Mex 30201

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Boilers - Equipment Description
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s employees.
Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public
domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third
parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission
of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Vessels For additional information on this subject, contact

File Reference: MEX30201 M.Y. Naffa’a
Engineering Encyclopedia Vessels
Boilers Equipment Description
Contents Pages
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1
STEAM SYSTEM OVERVIEW .......................................................................................... 2

Terminology for the Design and Operations of Boilers............................................... 2
BOILER CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................... 4
Types ........................................................................................................................ 4
Major Boiler Components ........................................................................................12
Miscellaneous Boiler Components ............................................................................17
DOCUMENTS USED BY SAUDI ARAMCO AND THEIR PURPOSES...........................18
32-AMSS-021 Water-Tube Boilers ..........................................................................18
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - Section I, Power Boilers ..............18
34-AMSS-619 Flame Monitoring and Burner Management System...............18
34-AMSS-831 Package Unit Instrumentation................................................18
AES-A-005 Safety Instruction Sheets.......................................................................18
Saudi Aramco Form 2731 - Fired Heaters .....................................................19
Saudi Aramco Form 2694 - Vessels ..............................................................19
Boiler Data Sheet .....................................................................................................19
Saudi Aramco Equipment Files.................................................................................19
GLOSSARY........................................................................................................................20

Table of Figures Pages
FIGURE 1 Typical Steam System.............................................................................. 2

FIGURE 2 Package Water-Tube Boiler..................................................................... 4
FIGURE 3 Water-Tube Boiler................................................................................... 5
FIGURE 4 Field-Erected Water-Tube Boiler ............................................................. 6
FIGURE 5 Gas Turbine Waste Heat Boiler................................................................ 7
FIGURE 6 Firetube Boiler......................................................................................... 8
FIGURE 7 Electric Steam Boiler............................................................................... 9
FIGURE 8 Saudi Aramco Boilers.............................................................................10
FIGURE 9 Boiler Components - Ras Tanura Hp Boiler No. 10 ................................12
FIGURE 10 Steam Drum Internals - Ras Tanura Hp Boiler No. 8 ............................13
FIGURE 11 Typical Water Wall Construction ..........................................................15
FIGURE 12 Typical Steam Generation System.........................................................17

INTRODUCTION
This module provides an introduction to the steam generating equipment used by Saudi Aramco,
including an overview of typical plant steam systems.
The types of boilers and boiler components used by Saudi Aramco are described.
This module also presents the types of documents used by Saudi Aramco to specify boilers for
design and purchase, and to record their inspection and maintenance history.
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 1

STEAM SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Terminology for the Design and Operations of Boilers
A typical steam system, shown in Figure 1, provides thermal energy in the form of steam to a
number of consumers. The key elements in this system are the steam generators, the distribution
system, and the users. Supply of boiler feedwater (BFW) to the steam generator and recovery of
condensate for recycling are also included in the steam system.
1 Boiler
2 Deaerator
3 BFW Pump
4 Continuous Blowdown Facilities
5 Intermittent Blowdown Facilities
6 Pressure Reducing Station
7 Desuperheater
8 Distribution Piping and Valving
9 Condensate Return System
SV System Safety Valves
FIGURE 1 TYPICAL STEAM SYSTEM

The steam generator can be either a part of a process unit using waste or surplus heat, or a
separate offsite facility burning fuel in a boiler. The fuel can be gas, oil, or coal. Steam can also
be generated by recovery of waste heat from the exhaust of a gas turbine.
Waste or surplus process heat can come from furnace flue gases, process coolers (heat
exchangers), or hot product rundown.
The steam distribution network consists of piping and valves that interconnect between the
producers and consumers of steam. Steam can be produced and consumed at various pressure
levels. These different pressure levels are usually connected via pressure reducing and steam
desuperheating stations, so that surpluses of steam at higher pressure levels can be utilized at
lower pressure levels.
Although not standardized, commonly used steam pressure levels in Saudi Aramco plants range
from 60 to 625 psig. Most plants have a high-pressure (HP) level of 600 to 625 psig, plus one or
more lower pressure levels. For example, steam pressure levels at Abqaiq are 625 and 60 psig,
and at Ras Tanura the steam pressure levels are 600, 225, 150, and 60 psig. These 60- to 225-
psig levels are referred to as medium-pressure (MP) levels. Usually there is also a low-pressure
(LP) level at 15 psig.
The steam system begins with the supply of treated water to a deaerator, where dissolved gases
such as oxygen and carbon dioxide are removed prior to introduction of the water into the boiler.
These gases are undesirable because of their corrosive attack on metal surfaces. The water is
deaerated by heating it to its saturation temperature and then scrubbing it with steam to carry
away the dissolved gases. The deaerator operating pressure is normally the same as the LP steam
system (15 psig). Boiler feedwater pumps are used to deliver BFW from the deaerator to the
boiler steam drum. Two or more pumps are provided to ensure a reliable supply of water to the
boiler.
Wherever possible, condensed steam from the steam users is collected in a condensate system and
returned to the deaerator for recycling.

