CHE10705, Steam Generation and

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Steam Generation And Distribution

Steam Generation-Boiler Auxiliaries
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s
employees. Any material contained in this document which is not
already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given,
or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part,
without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering
Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Process For additional information on this subject, contact

File Reference: CHE10705 R. A. Al-Husseini on 874-2792
Engineering Encyclopedia Process
CONTENTS PAGES
INFORMATION
BOILER FEEDWATER PUMPS .........................................................................................................1
BOILER FANS.....................................................................................................................................3
BOILER FUEL SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................7
DEAERATORS....................................................................................................................................8
COMBUSTION AIR HEATING........................................................................................................12
BOILER FEEDWATER HEATING...................................................................................................14
BLOWDOWN FACILITIES ..............................................................................................................15
BOILER STACK................................................................................................................................18
WORK AID
WORK AID 1: BFW PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE CALCULATION .............................19
WORK AID 2: DEAERATOR STEAM VENT RATES ...........................................................21
WORK AID 3: DEAERATOR HEAT BALANCE EQUATION ..............................................22
WORK AID 4: DEAERATOR HEIGHT EQUATION .............................................................23
WORK AID 5: CONTINUOUS BOILER BLOWDOWN ........................................................24
WORK AID 6: BLOWDOWN DRUM HEAT BALANCE EQUATION .................................25
WORK AID 7: FLASHED STEAM ESTIMATING CURVE...................................................26
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................................27
REFERENCE
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................29
Saudi Aramco Standards.......................................................................................................29
Saudi Aramco Design Practices ............................................................................................29
Exxon Basic Practices...........................................................................................................29
ASME Publications...............................................................................................................30
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards i

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Boiler Fans .................................................................................................................................4
Figure 2. Typical Fan Performance Curves ...............................................................................................5
Figure 3. Typical Forced-Draft Fan Arrangements ....................................................................................6
Figure 4. Deaerators ..................................................................................................................................8
Figure 5. Typical Deaerator Arrangement ...............................................................................................11
Figure 6. Air Preheaters - Elements of a Rotary Regenerative Air Heaters .............................................12
Figure 7. Air Preheaters - Diagrammatic Illustration of Rotary Regenerative Air Heater
(Verticle Shaft Arrangement) with Gas and Air Counterflow ..................................................12
Figure 8. Air Preheaters ...........................................................................................................................13
Figure 9. Typical Boiler Blowdown Facilities .........................................................................................17
Figure 10. BFW Pump Discharge Pressure ...............................................................................................19
Figure 11. Deaerator Steam Vent...............................................................................................................21
Figure 12. Deaerator Heat Balance ............................................................................................................22
Figure 13. Deaerator Height ......................................................................................................................23
Figure 14. Boiler Blowdown .....................................................................................................................24
Figure 15. Blowdown Drum Heat Balance Equation.................................................................................25
Figure 16. Flash Steam Estimating Curve .................................................................................................26
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards ii

BOILER FEEDWATER PUMPS

Most boiler feedwater pumps are centrifugal, multistage pumps. Since feed pumps normally must be spared
from overuse, typical pump configurations are as follows:
• Two pumps - 100% capacity
• Three pumps - 50% capacity
• Four pumps - 33 1/3% capacity
For reliability, two types of drivers are usually provided, electric motors and steam turbines. Spare pumps,
particularly those that are motor driven, are normally provided with low-pressure, automatic cut-in controls.
Boiler feedwater pumps are sized to supply the boilers either at the Manufacturer's Continuous Rating (MCR)
plus overfire or at the installed safety valve rate, whichever is larger, to make certain the boiler does not lose
level. Additional water demands such as blowdown, pump low-flow protection flow if orifice controlled, and
miscellaneous uses such as attemperator water, chemical mixing water, and process water, must be included in
sizing the boiler feedwater pumps.
Since the pumps usually pump hot deaerated water, net positive suction head (NPSH) must be carefully
considered in the design to prevent water flashing in the pumps. This suction pressure is usually obtained from
elevated deaerators.
Equations for calculating pump discharge pressure to supply the boilers while safety valves are blowing.
The boiler feedwater pump discharge pressure, with safety valves blowing, must equal the sum of line pressure
drop, feedwater control valve pressure drop, economizer pressure drop, steam drum pressure, with the safety
valves blowing, and the liquid head from the pump inlet to the steam drum liquid level. The pressure in the
steam drum when the safety valves are blowing is determined as follows. The drum safety valve is set about
4% above the sum of the superheater safety valve setting and the superheater pressure drop so that the
superheater safety valve will relieve first. Thus the drum pressure with 6% accumulation at the drum safety
valve will be:
Drum pressure with safety valves blowing =
(1.04)(1.06) (superheater SV setting plus superheater pressure drop).
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 1

