Learning Guide 27: Animalhealth Care Service NTQF Level-IV

B/G/R/S TECNICAL-VOCATIONAL AND JOB
CREATION AGENCY
Animalhealth care service

NTQF Level- IV
Learning Guide 27
Unit of Conduct Basic Laboratory
Competence: Techniques and Procedures
Module Title: Conducting Basic
Laboratory Techniques and
Procedure
LG Code: AGR AHC4 M08 L01 LG27
TTLM Code: AGR AHC4 TTLM 0921v1
LO1. Follow OHS practices and Assist in work
place hazard Identification and risk control
TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

TTLM : AGR AHC4version 1 Level IV Page 1 of 36
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Instruction Sheet Learning Guide 01
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –
 Maintaining personal hygiene and cleanliness standards in accordance with OHS
procedures
 Collectingspecimens from domestic animalsethically
 Handling the specimens in a manner that minimise the spread of pathogens to animals
and human
 Recognizingand reporting hazards in the workplaceto designated personnel.
 Following workplace procedures and work instructionsfor controlling risks accurately.
 Recognizing risks to self, bystanders, the public andanimals and taking action
toeliminate or reduce them.
 Undertaking or providingsafety trainingasnecessary.
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
 Maintain personal hygiene and cleanliness standards in accordance with OHS

procedures
 Collect specimens from domestic animalsethically
 Handle the specimens in a manner that minimise the spread of pathogens to animals
and human
 Recognizeand reportehazards in the workplaceto designated personnel.
 Follow workplace procedures and work instructionsfor controlling risks accurately.
 Recognize risks to self, bystanders, the public andanimals and taking action toeliminate
or reduce them.
 Undertake or providesafety trainingasnecessary.
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

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2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 20.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page 6.
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your teacher to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
check 1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if your
rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning
Activity #1.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.
8. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 2”. Try to understand what are being
check 2).
11. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 3. Try to understand what are being
check 3).
14. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 1” in page 16. However,
if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #1.
15. Read the “Operation Sheet 1” and try to understand the procedures discussed.

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21. Do the “LAP test” in page 17 (if you are ready). Request your teacher to evaluate your
performance and outputs. Your teacher will give you feedback and the evaluation will be
either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on
additional work
Maintaining personal hygiene and cleanliness standards in

Information Sheet-1 accordance with OHS procedures
OHS procedures include:

 Laboratory technique has a range of associated risks from pathogens; equipment,
chemicals and reagents and all duties should reflect awareness and precautions against
such risks.
 The handling of samples, equipment, chemicals and reagents requires a guideline to ensure
safe work practices are maintained.
 Safe work practices are used in handling and processing laboratory samples.
 Procedures to reduce the exposure personnel to these hazards may include incident
reporting, cleaning, removal of wastes and spillage, containment or elimination of risk, the
use of PPE clothing and equipment and seeking advice from supervisors.
 Use of safety cabinet (biohazard cabinet)
 Stringency in following safety and precaution rules in the laboratory
1.1 Introduction
Laboratory is a place where specimens for biological examination tested and analyzed.
Examination may be macroscopic or microscopic and it is performed manually or using
specialized instruments by aid of chemicals and reagents. Due to this, lab technicians must have
the skill to perform varies duties, including handling of different instruments, chemicals and
reagents with there use during lab work.
Every lab technician must aware of the potential danger of chemicals, electrical, biological
hazard to safe he and his partner during work. Keeping the living things in the vicinity and
pollution of environment from any lab hazard is on the hand of lab technician.

