. Helgesen. Materials and
Design. Enhancing giant magnetocaloric effect near room temperature by inducing magnetostructural
coupling in Cu-doped MnCoGe.2020

[10]. L Theil Kuhn, N Pryds, C R H Bahl and A Smith. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Magnetic
refrigeration at room temperature – from magnetocaloric materials to a prototype.2011

[11]. Chaudhary, Varun; Chen, Xi; Ramanujan, Raju Vijayaraghavan. Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore. Iron and manganese based magnetocaloric materials for near room temperature thermal
management.2011

[12]. Ana L. Pires,b Joao P. Araújo, and André M. Pereiraa. EARLY CAREER SCHOLARS IN MATERIALS
SCIENCE. Magnetocaloric materials: From micro- to nanoscale.2018

[13]. S. M. Gombi1 and D. Sahu. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUTOMOTIVE AND MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING (IJAME). A Review on Magneto-Caloric Materials for Room Temperature
Refrigeration.2020

[14]. Ali Alahmer , Malik Al-Amayreh , Ahmad O. Mostafa , Mohammad Al-Dabbas and Hegazy
Rezk.Energies. Magnetic Refrigeration Design Technologies: State of the Art and General
Perspectives.2021

[15]. Julia Lyubina. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. Magnetocaloric materials for energy efficient
cooling.2017

[16]. A. M. Aliev, L. N. Khanov,A. G. Gamzatov,1 A. B. Batdalov,1 D. R. Kurbanova, K. I. Yanushkevich,and

G. A. Govor. Applied Physics Letters. Giant magnetocaloric effect in MnAs1xPx in a cyclic magnetic field:
Lattice and magnetic contributions and degradation of the effect.2021

[17]. N. Raghu Ram ,M. Prakash ,U. Naresh, N. Suresh Kumar · T. Sofi Sarmash ,T Subbarao ,R. Jeevan
Kumar, G. Ranjith Kumar , K. Chandra Babu Naid. Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism.
Review on Magnetocaloric Effect and Materials.2018

[18]. Nikolai A. Zarkevich ,and Vladimir I. Zverev. Crystals, Review Viable Materials with a Giant
Magnetocaloric Effect,2020

[19]. V. K. Pecharsky and K. A. Gschneidner, Jr, Ames Laboratory and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, Giant Magnetocaloric Effect in Gd5sSi2Ge2d,2007
[20]. Professor Dr. Thomas Br ̈uckel,Professor Dr. Georg Roth. Structure and Dynamics of Magnetocaloric
Materials.2021

[21]. Valérie Paul-Boncour and Lotfi Bessais,MDPI. Tuning the Magnetocaloric Properties of the
La(Fe,Si)13Compounds by Chemical Substitution and Light Element Insertion.2021

[22]. L Theil Kuhn, N Pryds, C R H Bahl and A Smith. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 303 (2011)
012082. Magnetic refrigeration at room temperature – from magnetocaloric materials to a
prototype.2011

[23]. V. Franco, J.S. Blazquez, B. Ingale, and A. Conde. The Magnetocaloric Effect and Magnetic
RefrigerationNear Room Temperature:Materials and Models.2012

[24]. B.F. Yu*, Q. Gao, B. Zhang, X.Z. Meng, Z. Chen. International Journal of Refrigeration 26 (2003) 622–
636. Review on research of room temperature magnetic refrigeration.2003

[25]. D. N. H. Nam,1, 2, ∗ N. V. Dai,1 L. V. Hong,1 N. X. Phuc,1 S. C. Yu,3 M. Tachibana,2 and E. Takayama-

Muromachi4. Journal of Applied Physics. Room-temperature magnetocaloric effect in
La0.7Sr0.3Mn1−xM′xO3 (M′ = Al, Ti).2008

[26]. EDUARDO MARTÍNEZ TERÁN, B.S. NEAR ROOM TEMPERATUREMAGNETOCALORIC EFFECT FOR
MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION.2019

[27].M. R. Dudek, K. K. Dudek, W.Wolak, K.W.Wojciechowski & J. N.Grima. Magnetocaloric materials

with ultra-small magnetic nanoparticles working at room temperature.2019

[28]. Nguyen The Hiena,b,*, Nguyen Phu Thuya,b. Preparation and magneto-caloric effect of
La1xAgxMnO3(x=0.10–0.30) perovskite compounds.2002