BOILER FEEDWATER PUMPS , CONT’D

When you size a feedwater control valve and determine its required range, you must consider very low (20% or
lower) loads.
In this case, steam drum pressure is the steam system header pressure plus the superheater pressure drop. At
low flow, the discharge pressure from a centrifugal pump is about 20% above its pressure at design flow. Thus,
the feedwater control valve pressure drop must be approximately equal to:
1.2(BFW pmp discharge pressure at design) – drum pressure

BOILER FANS
There are three common configurations for boiler draft. The simplest is natural draft without fans. A stack
provides adequate draft. A more complex arrangement is forced draft, which has a single fan or multiple fans
on the inlet air to provide pressure in the firebox. The fan is supplemented by a stack. Evan more complex is
balanced draft, which utilizes at least two fans, one on the inlet air to the boiler and one on the outlet air from
the boiler to the stack. The inlet fans are called forced draft fans, and the outlet fans are called induced draft
fans.
Forced-draft boilers are most common in industrial plants. Balanced-draft boilers are usually larger and
typically are used in utility stations.
Typical sizing criteria for a forced-draft fan are:
• Design flow = 120% of design air at MCR
• Design static head = 145% of head at MCR
The design air rate at MCR should include about 20% excess air for oil firing and 15% excess air for gas firing.
A low air flow cutout is usually provided for safety reasons to cut off fuel if there is not adequate combustion
air. Normally, only one forced-draft fan per boiler is provided, although some installations have two fans for
reliability.
Air flow can be controlled by inlet guide vanes or by turbine speed if the fans are turbine driven.

Figure 1 shows two views of a forced-draft fan with inlet guide vanes.
With permission from Babcock and Wilcox
Figure 1. Boiler Fans

Figure 2 shows typical fan curves comparing shaft horsepower, pressure, and efficiency with flow. The static
pressure and efficiency curves are used most often. The total pressure and efficiency curves are rarely used
because they include the air velocity head, which can seldom be used in overcoming flow resistance.
Figure 2. Typical Fan Performance Curves
Figure 3 shows typical forced-draft fan arrangements and controls. The notes explain the protection provided
for parallel fans.

Figure 3. Typical Forced-Draft Fan Arrangements

BOILER FUEL SYSTEM

Fuel systems can be single, dual, or multiple. In gas plants, single gas fuel systems are typical. In oil
refineries, dual oil-and-gas fuel systems are more common.
Gaseous fuel systems require knockout drums to remove droplets and slugs of liquid from the gas before it
reaches the burners. Knockout drums can prevent serious upsets and even explosions.
Liquid fuel systems require some liquid storage: 24 hours of storage is typical. The liquid fuels must be
pumped from the fuel storage. For reliability, the liquid fuel pumps are spared. The pump discharge pressure is
set by burner requirements. The liquid fuel system includes a pressurized accumulator downstream of the fuel
pumps to assure continuity of flow during automatic transfer of the pumps.
Fuel oil and other liquid fuels are atomized into small droplets so that they burn completely and efficiently.
Two common methods of atomizing are mechanical -- pressure atomizing through a spray nozzle -- and air or
steam atomizing through special burners. For mechanical atomizing, the liquid fuel pressure may be 300 to 600
psig or higher.
For atomizing steam or air, the liquid fuel pressure is normally in the range from 100 to 150 psig. The steam
or air is 20 to 40 psig above the fuel pressure. An efficient atomizer may use as little as 0.1 pound of steam per
pound of fuel but a typical design requirement is 0.3 pound of steam per pound of fuel.