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So, to avoid /minimize/ risk there is many safety regulations. Most problems may happen due
to carelessness, neglect and shortage of knowledge. There fore, to avoid accidents, lab
technicians and students must follow all safety procedures in the lab.
Safety regulations, behavior in Laboratory and labeling chemicals and specimens
1.2 Safety Regulations

Chemicals should be assumed to be toxic unless known to be otherwise. Solid chemicals are
relatively harmless because they can only be taken into, orally or through open cuts on the skin.
If you refrain for smoking and eating in the laboratory, the toxicity of solids will not be
hazardous. Wash your hands after each laboratory work.
Vapors of volatile liquids and gases are much more dangerous. Perform all experiments with
the substances that are poisonous or have unpleasant odor and evaporation of acidic solutions
only in a fume cupboard. Never inhale odorous substances including evolving gases by
bending closely over a vessel with these substances. Direct a stream of air from the vessel
opening toward yourself by waving your hand slightly and carefully smells it.
When diluting concentrated acids, especially concentrated sulfuric acid, first you should pour
the acid into water, but not vice versa.
Organic solvents should all be regarded as highly inflammable and should be kept far from
open flames. In case of fire you should be familiar with the location and operation of fire
extinguishers, a fire blanket should be on hand to be wrapped around a person whose clothing
catches fire.
Take precautions to avoid cutting yourself. Discard cracked or chipped glassware into the
dustbin but not into the sink.
Report any injury (no matter how minor it may seem) to your instructor or technician.
Never mouth pipette even when it is to be used for uninfected materials.
Use gloves when handling hazardous chemicals and biological specimens.
Pin long hairs up to prevent contact with chemicals, equipment or flame.
Use mask, respirator or gases extractor when working with chemicals or other materials that
give off dust, volatile or flames.
Never put your unwashed fingers into your mouth on eyes (no rubbing) or scratch yourself
with them in the laboratory.
Discard rubbish, waste products and old cultures in the containers provided.
Safety from infection is especially important in the virus laboratory, because in the most cases
effective antiviral therapy is not available when one or more of them
Procedures in case of accidents
1) Do not panic. The most important first action after an accident is the care of the individual.
If the person is injured, provide of seek aid immediately; clothing and books can be
replaced and experiments can be performed again later. Second, take the appropriate
action regarding the accident: clean up the chemical (see no .9 below), and use the fire
extinguisher (see no .6 below), and so on.

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2) Even if the accident or injury is regarded as minor, notify your instructor at once. A written
report of accidents may be required. Check with your laboratory instructor.
3) Wash your hands often during the laboratory. Always wash your hands before leaving the
laboratory and your arms and face immediately thereafter in the washroom. Toxic or
dangerous chemicals may be inadvertently transferred to the mouth.
4) Whenever your skin (hands, arms, face, etc.) comes in to contact with chemicals, quickly
flush the affected area for several minutes with tap water followed by though washing
with soap and water. Get help immediately. Do not rub the affected area, especially the face
or eyes, with your hand before washing.
5) Chemical spills over a large part of the body require immediate action. Using the safety
shower, flood the affected area for at least 5 minutes. Remove all contaminated clothing if
necessary. Use a mild reagent and water only (no salves, creams, lotions, etc.). Get medical
attention.
6) In case of fire, discharge a fire extinguisher at the base of the flame and move it from one
side to the other. Small flame can be smothered with a watch glass (do not use a towel, it
may catch on fire). Do not discharge a fire extinguisher when a person's clothing is on fire-
use the safety shower.
7) For abrasions or cuts, flush the affected area with water. Any further treatment should be
given only after consulting with the laboratory instructor.
8) For burns, the affected area should be rubbed with ice, submerged in an ice/water bath,
and/or placed under running water for several minutes to remove the heat from the
burned area.
9) Treat the chemical spills with in the laboratory as follows :
 Alert your neighbours and the laboratory instructors.
 Clean up the spills as directed by the laboratory instructor.
 If the substance is volatile, flammable, or toxic, warn everyone of the
accident.
Collecting specimens from domestic animalsethically

Information Sheet-2
Collection of specimens for laboratory examinations
Collection, preservation and submission of samples for examination

