Theory, Processes and Practices in Public Administration

Republic of the Philippines
Western Philippines University

A STRONG PARTNER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
COURSE : Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Administration

SUBJECT : THEORY, PROCESSES AND PRACTICES IN
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PRESENTER : Ma-Hueby S. Lacandazo
TOPIC : UNIT III. ADMINISTRATIVE THEORIES AND
ORGANIZATION FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS
PROFESSOR: : David R. Perez, PhD.
I. INTRODUCTION
“Public Administration is a broad-ranging and amorphous combination of
theory and practice; its purpose is to promote superior understanding of
government and its relationship with the society it governs, as well as to
encourage public policies more responsive to social needs and to institute
managerial practices attuned to effectiveness, efficiency and the deeper
human requisites of the citizenry.” Nicholas Henry
II. OBJECTIVES
After going through this topic, you will be able to:
1. Enumerate and discuss the organization models, nature of administrative
organization, decentralization and centralization, NGOs, privatization,
Philippine and departments of the government; and
2. Reflect about the implications and importance of these models, concepts, and
structures.
III. METHODOLOGY
Modified discussion via google meet
Lecture notes
IV. CONTENT
ADMINISTRATIVE THEORIES AND ORGANIZATION FOR PUBLIC
AFFAIRS
A. Organizational models
B. The nature of administrative organization
C. Setbacks of centralization
D. Benefits of decentralization
E. Decentralization, devolution
F. Non- Government Organizations
G. Privatization
H. The administrative structure
I. Philippine administrative structure
J. The departments of government
Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

www.wpu.edu.ph ● wpu.edu@gmail.com ● Mobile: +639193836791
Organization means the establishment of the formal structure of authority through

which the work is subdivided, arranged, defined and coordinated. It is a combination
of the necessary human beings, materials, tools, equipment and working space,
appurtenances brought together in systematic and effective co-relation to accomplish
some desired object.
Administration may be defined as group activity which involves cooperation and

coordination for the purpose of achieving desired goals or objectives.
A. ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS
In an organization there are formally and clearly defined departments with

specific tasks, and within each department, there are units and sub-units.
Line Organization Model
Fig.1: Line Organization Model

The Line Model is a straightforward hierarchical. In a line organization, a supervisor
exercises direct control over a subordinate, and the authority flows from the top-
most position to the lowest. It’s the model typically adopted by the military and
somehow is seen as the oldest organizational model. It is often referred to as a
synonym of a military organization or scalar-type organization.
Functional Organization Model

Fig.2: Functional Organization Model

It is also a hierarchical model that looks similar to the Line model except that instead
of adopting a simple authority element to create the organization,
a competency element is used. Specialization becomes an important value of this
model, which then requires an ample dose of collaboration to execute tasks, which
are often involving parties of multiple functions.
The Line and Staff Model
Fig.3: Line and Staff Organization Model

It is also a hierarchical model, that however intends to mitigate some of the
shortcomings of the Functional Organization Model, by creating differentiating roles
of “Line Management” and “Staff”. The latter has a specialized advisory role to the
Line Manager, who still maintains authority, but will now have the possibility to have
support in attaining its goals.
This model ensures the simplicity of direct authority, joined with the flexibility given
by having specialized roles in the organization.
B. THE NATURE OF ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
The nature of administrative organization involves assigning tasks, grouping

tasks into departments, delegating authority, and allocating resources across the
organization. During the organizing process, managers coordinate employees,
resources, policies, and procedures to facilitate the goals identified in the plan.