DEAERATORS
Deaeration removes dissolved gases, primarily oxygen, from boiler feedwater. Vacuum deaerators are used
where cold water is desired. A typical use is with demineralizers to reduce chemical operating costs and to
protect resins from oxygen damage. In these deaerators, water flows down through trays or packing. Steam jet
ejectors or mechanical vacuum pumps produce the vacuum required to remove oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
dioxide.
The use of low-pressure steam in a pressure deaerator to heat boiler feedwater is a secondary benefit of
deaerators. This operation is energy efficient and helps to protect economizers from corrosion that might result
when sulfur acids condense out of flue gas onto the economizer tubes.
Commonly used deaerators are spray, tray, combination spray and tray, and some newer designs that use
packing instead of trays. Two types and designs of pressure deaerators can be seen in Figure 4. Pressure
deaerators are often called deaerating heaters, since they remove oxygen and heat the water.
Figure 4. Deaerators

In deaerating heaters, the inlet makeup water is usually at ambient temperature. It can be mixed with hot
condensate. This blend is intimately mixed with steam and is heated to within 2 to 4°F of saturation at the
operating pressure of the deaerator. A typical operating pressure is 15 psig, although pressures from 10 to 50
psig are also used.
A vent rate of a mixture of steam and removed gases is required for deaeration. Work Aid 2 shows two graphs
for estimating steam lost when gases are vented from spray and tray deaerators. For example, approximately
140 lb/hr of steam would be vented from a 100,000 lb/hr spray deaerator, while a maximum of 100 lb/hr of
steam would be vented from a comparable tray type deaerator.
The steam requirement for deaerating and heating can be calculated using a heat and material balance. To
achieve satisfactory deaeration, the minimum temperature rise from the blended inlet temperature to saturation
temperature must be at least 10°F for a tray deaerator and 30°F for a spray deaerator.
To determine the steam requirement for a deaerating heater, the equation on Work Aid 3 can be used. As an
example, assume the boiler feedwater requirement is 100,000 lb/hr, condensate returned is 50,000 lb/hr,
deaeration steam is saturated at 15 psig, feedwater makeup or treated water is at 80°F and condensate is at
150°F.
First determine the enthalpy of each component in the balance.
h steam (15 psig, SAT), hs = 1,164 But/lb
h treated water (80°F), htw = 48 Btu/lb
h condensate (150°F), hc = 118 Btu/lb
h boiler feedwater (250°F), hBFW = 219 Btu/lb
Flow of Boiler Feedwater (h BFW – h tw ) – Flow of Condensate (h c – h tw )

Flow of steam =
(h s – h tw )
100,000 (219 – 48 ) – 50 ,000 (118 – 48 )
Fs =
1,164 – 48
Flow of steam = 12,186 lb/hr for deaeration
Flow of treated water = 100,000 – 50,000 – 12,186
= 37,824 lb/hr

The design capacity for either pressure or vacuum deaerators should be equal to the maximum deaerated water
demand. Many plants have only one 100% capacity deaerator; but tow (or more) 50% capacity deaerators are
also common. For example, at Ras Tanura there are two deaerators for eight 150-psig boilers and six deaerators
for ten 625-psig boilers.
The design pressure is normally equal to the safety valve setting of the supply steam system. A "sentinel" valve
is usually installed and set 1 to 2 psi below the safety valve set point to warn of potential problems.
A deaerator has two sections, a deaeration section and a storage section. The deaeration section is constructed
of stainless steel or is stainless-steel clad. It is sized by the vendor based upon design specifications from the
purchaser. The storage section is carbon steel. A typical design could have a holdup at maximum flow of
about 20 minutes from overflow to empty and 10 minutes from low-level alarm to empty.
The height of the deaerator installation is critical, because it provides the required NPSH for the boiler
feedwater pumps. The height is determined with the deaerator operating 5 psig below normal operating
pressure to account for pressure variations in the low-pressure steam supply to the deaerator. Work Aid 4 gives
the equation for determining the minimum height of a deaerator.
Deaerator storage vessels have a tendency to form stress and water quality-related cracks. Heat relieving of
deaerator storage vessels is recommended to prevent these cracks.
Figure 5 shows a typical deaeration arrangement with instruments and controls. Recovered condensate and
deaeration steam are admitted without control. Makeup treated water is admitted under level control.
Excessive water is dumped by high-level control.