BOILER CHARACTERISTICS
Types
The three main types of boilers used by Saudi Aramco are water-tube, firetube, and electric.
Water-tube boilers are illustrated in Figures 2 through 5. These are the largest and most common
boiler types. A firetube boiler is illustrated in Figure 6, and an electric boiler is illustrated in
Figure 7.
Water-tube boilers have no real pressure or size limitations. The basic configuration is a firebox
surrounded by tubes filled with water. Located at the top of the water-tube boiler is a drum in
which steam is separated from the water. Water circulates from the steam drum down through
the water tubes and back to the steam drum. This usually occurs because of natural circulation,
although some boilers have forced circulation systems.
The smaller-sized water-tube boilers are usually shop assembled and delivered to the field in a
complete unit. These units are referred to as package boilers. The maximum size of package
boilers depends largely on transportation limits. Larger units can be shipped in a few modules
which are assembled in the field. Many Saudi Aramco boilers are package units, with the largest
having a capacity of about 600,000 lb/hr of steam at a design pressure of about 880 psig. Typical
package boilers are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Larger sized water-tube boilers are field erected. A
typical field-erected boiler is shown in Figure 4.
Source: Combustion Engineering.
FIGURE 2 PACKAGE WATER-TUBE BOILER

Steam
Drum
Burners
Mud
Drum
Source: Steam, Its Generation and Use, 38th Edition, © 1972. With permission from Babcock & Wilcox.
FIGURE 3 WATER-TUBE BOILER

Source: Combustion Engineering.
FIGURE 4 FIELD-ERECTED WATER-TUBE BOILER
A gas turbine waste heat boiler is illustrated in Figure 5. These boilers are usually a special
design. They can be designed as unfired units operating on waste heat only, or as supplementary
fired units, with gas or liquid fuel, to increase steam production. Because of the type of
supplementary firing used, the boiler shown in Figure 5 can also be referred to as a duct-fired
waste heat boiler. Boiler size is dependent on the size of the gas turbine. They typically produce
100,000 to 400,000 lb/hr of steam at 150 to 600 psig.

1 Gas Turbine 6 Superheater

2 Dump Stack 7 Boiler Section
3 Bypass Damper 8 Downcomers
4 Boiler Shut-Off Damper 9 Economizer
5 Supplemental Burner 10 Steam Drum
With permission from Henry Vogt Machine Company.
FIGURE 5 GAS TURBINE WASTE HEAT BOILER

Firetube boilers are generally of small size (under 100,000 lb/hr and more commonly under
50,000 lb/hr) and low pressure (under 250 psig and more commonly 150 psig or lower). The
steam is usually not superheated. The name "firetube" comes from the arrangement where hot
combustion products flow inside tubes that are located in a water-filled cylindrical shell. Firetube
boilers are less expensive than water-tube boilers of the same size and pressure rating. Firetube
boilers are usually packaged and skid mounted.
With permission from Power Magazine.
FIGURE 6 FIRETUBE BOILER

Electric boilers are often used for small steam loads at locations outside of main plants, for
example, mechanical shops, dining halls, and hospitals. Electric boilers are usually very small in
size (generally less than 25,000 lb/hr) and low pressure (less than 100 psig). In a resistance boiler,
electric resistance heating elements are immersed in a water bath that is enclosed in an outer
pressure vessel. Heat input and steam output are regulated by controls which select the number
of heating elements to be energized.
Manual Reset High Limit Control

Safety Valve
Steam Pressure Gauge
Steam Outlet
Operating
Pressure
Control
Automatic
Blowdown
Vacuum Breaker
Control
Low Water Cutoff

and Pump Control
Sight Glass
Heating
Elements
Fuses, Terminal
Insulation Blocks, and
Contactors
Automatic Check Valve