[29]. Yikun Zhang a,b ∗, Dan Guo a, Bingbing Wu a, Haifeng Wang b, Renguo Guan b, Xi Li a, Zhongming
Ren a. Magnetic properties and magneto-caloric performances in RECo2B2C (RE = Gd, Tb and Dy)
compounds.2019

[30]. Zhongqi Dong , Zhenjie Wang *, Suhua Yin *. Magnetic properties and large cryogenic magneto-
caloric effect of Er0.2Tm0.2Ho0.2Cu0.2Co0.2 amorphous ribbon.2020

[31]. Mario S. Reis a. Magnetocaloric and barocaloric effects of metal complexes for solid state cooling:
Review, trends and perspectives.2020

[32]. Bingbing Wu a,b,c, Yikun Zhang a,b,c,*, Dan Guo a,b,c, Jiang Wang a,b,c, Zhongming Ren a,b,c,**.
Ceramics International. Structure, magnetic properties and cryogenic magneto-caloric effect (MCE) in
RE2FeAlO6 (RE = Gd, Dy, Ho) oxides.2020

[33]. Xing Wanga, Zhipan Maa, Haifeng Wangb, Lingwei Lia,b,c. Journal of Alloys and Compounds.
Magnetic phase transition and magneto-caloric effect (MCE) in(Mn0.5Ni0.5)60+xGa40-x (x = 3.3, 5.0,
and 6.6) alloys.2021

[34]. Y. Konopelnyk a,*, I. Radelytskyi a, P. Iwanowski a, D.J. Gawryluk a,b, M. Berkowski a,R. Diduszko
a,c, J. Fink–Finowicki a, H. Szymczak a, R. Puzniak a. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials.
Combined pressure and magnetic-field induced caloric effects in Fe7Se8 single crystals.2021
[35]. HUSEYIN UCAR,1,3 JOHN J. IPUS,2 V. FRANCO,2 M. E. McHENRY,1 and D. E. LAUGHLIN. Overview of
Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Magnetocaloric Materials Operating Near Room Temperature.2012

[36]. Benita Ortega-Berlanga 1,2, Lourdes Betancourt-Mendiola 1,2 , César del Angel-Olarte 1,2,Luis
Hernández-Adame 3, Sergio Rosales-Mendoza 1,2 and Gabriela Palestino .MDPI. An Overview of
Gadolinium-Based Oxide and Oxysulfide Particles: Synthesis, Properties, and Biomedical
Applications.2021

[37]. Maliheh Hassani1,*, Parvin Sarabadani2, Ali Hashemizadeh Aghda. Synthesis and Characterization
of Gd2O2S: Tb3+ Phosphor Powder for X-ray Imaging Detectors.2019

[38]. Akiko T. Saito1,2*, Takayoshi Hirakawa1,Shiori Kaji. International Journal of Engineering Innovation
& Research. Development of Synthesis Process of Magnetocaloric Material of La(Fe, Co, Si)13.2015

[39]. Xiaoyan Tan, Ping Chai, Corey M. Thompson,† and Michael Shatruk.JACS. Magnetocaloric Effect in
AlFe2B2: Toward Magnetic Refrigerants from Earth-Abundant Elements.2013

[40]. O. Gutfleisch1, T. Gottschall1, M. Fries1, D. Benke1,I. Radulov1, K. P. Skokov1, H. Wende2, M.

Gruner2 M. Acet2, P. Entel2 and M. Farle2. Mastering hysteresis in magnetocaloric materials.2021

[41]. S. I. Niftalieva, I. V. Kuznetsovaa,*, I. A. Saranova, T. V. Zhundrikovaa, L. V. Lyginaa, V. Yu.