The samples can be collected either from live clinical animal or dead animal (autopsy). It can be
from individuals or from group depending on the nature of the disease or purpose of sample
colleted. Sterilized sample collecting materials shall be used if it is intended to be used for
laboratory diagnosis purpose. If sample is to be collected from dead animal it should be
collected as soon as possible after death (immediately). During any sample collection one
should use personal protection e.g. (hand gloves, over coat, disinfection of the hands, etc) thus
avoiding any contaminations and submit samples as early as possible to the laboratory to avoid
misleading on the result of the examination.
The following should be considered during sample collection:
 The body location from where sample to be taken from the animal (ex.
Rectum, Vein, etc)
 The type of sample to be taken (e.g. Blood, faecal, etc)

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 The amount of sample.
 The speed at which the collected sample shall be taken to laboratory to avoid
deterioration and misreading of results.
 The specimen should be collected asepticaly to avoid overgrowth of numerous
contaminating bacteria.
 Fluid samples should be submitted in a sterile container.
 The sample should be submitted individualy.
 Lable should be completed with all necessary information.
 The specimens should preserved with apropiate preservative or special
transporting media to keep the viabilty of organismes on the way.
Types of samples for examination
 Faeces
 Blood
 Urine
 Milk
 Synovial fluid
 Vaginal secretions
 Prepucial washing
 Different types of exudate secretions
 Fetus, fetal liquid or aborted material
 External parasites from body surface of infested animals
 Necrotic tissues or pieces of tissue from vital organs including intestine, brain,
kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, spleen.
Handling the specimens in a manner that minimise the

Information Sheet-3 spread of pathogens to animals and human
Labeling chemicals, specimens and proper disposal of infected and dirty

material
Chemicals and Staining Chemicals after Preparation
When the chemical solutions or staining chemicals are prepared, it should be label following the
data:
Name of Solution and concentration
Date of preparation
Name of lab technician that prepared the solution
Name of the technique, that it will be use
Number of solution in the laboratory
For example:

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Figure# 1 Labeling chemicals
ASSOSA ATVT College
Laboratory
Name of Solution and concentration
_____________________________________
Date of preparation____________________
Name of lab technician that prepared the solution
Specimen labeling after collection

After collection of the specimen you should record the following points and other important
information's depending on the laboratory you are going to submit your samples:
1) Geographical location or a place from where the sample was collected
10) Date of collection
11) Animal species, age, sex and breed
12) Type of specimen and the collection site (organ, tissue, etc.)
13) Anamnesis (History of clinical disease)
14) Numerous of sample
15) Preservative used
16) Address of owner, peasant association, etc.
17) Tentative diagnosis (the disease you suspect)
18) Previous treatment used if any
19) Collectors' name and Qualification
20) The laboratory tests to be done and other necessary information
21) Other consideration
Disposal of infected and dirty material
All materials used in laboratory microbiological examination must be autoclaved before washing.

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During specimen collection for microbiological or pathological purposes such as piece organs should be
autoclaved or incinerate. Any container after specimen collection it must autoclaved before washed. The
chemicals solution should be neutralized before disposal.
Techniques for Sampling

The following section will describe the collection, submission and preservation of different
types of samples for bacteriology, virology, immunology, mycological and parasitology
examination.
Blood Samples
Blood sample is collected by puncture of vein from live animals or from left ventricle or other
organs of dead animals. It is possible to find blood parasites just after the animal is died. In
laboratory, if the blood sample is only to make a smear, it is advisable to take a small amount of
blood from the ear vein of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs, in chicken it
is better to take from the wing or alar vein.
Part of the body from which blood sample can be collected
Animal Blood to be taken from.