Blowdown
Water Feed
Valve
Strainer
Gate Valves
With permission from Chromalox.
FIGURE 7 ELECTRIC STEAM BOILER

A summary of boiler types and their typical ranges of applications is shown in Work Aid 1. This
can be used to make preliminary boiler selections for study purposes. Figure 8 lists the major
boilers in Saudi Aramco plants.
Boiler Year MCR** Press Temp

Number Built Type * Manufacturer k lb/hr psig °F Fuel
Abqaiq High-Pressure Boilers

1 1952 VU-50 Comb. Eng'g 220 700/625 725 Gas
2 1948 VU-50 Comb. Eng'g 220 700/625 725 Gas
3 1947 VU-50 Comb. Eng'g 220 700/625 725 Gas
4 1952 VU-50 Comb. Eng'g 220 700/625 725 Gas
5 1952 VU-50 Comb. Eng'g 220 700/625 725 Gas
6 1951- VU-50 Comb. Eng'g 220 700/625 725 Gas
2
7 1965 VU-60 Mitsubishi 450 700/625 725 Gas
Berri Gas Plant

F1A 1975 P*33 A18 Comb. Eng'g 250 450 400 Gas
F1B 1975 P 33 A18 Comb. Eng'g 250 450 400 Gas
F2A 1975 P 40VP-26W Comb. Eng'g 530 450 400 Gas
F2B 1975 P 40VP-26W Comb. Eng'g 530 450 400 Gas
F2C 1975 P 40VP-26W Comb. Eng'g 530 450 400 Gas
Juaymah
F-103 1976 P 34 VP-18 Comb. Eng'g 300 200 400 Gas
F-105 1976 P 40 VP-26W Mitsubishi 530 700/625 725 Gas/Oil
Juaymah Industrial
- 1974 P 33 A15 Comb. Eng'g 200 200 400 Gas
- 1974 P 33 A15 Comb. Eng'g 200 200 400 Gas
*P = Package Boiler (others are field erected)

** MCR = Maximum Continuous Rating
FIGURE 8 SAUDI ARAMCO BOILERS

SAUDI ARAMCO BOILERS (CONT'D)
Boiler Year MCR** Press Temp

Number Built Type * Manufacturer k lb/hr psig °F Fuel
Ras Tanura Low-Pressure Boilers

F-101 1974 P 33 Comb. Eng'g 200 200 400 Gas
F-102 1974 P 33 Comb. Eng'g 200 200 400 Gas
F-103 1974 P 33 Comb. Eng'g 200 200 400 Gas
F-104 1974 P 33 Comb. Eng'g 200 200 400 Gas
F-107 1978 P 40 VP-26W Foster Wheeler 530 200 400 Gas
F-108 1978 P 40 VP-26W Foster Wheeler 530 200 400 Gas
Ras Tanura High-Pressure Boilers

5 1958 VU-50 Mannesmann - F. Tosi 220 700/625 725 Oil/Gas
6 1963 VU-50 Mitsubishi 220 700/625 725 Oil/Gas
Shedgum Gas Plant
101 1976 P 40 VP-26W Mitsubishi 530 800/625 725 Gas
Uthmaniyah Gas Plant
F-101 1977 P 40 VP-26W Babcock & Wilcox 530 800/625 625 Gas
Yanbu Gas Plant
F-124A 1980 P VU-60 Royal Schelde 600 880 896 Oil/Gas
F-124B 1980 P VU-60 Royal Schelde 600 880 896 Oil/Gas
F-124C 1980 P VU-60 Royal Schelde 600 880 896 Oil/Gas
F-121 1980 P 40 VP-26W Mitsubishi 530 880/625 750 Gas
*P = Package Boiler (others are field erected)

** MCR = Maximum Continuous Rating
FIGURE 8

Major Boiler Components
The major components of a typical Saudi Aramco boiler are shown in Figure 9, which is an
illustration of Ras Tanura HP Boiler No. 10. The upper drum (steam drum) provides space for
separating steam from water. It also provides liquid holdup capacity (typically from 10 to 60
seconds) to allow for a dynamic response to load changes without losing liquid in the water tubes.
Steam drum internals for this type boiler are shown in Figure 10. Included are baffles and screens
to assist in separating the steam and water mixture entering from the tubes. Other devices, such
as cyclone separators, are also used in some boilers to separate the steam. Other drum internals
include feedwater piping, blowdown piping, and chemical injection piping.
Relief Tube Upper Left Side Header
Superheater Connecting Tube