Figure 5. Typical Deaerator Arrangement

COMBUSTION AIR HEATING

The purposes of combustion air heating or air preheating are to improve the combustion of fuels that are
difficult, such as steam cracker tar and vacuum pipestill bottoms; to recover flue gas heat for efficiency
improvement; and to absorb excess low-pressure steam. Air preheaters can take several forms, as shown in
Figures 6, 7 and 8. The rotary regenerative, or Ljungstrom type, rotates a heat-absorbing fill from the hot flue
gas duct, where it picks up heat, into the cold, incoming air to release heat. Another type is a tubular
exchanger, in which the hot flue gas passes on one side of the tubes and cold incoming air on the other.
Steam/air preheaters of tubular construction often have extended surfaces such as fins to increase heat transfer.
Air preheaters heat incoming air from 200 to 400°F. Two precautions must be taken. First, fire detection
systems are installed, because soot can deposit on the exchanger surfaces. Secondly, flue gas is kept above
300°F to prevent corrosion of the exchangers due to sulfur acids.

Figure Figure 7. Air

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Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards e 13
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Some arrangements of tubular air heaters to suit various directions of gas and air flow
Figure 8. Air Preheaters

BOILER FEEDWATER HEATING

The purposes of boiler feedwater heating are to improve plant efficiency by absorbing excess low-level heat and
to minimize corrosion in economizers. The feedwater from a 15-psig deaerating heater is at 250°F. The acid
dew point of flue gas is between 275 and 300°F. Raising boiler feedwater temperature to approximately 350°F
will ensure that the economizer tube metal temperature remains above the acid dewpoint.
Commonly, a feedwater heater is a shell-and-tube exchanger with high-pressure boiler feedwater on the tube
side. Medium-pressure steam (125 to 150 psig) is often used if available. The boiler feedwater can be heated
to within 5 to 10°F of the steam saturation temperature, and the condensate can be cooled a few degrees below
saturation temperature.
Control is accomplished by varying the level of condensate in the shell. A high condensate level reduces the
heat transfer area available and thus reduces steam consumption. A high-level alarm is provided to detect boiler
feedwater leaks.

BLOWDOWN FACILITIES
Blowdown facilities limit solids buildup in the boiler water caused by evaporation. The system must safely
dispose of the flashing steam and hot liquid.
Blowdown from high-pressure boilers may be flashed at several levels. For example, 600-psig blowdown may
be flashed at 125 psig, at 15 psig, and at atmospheric pressure. Drums are used as the flash vessels. Flashed
steam is recovered except for that steam flashed at atmospheric pressure. The liquid is flashed at a lower
pressure or sent to the sewer or waste disposal. Flashing in the sewer should be avoided because of the
personnel hazard. Heat exchange between the blowdown waste liquid and cold makeup water is common when
energy costs are high.
The blowdown rate depends on the boiler feedwater quality. With demineralized water, blowdown may be
about 1% with a system designed for 5 to 10% to allow adjustments in boiler drum water quality. With zeolite-
softened water, blowdown may be 5 to 10%, with a system designed for 10% or more.
The amount of flashed steam is determined by a heat and material balance. Liquid holdup in the flash drums is
usually 2 minutes from high-liquid level to low-liquid level and 5 minutes from high-liquid level to the
emergency low level.
The calculation procedure for determining blowdown rate is shown in Work Aid 5. For example, assume that
for a 600-psig boiler, the makeup water has 4-ppm silica. The desired maximum concentration recommended
in the boiler drum water is 35 ppm. The blowdown rate required to control silica would be:
C BFW
C BD – C BFW ( )
x% = 100
x= 4 × 100
35 – 4
= 12.9%
where:
CBFW = Concentration in boiler feedwater in ppm
CBD = Concentration in boiler drum in ppm

BLOWDOWN FACILITIES , CONT’D

The calculation procedure for determining the amount of flashed steam and condensate from blowdown is
illustrated in Work Aid 6. For example, assume 100 lb/hr of drum water is blown down from a 600-psig boiler
drum and is flashed at 125 psig. First determine the enthalpy of the blowdown, the flashed steam, and the
condensate from steam tables.
h BD = 475 Btu / lb
h FS = 1,193 Btu / lb
h c = 325 Btu / lb
(h BD – h c )
Flow FS = Flow BD
(h FS – h c )
F FS = 100
(475 – 325 )
1,193 – 325
= 17.2 lb / hr
The calculations can be checked using the curves on Work Aid 7.