C. SETBACKS OF CENTRALIZATION
Centralization refers to the process in which activities involving planning and

decision-making within an organization are concentrated to a specific leader or
location. In a centralized organization, the decision-making powers are retained in
the head office, and all other offices receive commands from the main office. The
executives and specialists who make critical decisions are based in the head office.
Setbacks of Centralization
1. Bureaucratic leadership
Centralized management resembles a dictatorial form of leadership where employees
are only expected to deliver results according to what the top executives assign them.
Employees are unable to contribute to the decision-making process of the
organization, and they are merely implementers of decisions made at a higher level.
When the employees face difficulties in implementing some of the decisions, the
executives will not understand because they are only decision-makers and not
implementers of the decisions. The result of such actions is a decline in performance
because the employees lack the motivation to implement decisions taken by top-level
managers without the input of lower-level employees.
2. Remote control
The organization’s executives are under tremendous pressure to formulate decisions
for the organization, and they lack control over the implementation process. The
failure of executives to decentralize the decision-making process adds a lot of work to
their desks. The executives suffer from a lack of time to supervise the
implementation of the decisions. This leads to reluctance on the part of employees.
Therefore, the executives may end up making too many decisions that are either
poorly implemented or ignored by the employees.
3. Delays in work
Centralization results in delays in work as records are sent to and from the head
office. Employees rely on the information communicated to them from the top, and
there will be a loss in man-hours if there are delays in relaying the records. This
means that the employees will be less productive if they need to wait long periods to
get guidance on their next projects.
4. Lack of employee loyalty
Employees become loyal to an organization when they are allowed personal
initiatives in the work they do. They can introduce their creativity and suggest ways
of performing certain tasks. However, in centralization, there is no initiative in work
because employees perform tasks conceptualized by top executives. This limits their
creativity and loyalty to the organization due to the rigidity of the work.

D. BENEFITS OF DECENTRALIZATION
Decentralization refers to a specific form of organizational structure where the top

management delegates decision-making responsibilities and daily operations to
middle and lower subordinates. The top management can thus concentrate on taking
major decisions with greater time abundance.
Benefits of Decentralization
Decentralization improves the level of job satisfaction as well as employee

morale, especially amongst the lower level managers.
Decentralization strives to satisfy the varying requirements for participation,
independence, and status. Decentralization also promotes a spirit of group
cohesiveness and spirit.
There is less burden on the Chief Executive as in the case of centralization.
In decentralization, the subordinates get a chance to decide and act
independently which develops skills and capabilities. This way the
organization is able to process reserve of talents in it.
In decentralization structure, operations can be coordinated at divisional level
which is not possible in the centralization set up.
In the case of decentralization structure, there is greater motivation and
morale of the employees since they get more independence to act and decide.
E. DECENTRALIZATION, DEVOLUTION
Types of decentralization include political, administrative, fiscal, and market

decentralization. The three major forms of administrative decentralization --
deconcentration, delegation, and devolution.
Devolution. When governments devolve functions, they transfer authority for

decision-making, finance, and management to quasi-autonomous units of local
government with corporate status. Devolution usually transfers responsibilities for
services to municipalities that elect their own mayors and councils, raise their own
revenues, and have independent authority to make investment decisions. In a
devolved system, local governments have clear and legally recognized geographical
boundaries over which they exercise authority and within which they perform public
functions. It is this type of administrative decentralization that underlies most
political decentralization.
F. NON- GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit group that functions

independently of any government. NGOs, sometimes called civil societies, are

organized on community, national and international levels to serve a social or

political goal such as humanitarian causes or the environment.
NGOs play a major role in international development, aid and philanthropy.
NGOs are non-profit by definition, but may run budgets of millions or up to billions
of dollars each year.
As such, NGOs rely on a variety of funding sources from private donations and
membership dues to government contribution.
Two broad groups of NGOs:

Operational NGOs, which focus on the design and implementation of
development projects.
Advocacy NGOs, which defend or promote a specific cause and seek to
influence public policy.
How NGOs are Funded

As non-profits, NGOs rely on a variety of sources for funding, including:
membership dues
private donations
the sale of goods and services
grants
Self-regulation and Tax-Exempt Status of NGOs in the Philippines

Tax-exempt status is given to all entities enumerated under Section 30 of the
Philippine Tax Code. This section does not require the NGOs to secure certification
from an accrediting body to receive income tax exemption. However, to achieve
Donee Institution status, there are some additional qualifications. Donee Institution
status allows donations to these institutions to be tax-deductible and/or exempt from
donor’s tax. That is, local donors (individuals or corporations) are not only exempt
from donor’s tax, but also can deduct the amount they have donated from their
taxable income (up to a certain extent).