Roof Tube
Upper Drum
Upper Right Side Header
Furnace Side Tube
Superheater Tube
Boiler Rear Tube
Gas and Oil Burner Superheater Steam-Cooled Spacer Tube
Baffle Plate
Furnace Rear Tube

Peep Hole
Boiler Bank Tube

Front Tube
Floor Tube Gas Duct
Air Duct
Fire Brick
Lower Right Side Header
Supply Tube
Superheater Header
Boiler Side Tube
Lower Drum
FIGURE 9 BOILER COMPONENTS - RAS TANURA HP BOILER NO. 10

FIGURE 10 STEAM DRUM INTERNALS - RAS TANURA HP BOILER NO. 8
Most water-tube boilers have a lower drum (mud drum) for collecting sediment and impurities.
This drum also acts as a lower header for connection of the water tubes.

The water circuit between the drums consists of downcomers and risers. A downcomer is a tube
in an unheated or less heated area of the boiler. A riser is a tube in the heated or hotter section of
the boiler. Water tends to flow by natural circulation from the steam drum to the mud drum via
the downcomers and then back to the steam drum via the risers. Evaporation takes place in the
risers, and the steam/water mixture weighs less than the water in the downcomers. In some
boilers, circulation is forced by pumping.
Most water-tube boilers have wall, floor, and roof tubes surrounding the firebox. Water flows in
these tubes from the mud drum to the steam drum. In addition to absorbing heat, these tubes cool
the boiler enclosure and reduce the amount of refractory required. In Figure 9, the floor, front wall,
and roof tubes are shown forming a continuous flowpath from the mud drum to the steam drum. A
refractory layer is often placed on the floor tubes to reduce the heat transfer to these tubes. The
sidewall tubes are connected to bottom and top headers, which in turn are connected to the drums
by supply and relief tubes. Adjacent tubes in these walls are often welded to connecting steel strips
to form a continuous membrane wall, which is illustrated in Figure 11. This construction permits a
pressure-tight enclosure.

Outer Casing
Insulation
Membrane Wall Tubes

Welded to
Tubes
Combustion Zone
FIGURE 11 TYPICAL WATER WALL CONSTRUCTION
Most water-tube boilers also have steam superheaters. When steam is separated from water in the
steam drum, it is saturated at the drum pressure. This steam is routed through the superheater
tubes to raise the steam temperature above saturation temperature. The superheater is usually
located at the exit of the firebox, where the flue gas temperature is high enough for efficient heat
transfer. However, screen tubes are often used just ahead of the superheater, to shield the
superheater from direct radiation from the hot combustion gases.
Headers are used to distribute the steam to the parallel flowpaths used in the superheater, and to
collect it. As shown in Figure 9, these headers are located at the bottom of the superheater so
that the entire superheater coil is drainable (a Saudi Aramco requirement).

Safety valves are usually installed both on the steam drum and at the boiler outlet to protect both
the boiler and the superheater from overpressure.
Boilers can be designed to fire nearly any fuel, either solid, liquid, or gas, or combinations of each.
Saudi Aramco's boilers fire gas and oil fuels, and these will be considered in this course.
Combustion air is supplied to the boiler by a forced draft fan. This air enters the boiler through a
windbox, where it is distributed to the burners. The air mixes with the fuel in the burners, and
combustion takes place in the combustion zone of the boiler. There are many types and
configurations of burners, depending upon the fuels fired and the size and design of the boiler.
Heat is transferred from the burning fuel and hot gases to the water wall tubes surrounding the
combustion zone. These flue gases then flow past the superheater tubes and through the boiler
bank tubes. Baffles are often used in the boiler bank to define the flue gas flowpath. The flue
gases then exit the boiler through a flue gas duct and stack.
To improve efficiency, many boilers have economizers. These are heat exchangers that transfer
heat from the flue gas leaving the boiler to the boiler feedwater. This reduces the stack
temperature.
Some boilers may also use a combustion air preheater to improve efficiency. This is also a heat
exchanger and is used to transfer heat from the flue gas leaving the boiler to the air that is used for
combustion.
Figure 12 is a simplified flow plan of a boiler and its auxiliaries. It shows how these components,
and those described in the following pages, fit into the overall steam generation system.