Figure 9 shows a typical blowdown system arrangement. It includes a medium-pressure and low-pressure flash
drum for continuous blowdown from a boiler steam drum and an atmospheric flash drum for intermittent
blowdown from a boiler mud drum. Condensate from the continuous blowdown low-pressure flash drum is
routed through a heat exchanger to site drainage. Condensate from the intermittent blowdown drum is sent
directly to the sewer after an atmospheric flash. The intermittent blowdown drum is piped so that it can spare
the continuous blowdown system for maintenance.

Figure 9. Typical Boiler Blowdown Facilities

BOILER STACK
The boiler stack provides the required draft for natural draft boilers and disperses flue gas at a safe location for
all boilers.
Stack temperatures can be as high as 390 to 500°F when high sulfur fuels are burned. For fuels low in sulfur,
stack temperatures can be considerably lower (300°F or less) with larger air preheaters.
Common stacks are often used for two and even more boilers. Isolation is provided so that individual boilers
can be removed from service for maintenance.

WORK AID 1: bfw pump discharge pressure calculation
Figure 10. BFW Pump Discharge Pressure
The BFW pump discharge pressure is normally based on supplying feedwater to the boiler drum when the
safety valves are blowing. When you establish the BFW pump DP, it is also necessary to establish the DP of
the feedwater control valve.
The feedwater control valve must have the range to handle both the operating case where the safety valves are
blowing and the operating case where the boilers are at 20% capacity.
Case I - Safety Valves Blowing
PD = DP1 + PSH
PDS = PD [1.04] [1.06]
PBFW = DP4 + DP3 + DP2 +PDS + H(0.433 psi/ft) (SG)

Case II - Capacity Boiler Operation

PD = PH + DP1
DP'3 = PBFW [1.2] – PD
Where:
PD = Boiler drum pressure, psig
PH = Normal steam pressure at boiler outlet, psig
PBFW = Discharge pressure of BFW pumps, psig
PDS = Steam drum pressure with safety valves blowing, psig
PSH = Superheater set pressure, psig
DP1 = Pressure drop through steam superheater (10% of P H or 15 psi, whichever is larger),
psi
DP2 = Economizer pressure drop (assume 30 psi)
DP3 = Minimum DP for feedwater control valve, psi
DP'1 = Maximum DP for feedwater control valve, psi
DP4 = Line pressure drop, psi
H = Height from pump centerline to boiler drum centerline, ft
SG = Specific gravity at conditions, dimensionless

WORK AID 2: DEAERATOR STEAM VENT rates
Figure 11. Deaerator Steam Vent

WORK AID 3: DEAERATOR HEAT BALANCE EQUATION
Figure 12. Deaerator Heat Balance

WORK AID 4: DEAERATOR HEIGHT EQUATION
Figure 13. Deaerator Height

WORK AID 5: CONTINUOUS BOILER BLOWDOWN
Figure 14. Boiler Blowdown

WORK AID 6: BLOWDOWN DRUM HEAT BALANCE EQUATION
Figure 15. Blowdown Drum Heat Balance Equation

WORK AID 7: FLASHED STEAM ESTIMATING CURVE
NOTE: For boiler pressures between 100 and 800 psig, use "flash" pressure curves from lower left-hand to
upper right-hand corner and the bottom axis. For boiler pressures above 800 psig, use "flash" pressure curves
slanting from lower right-hand to upper left-hand corner and top axis.
Figure 16. Flash Steam Estimating Curve

GLOSSARY
atomizing steam Steam used to disperse liquid fuel to a fine spray at the burner tip.
attemperator A boiler accessory for reducing and controlling the steam outlet
temperature from the boiler.
balance Adjusting the operation of the steam system to minimize the amount of
pressure reduction between the various steam pressure levels.
blowdown Water removed from the boiler to control the level of dissolved impurities
in the boiler water.
boiler feedwater (BFW) Treated water that has been heated, deaerated, and dosed with chemicals
to remove residual oxygen.
burner a mechanical device used to introduce air and fuel into the boiler at the
proper conditions to establish and maintain ignition and combustion.
economizer A device for transferring heat from the flue gas to the BFW before the
BFW enters the boiler drum.
flue gas Gaseous products from the combustion of fuel.
high-pressure BFW heater A shell-and-tube heat exchanger located downstream of the deaerating
heater and used to preheat BFW above 250°F.
MCR Manufacturers Continuous Rating, which is the design output capacity of
the boiler, in tons per hour.
mud drum or lower drum A cylindrical vessel near the bottom of the boiler which acts as a
collection and distribution header. Solids and sediment tend to
accumulate in this drum and are removed by intermittent blowdown.
overfire A short time rating given to some boilers by the manufacturer. An
example is 110% capacity limited to a maximum of 1 hour.
steam drum A cylindrical vessel near the top of the boiler that acts as a distribution and
collection header and a release point for steam. The drum also houses
separation equipment to dry the steam.
superheater A heat transfer surface downstream of the steam drum, designed to raise
the steam temperature above the saturation temperature. The superheater
is arranged within the boiler to absorb heat by radiation, convection, or
both.
treated water Raw water which has been processed in the water treating plant to reduce
the level of suspended and dissolved impurities.