Tuneekova,I. V. Chislovab, and I. A. Zverevab. Synthesis of Nanosized Gadolinium Oxide.2019

[42]. Felipe Mello Rigona, Andressa dos Santosa, Jean Halison de Oliveirab, Laís Weber
Aguiara,Wagner André dos Santos Conceiçãoa, Paulo Vinicius Trevizolia,c, Silvia Luciana Favaroa*,
Cleber Santiago Alvesa. Mechanical and Magnetocaloric Properties the Composite Based on PMMA and
Gd-Ge-Si as Reinforcement.2021

[43]. LE HUU TRINH,1 TRAN THAI HOA,1,4 NGUYEN VAN HIEU,3 and NGUYEN DUC CUONG. Journal of
ELECTRONIC MATERIALS. Facile Synthesis of Ultrafine Gd2O3 Nanoparticlesby Polyol Microwave
Method.2017

[44]. Karim Zehani1, Rym Guetari1,2, Najeh Mliki2, and Lotfi Bessais. Physics Procedia. Study of the
magnetocaloric effect in (P r, Dy)2F e17 and P r2(F e, Al)17 intermetallic compounds.2015

[45]. Wilasinee Hatakeyama,† Talia J. Sanchez,† Misty D. Rowe,† Natalie J. Serkova,‡ Matthew W.
Liberatore and Stephen G. Boyes. Synthesis of Gadolinium Nanoscale MetalOrganic Framework with
Hydrotropes: Manipulation of Particle Size and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Capability.2011

[46]. Caitlin Sierra Marie Hunt.VCU. The Rational Synthesis of Lanthanum Manganite Nanomaterials for
Magnetic Refrigeration Applications.2021

[47]. Valérie Paul-Boncour * and Lotfi Bessais.MDPI. Tuning the Magnetocaloric Properties of the
La(Fe,Si)13 Compounds by Chemical Substitution and Light Element Insertion.2021

[48]. Nikolai A. Zarkevich 1,* and Vladimir I. Zverev .MPDI. Viable Materials with a Giant Magnetocaloric
Effect.2020

[49]. Wen-Wen Wei,a Li-Ping Lu,a* Si-Si Feng,a Miao-Li Zhua and Ulli Englerta,b.STRUCTURAL
CHEMISTRY. Synthesis, structure and magnetocaloric properties of a new two-dimensional
gadolinium(III) coordination polymer based on azobenzene-2,20,3,30-tetracarboxylic acid.2021
[50]. Lluís Mañosa* and Antoni Planes. Materials with Giant Mechanocaloric Effects: Cooling by
Strength.2017

[51]. Andrej Kitanovski. Energy Applications of Magnetocaloric Materials.2020

[52]. K. A. Gschneidner, Jr. and V. K. Pecharsky. Ames Laboratory and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering. MAGNETOCALORIC MATERIALS.2020

[53]. A.M. Tishin, V.I. Zverev, A.P. Pyatakov, A.A. Shtil. Novel applications of magnetic materials and
technologies for medicine.2017

[54]. Tapas Samanta, Igor Dubenko, Abdiel Quetz,Shane Stadler,2and Naushad Ali. APPLIED PHYSICS
LETTERS. Giant magnetocaloric effects near room temperature in Mn1 2 xCuxCoGe.2012

[55]. Vitalij K. Pecharsky, Karl A. Gschneidner Jr. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials.
Magnetocaloric e!ect and magnetic refrigeration.1999

[56]. J. Feng, R. Geutjens, N.V. Thang, J. Li, X. Guo, A. Kéri,S. Basak, G. Galbács, G. Biskos, H. Nirschl, H.W.
Zandbergen,E. Brück, and A. Schmidt-Ott: Magnetic phase transition inspark-produced ternary LaFeSi
nanoalloys. ACS Appl. Mater.Interfaces. 2018.

[57]. J. Lyubina, R. Schaefer, N. Martin, L. Schultz, and O. Gutfleisch.Novel design of La(Fe,Si)13 alloys
towards high magnetic refrigeration performance. 2010.

[58]. W. Ligang and O. Tegus: Phase Formation and magnetocaloric effect in La(Fe1x–Cox)11.2Si1.8
compounds prepared by ball-milling. 2016.

[59]. D.H.A.L. Anselmo, V.D. Mello, and M.S. Vasconcelos: Simulation of the magnetocaloric effect in Tb
nanofilms. 2014.

[60]. 93. O. Gutfleisch, T. Gottschall, M. Fries, D. Benke, I. Radulov,K.P. Skokov, H. Wende, M. Gruner, M.
Acet, P. Entel, andM. Farle: Mastering hysteresis in magnetocaloric materials.2016.