FIGURE 12 TYPICAL STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM

Miscellaneous Boiler Components
Some boilers require attemperators downstream of the steam superheater to control the boiler
steam outlet temperature at various loads. The superheater is designed to provide a specific
steam temperature at design conditions. At other conditions, this temperature may be exceeded
and is controlled by spraying high-quality water into the outlet steam to cool, or attemperate, it.
Oil-fired boilers usually require sootblowers to periodically clean the boiler tubes. Soot-blowers
direct a blast of steam at tubes in the dirtiest part of the boiler to blast combustion products off
the tube surfaces. This cleans the tubes and increases heat transfer.
Boilers have blowdown connections in both the steam and mud drums to remove concentrated
sediment and impurities that result from evaporation of the boiler water. Blowdown from the
steam drum is usually continuous, and the amount is set to control impurity levels below specified
maximums. The blowdown rate may be increased or decreased occasionally, depending upon
boiler water analysis. Blowdown from the mud drum is usually intermittent, based on experience.
Mud drum blowdown primarily removes sediment.

DOCUMENTS USED BY SAUDI ARAMCO AND THEIR PURPOSES
Several standards and codes are used to cover the minimum requirements of new equipment
purchased by Saudi Aramco. Additional documents are used to record details of the equipment
actually purchased and installed, and to record the boiler's history during its operating life.
32-AMSS-021 Water-Tube Boilers
This specification is mainly used for the purchase of new boilers. It covers the minimum Saudi
Aramco requirements for industrial water-tube boilers, including the following:
• Mechanical design requirements, including the type of construction to be used, steam drum
internals, burners and fans, platforms, stacks, and ducts.
• Inspection and testing.
• Required connections and auxiliary equipment.
• Boiler performance.
• This specification also states that the proposed boiler type and size must have been
satisfactorily demonstrated, based on at least five years operating experience.
This specification also references other documents that cover certain aspects of the boiler supply
and design. The most important are listed below:
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - Section I, Power Boilers
This code covers the design, fabrication, and testing of boiler pressure parts. Application of this
code to boiler design will be covered in the next module.
34-AMSS-619 Flame Monitoring and Burner Management System
34-AMSS-831 Package Unit Instrumentation
These specifications cover the instruments and controls required for safe and satisfactory
operation of the boiler.
AES-A-005 Safety Instruction Sheets
The purpose of the Safety Instruction Sheets (SIS) is to provide operating, maintenance, and
inspection personnel with important information about certain pressure-containing and rotating
equipment in the plants. This information is presented in a consistent format and includes safe
operating limits for the equipment, protective devices, and any special safety precautions required.
SIS are initially prepared for new equipment, and then revised when existing equipment is re-
rated.

AES-A-005 provides detailed instructions for filling out the SIS.
For boilers, SIS are required for the pressure parts covered by the ASME code (tubes, headers,
and drums). Since specific forms have not been developed for boilers, the most applicable SIS are
used, as follows:
Saudi Aramco Form 2731 - Fired Heaters
This SIS is used for all boiler tubes. Work Aid 2 is a copy of this SIS.
Saudi Aramco Form 2694 - Vessels
This SIS is used for boiler drums and headers. Work Aid 3 is a copy of this SIS.
Boiler Data Sheet
This document is provided by the boiler manufacturer and includes a summary of the boiler's
physical characteristics and its predicted operating performance. It is usually part of the
manufacturer's original proposal and is subsequently modified to incorporate any changes that
occur as the boiler detail design progresses. The final issue should reflect the as-built boiler.
Saudi Aramco Equipment Files
Details of the boiler and its auxiliary equipment are contained in several sources.
• Plant Record Books. The contractor prepares a plant record book for the boiler. This
contains details of the boiler design and construction. Adequate information should be
included to permit necessary inspection and maintenance of the boiler. The plant record
book should also contain information on components purchased by the manufacturer of the
boiler from sub-suppliers, such as burners, fans and drivers, safety valves, and instruments.
• Drawing Files. Drawings covering boiler details should be available for reference and to
permit boiler inspection and maintenance. Modifications made to the boiler throughout its
life should be recorded on the original drawings or on new drawings.
• Inspection Record Books. Inspection record books should include inspection results and a
record of maintenance and repairs. Any modifications to the boiler should also be
documented in this file. This file should provide a valuable history of boiler performance
and assist in determining future maintenance requirements.