mice’s Tail vein.
chicken wing or alar vein
rabbits ear vein
equine jugular vein
pig caudal or ear vein
cattle jugular or ear vein
sheep and goat Jugular or ear vein.
dog and cat radial or femoral vein
Prior to take sample, part of the body should be cleaned to remove contaminants. This includes
shaving the site and disinfecting with alcohol or Savlon. The sample then can be taken after it is
dried.
Blood samples can be stored into a refrigerator with anticoagulants like EDTA (ethylene-
diamine tetra Acetic Acid), heparin or sodium citrate to avoid coagulation; in case of EDTA it is
possible to use 10mg per sample tube of 10ml, in case of heparin 3 drops at 2%, in case of
sodium citrate take a pence of it using the back of teaspoon.
If the sample is for serology analysis, it should be collected without anticoagulant.
In case of died animal the blood sample is taken from the ear vein from the side that the animal
is on the ground.
For the collection of blood sample, consideration must be taken to the punctured area and the
needle size to be utilized for each species.
General considerations for blood sample collection
 Avoid insertion of sharp side of the needle downward because it blocks blood
pass through
 Do not use moist needles it cause hemolysis of the red blood cells
 Avoid using anticoagulant in solution, because the blood will be more liquid

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 Do not remove the needle from the syringes before filling the tube in which the
blood will be deposited, since it will cause the rupture of the red blood cells
(hemolysis)
 Do not mix the blood with the anticoagulant homogenously since it will cause
the formation of coagulum.
For blood extraction vacuum tube system can be utilized, which shows facility of use and
guarantee in relation to aseptic and preserving of the sample. This system used in an adequate
manner also shows less risk of the hemolysis of the samples, in relation to the extraction system
using syringe.
Blood sample collection
Materials to use:
a) Slides
a) Cotton
b) Syringes
c) Sample tube
d) Scalpel blades
e) Needle holder
f) Disinfectants
g) Wire or plastic loop
h) Ice box with ice packs
i) Hypodermic needles, puncturing needles or sterilized lancet
Procedure:
22) Locate the vein (bind if necessary)
23) Shave the area
24) Wash it with water and soap
25) Disinfect with 70 % Alcohol or 1% Savlon `
26) Leave the skin to dry for about two minutes
27) Puncture with needle and syringe avoid to touch that zone (puncture and caliber)
28) Extract 5ml of blood, withdraw the needle and pass the blood to a tube containing any
anticoagulant agent
29) Mix inverting turning upside down the tube (5-7 times), till homogenizing the blood
30) Make duplicate smear if necessary
31) Identify and send the blood sample, use refrigerator if more than 2 hours elapse to take
the sample to laboratory
Urine
The urine collection will be explained in the duty Urinalysis. It should be fresh and collected in
a sterile container, the isolation on media must be in 2-4 hours.
We can get fresh urine by initiating the animals to urinate.
Milk
Procedure:
32) Wash the udder with water and antiseptic solution like 1:1000 Potassium permanganate
solution
33) Dry with clean towel

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34) Disinfect the teat with 70% alcohol or iodine tincture
35) The first 3-4 streams of milk should be discards
36) Collect the milk sample from each teat in separate tubes about 5-10 ml
37) The tubes should be sealed or stopper properly immediately after collection
38) Transport with ice
Preservation:
The examination of milk should be performed immediately after proper collection.
Store the sample into refrigeration at 4 0C, if the examination is delayed.
N. B. Strep cup is used for collection of milk samples from each teat.
Synovial fluid
The Synovial fluid is collected from different site of synovial joint in the animal body.
It is collected by puncturing of the joint with needle which is fitted with syringe.
E. g: hip joint, stile joint, hock joint, shoulder joint, etc.
Necrotic tissues or pieces of tissue from vital organs
Collect the tissue under sterile condition.
Sterilize knife /scalpel/ spatula on flame or in boiling water.
Cut with knife and collect sample from inner tissue.
Body fluid or blood should be collected in sterilized syringe or in vacuum tube.
Specimens should be collected directly in media.
Tissue samples are collected from dead or live animals for laboratory examination to confirm
the tentative diagnosis.
In dead animals, the sample should be collected from the organs on which the disease is
expected. e.g. liver, lung, muscle, intestine, etc. The collection is done with aseptic and not later
than an hour after the death of the animal.
Procedure:
39) Avoid to touch the area where the injured area to take sample from
40) Take pieces of tissues or organs of the affected part with a thickness not less than 3 x 3 cm
41) Seal the sample fluttering directly or using previously fluttered spatula, without touching
the injured area to avoid contamination and bleeding.
42) Put it in a sample container
43) Identify and transfer the sample to laboratory under refrigeration
Fetus and Placenta
The collection of these types of samples is important in the cases of abortion, for investigation of
Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Listeriosis, Vibriosis, Trichomoniasis, etc, eventhough, the following
factors should be considered in this collection:
a) Stomach content of aborted fetus are extracted with sterilized syringes
b) All samples will be identified individually and should be remitted to laboratory as fast
as possible
Materials:
a) Protecting gloves