G. PRIVATIZATION
Privatization occurs when a government agency that provides public services is

converted into a privately owned organization. Services often remain, they can be
delivered on for profit basis than strictly operated for public benefit.
Privatization can range in scope from leaving the provision of goods and services
entirely to the free operation of the market to "public-private partnerships" in which
government and the private sector cooperate to provide services or infrastructure.
Privatization can include:

allowing private enterprises to perform functions that had previously been

monopolized by government;
contracting out the provision or management of public services or facilities to
commercial enterprises indeed, there is a wide range of possible ways in
which function can be organized and many examples of within public sector
and public-private institutional forms, particularly in infrastructure;
financing public sector programs through the capital market (with adequate
regulation or measures to prevent situations where the central government
bears the risk for this borrowing) and allowing private organizations to
participate; and
transferring responsibility for providing services from the public to the
private sector through the divestiture of state-owned enterprises.
Privatization of Public Services in the Philippines
Public enterprises are industries created officially for economic development,

enhancement and protection of the national interest and institutional response to
specific problems. Article XIV, Section 6 of the 1973 constitution sets the general
policy and framework. “Sec.6 The state may, in the interest of national welfare or
defense, establish and operate industries and means of transportation and
communication and upon payment of just compensation, transfer to public
ownership utilities and other private enterprises to be operated by the Government.
Privatized Enterprises In The Philippines

1. Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT)
Established on November 28, 1928
In December 1967,Ramon Cojuangco took control of PLDT after
buying its shares
During the 1970s, PLDT was nationalized by the government of
then President Marcos and in 1981 becoming the country's
telephone monopoly.
President Marcos was overthrown in 1986, the company was re-
privatized
2. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS)
3. Petron Corporation
4. Philippine Airlines
5. National Power Corporation
6. PHLPOST
Reasons Why PRIVATIZE

1. Reduce government involvement in commercially viable activities
2. Increase efficiency in the delivery of programs
3. Provide competition
4. Address government’s limited absorptive capacity
Advantages in Privatization
Increased Efficiency. Increasing profit becomes a better reason to produce

more goods and better services
Specialization. Focused human and financial resources into a specific
function.
Improved Performance• Less bureaucracy.
Less Prone To Corruption • A government monopolized function is prone to
corruption. • Ex. Decisions made for political reasons and personal gains
Clear Accountability • Managers of privatize enterprise are accountable to
shareholders and consumers. • Enterprise will exist as long as needs are
satisfied
Removal Of Political Goals. Goals are economical rather than “political”
Access To Capital. Private can sometimes make it easier to raise investment
capital Less budget concern to the government
Improved Discipline. Application of private company management practices
Disadvantages in Privatization
Abandonment Of Social Obligation. Cutting of services to those less able to
pay or a service area is not profitable
Inability Of Public Control • The public does not have any control of private. •
The government should do more to safeguard itself against opportunistic
behavior of the companies.
H. THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
Administrative Structure is the people and pathways used to facilitate decisions and
approvals. Administrative structures involve the management and operation of the
respective systems/entities and their leadership.
The persons who manage/lead these organizational structures are responsible for
their operation. In addition, they are responsible for activities and relationships
between the components of their organization and outside organizations, the media,
and the public. Most importantly, they control all of the resources within their
organization.
I. PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
Philippine Government Administrative Divisions and Its Purposes