GLOSSARY
attemperator A boiler accessory for reducing and controlling the

steam outlet temperature from the boiler.
blowdown Removal of water from the boiler to control the
level of dissolved impurities in the boiler water.
boiler feedwater or Treated water which has been heated, deaerated,
BFW and dosed with chemicals to remove residual
oxygen.
boiler MCR MCR is an abbreviation for Maximum Continuous
Rating, which is the design output capacity of the
boiler, in lb/hr.
burner A mechanical device used to introduce air and fuel
into the boiler at the proper conditions to establish
and maintain ignition and combustion.
economizer A device for transferring heat from the flue gas to
the BFW before the BFW enters the boiler drum.
field-erected boiler A boiler which is assembled at the construction
site.
HP An abbreviation for high pressure used in reference
to steam system pressure levels above about
250 psig.
LP An abbreviation for low pressure used in reference
to steam system pressure levels less than about 60
psig.
MP An abbreviation for medium pressure used in
reference to steam system pressure levels of about
60 to 250 psig.
mud or lower drum A cylindrical vessel near the bottom of the boiler
which acts as a collection and distribution header.
Solids and sediment tend to accumulate in this
drum and are removed by intermittent blowdown.
packaged or shop- A boiler which is assembled in the vendor's shop
assembled boilers into one or more large pieces and then shipped to
the site for final assembly.

skid mounted Mounted on a skid as a package which can be

shipped or moved from place to place.
sootblower A mechanical device utilizing steam to clean boiler
tubes by removing particles of unburned carbon or
ash.
steam or upper A cylindrical vessel near the top of the boiler which
drum acts as a distribution and collection header and a
releasing point for steam. The drum also houses
separation equipment to dry the steam.
steam turbine Steam turbines are used to drive mechanical
equipment, such as pumps or compressors and
electrical generators.
superheater A heat transfer surface, downstream of the steam
drum, that is designed to raise the steam
temperature above the saturation temperature. The
superheater is arranged within the boiler to absorb
heat by radiation, convection, or both.
treated water Raw water which has been processed in the water
treating plant to reduce the level of suspended and
dissolved impurities.
turndown ratio The ratio of the maximum to the minimum flow
rates associated with a steam system component.
This term is used to express the range over which a
component must function to meet requirements of
the design.

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Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Boilers - Equipment Description

Chapter : Vessels For additional information on this subject, contact

STEAM SYSTEM OVERVIEW .......................................................................................... 2

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Figures Pages

FIGURE 1 Typical Steam System.............................................................................. 2

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 1

STEAM SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Terminology for the Design and Operations of Boilers

FIGURE 1 TYPICAL STEAM SYSTEM

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 2

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 3

Source: Combustion Engineering.

FIGURE 2 PACKAGE WATER-TUBE BOILER

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 4

FIGURE 3 WATER-TUBE BOILER

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 5

Source: Combustion Engineering.

FIGURE 4 FIELD-ERECTED WATER-TUBE BOILER

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 6

1 Gas Turbine 6 Superheater

With permission from Henry Vogt Machine Company.

FIGURE 5 GAS TURBINE WASTE HEAT BOILER

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 7

With permission from Power Magazine.

FIGURE 6 FIRETUBE BOILER

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 8

Manual Reset High Limit Control

Low Water Cutoff

Automatic Check Valve

FIGURE 7 ELECTRIC STEAM BOILER

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 9

Boiler Year MCR** Press Temp

Abqaiq High-Pressure Boilers

Berri Gas Plant

*P = Package Boiler (others are field erected)

FIGURE 8 SAUDI ARAMCO BOILERS

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 10

SAUDI ARAMCO BOILERS (CONT'D)

Boiler Year MCR** Press Temp

Ras Tanura Low-Pressure Boilers

Ras Tanura High-Pressure Boilers

*P = Package Boiler (others are field erected)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 11

Major Boiler Components

Relief Tube Upper Left Side Header

Superheater Connecting Tube

Furnace Side Tube

Boiler Rear Tube

Gas and Oil Burner Superheater Steam-Cooled Spacer Tube

Furnace Rear Tube

Boiler Bank Tube

Floor Tube Gas Duct

Lower Right Side Header

FIGURE 9 BOILER COMPONENTS - RAS TANURA HP BOILER NO. 10

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 12

FIGURE 10 STEAM DRUM INTERNALS - RAS TANURA HP BOILER NO. 8

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 13

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 14

Membrane Wall Tubes