REFERENCES
Saudi Aramco Standards

• SAES-F-008 Pre-operational Chemical Cleaning of Boilers
• SAES-G-005 Centrifugal Pumps
• SAES-J-602 Boiler Safety Systems for Watertube Types
• SAES-K-501 Steam Turbines
• SAES-L-043 Thermal Expansion Relief in Piping
Saudi Aramco Design Practices

• SADP-G-005 Centrifugal Pumps
• SADP-J-602 Fired Equipment Safety Systems
• SADP-K-501 Steam Turbines
• SADP-L-043 Thermal Expansion Relief in Piping
• SADP-S-070 Installation of Utility Piping Systems
Exxon Basic Practices

• BP3-4-1 Piping for Furnaces and Boilers
• BP7-2-1 Industrial Boilers
• BP11-5-1 Water Deaerators and Degasifiers
• BP15-1-4 Instrumentation for Boiler Protection Systems

ASME Publications
• Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
– Section I Power Boilers
– Section II Material Specifications
– Section VII Recommended Rules for Care of Power Boilers
• Power Test Codes
– PTC 4.1 Steam-Generating Units
– PTC 6 Steam Turbines
– PTC 6-A Appendix A to Steam Turbines
– PTC 8.2 Centrifugal Pumps
– PTC 12.1 Feedwater Heaters
– PTC 12.2 Steam Condensing Apparatus
– PTC 12.3 Deaerators
– PTC 19.11 Quality and Purity of Steam
– PTC 19.21 Leak Detection and Leak Measurement
– PTC 23 Atmospheric Water-Cooling Equipment

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Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Steam Generation And Distribution

Chapter : Process For additional information on this subject, contact

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards i

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards ii

BOILER FEEDWATER PUMPS

• Three pumps - 50% capacity

• Four pumps - 33 1/3% capacity

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 1

BOILER FEEDWATER PUMPS , CONT’D

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 2

• Design static head = 145% of head at MCR

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 3

With permission from Babcock and Wilcox

Figure 1. Boiler Fans

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 4

With permission from Babcock and Wilcox

Figure 2. Typical Fan Performance Curves

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 5

Figure 3. Typical Forced-Draft Fan Arrangements

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 6

BOILER FUEL SYSTEM

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 7

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 8

h treated water (80°F), htw = 48 Btu/lb

h condensate (150°F), hc = 118 Btu/lb

h boiler feedwater (250°F), hBFW = 219 Btu/lb

Flow of Boiler Feedwater (h BFW – h tw ) – Flow of Condensate (h c – h tw )

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 9

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 10

Figure 5. Typical Deaerator Arrangement

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 11

COMBUSTION AIR HEATING

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 12

Figure Figure 7. Air

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 14

Figure 8. Air Preheaters

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 15

BOILER FEEDWATER HEATING

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 16

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 17

BLOWDOWN FACILITIES , CONT’D

The calculations can be checked using the curves on Work Aid 7.

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 18

Figure 9. Typical Boiler Blowdown Facilities

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 19

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 20

WORK AID 1: bfw pump discharge pressure calculation

Figure 10. BFW Pump Discharge Pressure

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 21

Case II - Capacity Boiler Operation

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 22

WORK AID 2: DEAERATOR STEAM VENT rates

Figure 11. Deaerator Steam Vent

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 23

WORK AID 3: DEAERATOR HEAT BALANCE EQUATION

Figure 12. Deaerator Heat Balance

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 24

WORK AID 4: DEAERATOR HEIGHT EQUATION

Figure 13. Deaerator Height

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 25

WORK AID 5: CONTINUOUS BOILER BLOWDOWN