The Philippine Administrative divisions are commonly known as the

Local Government Units (LGU). The Local Government Units are further
categorized into Autonomous Region, Provinces, Municipalities or Cities and
Barangays. The president only exercises General Supervision on the Administrative
divisions. The local government units can only enjoy local autonomy. It aids the
government in carrying out its purpose and functions so Administrative Divisions
only have authority limited to Administrative functions like collection of taxes,
implementing policies and the like but there are always exceptions to this rule just
like provinces having their own legislative bodies.
Government Administrative Division Levels
Autonomous Region
 Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is the only autonomous

region here in the Philippines. This region is given a special privilege of having
additional power. They technically have higher powers than the other LGUs.
Provinces
 Apart from the special Autonomous Region, Provinces have the highest level
of political power among the administrative divisions of the Philippines.
However, provinces also form part of the regular regions of the Philippines.
Provinces are headed by Governors and they have their own legislative
department known as the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The province’s
legislature is responsible for making Ordinances and Resolutions for the
benefit of their respective provinces. Its powers and duties are governed by the
Local Government Code of 1991.
 The Sangguniang Panlalawigan is responsible for maintaining peace and order
in the whole province as well as reviewing the city ordinances passed by the
Sangguniang Panlungsod.
 They also have the power to impose fines on violators of provincial ordinances
and other fines deemed necessary to promote common good and peace and
order in the community.
Cities & Municipalities
 Provinces are composed of the different towns and cities within them. A city is
headed by the City Mayor and his subordinates. The city is considered a
corporate entity so it has the power to purchase, take, receive, acquire and
dispose assets for the benefit of the public. They are even entitled to the power
of Eminent Domain where they can seize a private property for public use.
 Cities having a population of at least 250,000 are entitled to have one
representative in the Congress or the House of Representatives.
 Cities are also categorized into three types and they are as follows: Highly
Urbanized Cities, Independent Component Cities and Component Cities. A
city can only be classified as highly urbanized if its population exceeds
200,000 residents as verified by the National Statistics office and should have
its latest yearly income of P500,000,000.00. As for Independent Cities, it
must have at least 150,000 residents and an annual income of at least
P350,000,000.00. Cities not having these qualifications are considered
component cities.
Barangay
 This is the smallest Local Government Unit in the Philippines. It is headed by

a Barangay Captain together with Barangay Councilors. Their function is to
promote peace and order in a smaller scope. They are entitled to have their
own risk reduction team that will cater to the needs of their residents.
 They assist the City Officials in implementing ordinances and resolutions.
Barangays have a great role in the successful implementation of ordinances
because it is relatively small in scope thus it can be more controllable than
that of the higher levels of LGUs.
J. THE DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT
The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power

is equally divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and
judicial. The government seeks to act in the best interests of its citizens through
this system of check and balance.
The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the

people and all government authority emanated from them.

One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the principle of

separation of powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the
Executive, and settlement of legal controversies to the Judiciary.
Legislative branch. Gavel and Block.

The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the
power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate
and the House of Representatives.
The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential

appointments, and has the authority to declare war. This branch includes Congress
(the Senate and House of Representatives) and several agencies that provide support
services to Congress.
The Senate is composed of 24 Senators who are elected at large by the qualified
voters of the Philippines.
The House of Representatives is composed of about 250 members elected from

legislative districts in the provinces, cities, and municipalities, and representatives
elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral
parties or organizations.
The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per cent of the total number of
representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after
the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list
representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the
labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and
such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
Executive Branch. Malacanang Palace.

The Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice President who are
elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants
the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large
portion of the country’s bureaucracy.

The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the President, Vice
President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, boards,
commissions, and committees.
The President leads the country. He or she is the head of state, leader of the national
government, and Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the Philippines. The
President serves a six-year term and cannot be re-elected.
The Vice President supports the President. If the President is unable to serve, the
Vice President becomes President. He or she also serves a six-year term.
Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President. They include the Vice President
and the heads of executive departments. Cabinet members are nominated by the
President and must be confirmed by the Commission of Appointments.
Judiciary Branch. Scale of Justice.

The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are
legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there
has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on
the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court
and lower courts.
The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases,
and decides if laws violate the Constitution. The judicial power shall be vested in one
Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
Each branch of government can change acts of the other branches as follows:
The President can veto laws passed by Congress.

Congress confirms or rejects the President's appointments and can remove the
President from office in exceptional circumstances.
The Justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws, are
appointed by the President.

The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review as
the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential
decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation unconstitutional.
Departments of Government
1. Department of Education
2. Department of Budget and Management
3. Department of Agriculture
4. Department of Foreign Affairs
5. Department of Agrarian Reform
6. Department of Finance
7. Department of Energy
8. Department of Tourism
9. Department of Trade and Industry
10. Department of National Defense
11. Department of Health
12. Department of Labor and Employment
13. Department of Transportation and Communications
14. Department of Science and Technology
15. Department of Justice
16. Department of Interior and Local Government
17. Department of Social Welfare and Development
V. IMPLICATION
The essence of administration is the utilization of cooperative action for the
accomplishment of common goals. Each branch and department of
government should wholeheartedly and religiously perform their duties,
responsibilities and functions for the benefit of the public/people.
Moreover, an effective organizational structure or model should be utilized so
that workers may function well as they have clearly-defined duties and
responsibilities.
VI. CONCLUSIONS

Centralization and decentralization are not "either-or" conditions. An

appropriate balance of centralization and decentralization is essential to the effective
and efficient functioning of government.
NGOs have been able to network and create partnerships, campaign for reform,
and spur sustainable development. In fact, today, the Philippines is now said to have
the most active civil society in Asia.
Privatization is not a panacea for the ills of the public sector. The culture of
providing adequate training for new entrepreneurs, for example, or ensuring a
competitive environment is probably more significant than changing ownership.
Lastly, Public Administration is cooperative group effort in a public setting which
covers all three branches-executive, legislative, and judicial. Each has an important
role in the formulation of public policy and is thus a part of the political process.
VII. REFERENCES
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/centralizati
on/
https://www.toppr.com/guides/fundamentals-of-economics-and-
management/organising/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-decentralisation/
https://www.gov.ph/about-the-government.html
https://www.wango.org/ngonews/february09/philippinesngos.htm
www.gov.ph
https://www.googlesir.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-privatization/
www.slideshare.com


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Republic of the Philippines

Western Philippines University

COURSE : Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Administration

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

Organization means the establishment of the formal structure of authority through

Administration may be defined as group activity which involves cooperation and

In an organization there are formally and clearly defined departments with

Line Organization Model

Fig.1: Line Organization Model

Functional Organization Model

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

Fig.2: Functional Organization Model

The Line and Staff Model

Fig.3: Line and Staff Organization Model

B. THE NATURE OF ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION

The nature of administrative organization involves assigning tasks, grouping

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

Centralization refers to the process in which activities involving planning and

Decentralization refers to a specific form of organizational structure where the top

Decentralization improves the level of job satisfaction as well as employee

Types of decentralization include political, administrative, fiscal, and market

Devolution. When governments devolve functions, they transfer authority for

F. NON- GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit group that functions

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

organized on community, national and international levels to serve a social or

NGOs play a major role in international development, aid and philanthropy.

Two broad groups of NGOs:

How NGOs are Funded

Self-regulation and Tax-Exempt Status of NGOs in the Philippines

Privatization occurs when a government agency that provides public services is

Privatization can include:

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

allowing private enterprises to perform functions that had previously been

Privatization of Public Services in the Philippines

Public enterprises are industries created officially for economic development,

Privatized Enterprises In The Philippines

Reasons Why PRIVATIZE

Increased Efficiency. Increasing profit becomes a better reason to produce

H. THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE

I. PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE

Philippine Government Administrative Divisions and Its Purposes

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

The Philippine Administrative divisions are commonly known as the

Government Administrative Division Levels

 Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is the only autonomous

Cities & Municipalities

 This is the smallest Local Government Unit in the Philippines. It is headed by

J. THE DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT

The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power

The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the principle of

Legislative branch. Gavel and Block.

The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential

The House of Representatives is composed of about 250 members elected from

Executive Branch. Malacanang Palace.

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

Judiciary Branch. Scale of Justice.

The President can veto laws passed by Congress.

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

Rafols Road, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 5300

Centralization and decentralization are not "either-or" conditions. An