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b) Container having wide mouth
c) Polyethylene bag
d) Syringes
e) sample container
Placenta
The procedure is similar with organ sample taking.
Procedure:
44) Utilize protecting gloves, take fresh portions encountered inside the vagina
45) Put them on a container having wide mouth
46) Identify and transfer to laboratory under refrigeration
Fetus
Procedure:
47) Utilize protecting hand gloves, and clean from dirt, dung and straw
48) Put the complete fetus in an adequate recipient (polyethylene bag)
49) Transfer to laboratory under refrigeration. If there is an expected of Trichomoniasis
infection, it is important to include a sample from abomasal liquid or stomach content,
which is taken using Syringes
50) Send the sample to laboratory as soon as possible (in a container sample).
Prepucial wash sample
The finding of this type of samples is important to diagnose infectious diseases which affect the
male reproductive system.
Materials:
a) Plastic pipette connected to a syringe
a) 30ml of sterile saline solution
b) Sterilized tube
c) Water and soap
Procedure:
51) Shave, clean with water and soap all external parts, verifying that the external orifice of
the prepucial is kept dry.
52) Introduce a plastic pipette connected with syringe containing 30ml of sterile saline
solution, to prepucial massage from bottom to top every 5 to 15 minutes.
53) Tie the external orifice of the prepucial with a rubber bend and aspire the wash at the
interior of the syringe.
54) Pass the sample to sterilized tube or seal the syringe with a rubber tap.
55) Identify and submit to laboratory, take it refrigerated if the sample if takes more than 2
hours to reach the Lab.
Vaginal secretion sample
The uterus infections (pyometritis, endometritis), as well as localized infections, are noticeable
with the presence of secretion.
The cervical exudates are taken with sterilized hyssop and introduced then after in a tube.
The technique is as follows:

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Materials:
a) Sterilized speculum
b) Sterilized hyssop in a tube containing Locke solution.
Procedure:
56) Insert a sterilized speculum in the vaginal channel
57) Sweep the secretion content with sterilized hyssop
58) Put it into the tube and break the handle of the hyssop to remove the part that has been in
contact with the hand.
59) Identify and transfer the sample to laboratory.
Bacterial disease
Abscesses
Swab in sterile conditions/pus in vial
Collect the sample from the margin of abscess.
Actinobacillosis/actinomicosis:
Tissue from affected parts (in10% formalin), pus from edge of lesion (in sterile test tube), pus on
slides for sulphur like granules.
Anthrax:
Blood smear from tip of the ear /blood for cultural examination /in vacutainer, muzzle piece
for biological test with swab, mark the specimen as “anthrax suspect”.
- Live animals and unopened carcass- aspirate blood.
- Cattle or sheep: Smears from ear or tail veins.
- Horses and pigs: Aspirate oedema for fluid from localized sites.
- Blood or homogenized spleen can be used for culture.
Black quarter /Black leg:

Smear from swelling, affected muscle piece in ice.
Glander:
Smear from discharge, Serum. Lung, liver, add spleen in 10% formol saline.
Johne`s disease:
Smear from rectal mucosa, mesenteric lymph node in 10% formol saline.
Leptospirosis:
Serum, 21 days after abortion, milk/urine in vial (1 drop of formalin in 20ml), liver, kidney
tissue in 10% formalin.
Listeriosis:
Half brain in ice, half brain in 10% formalin.

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Mastitis:
10 ml milk in sterile vial in ice.
Pasteurellosis:
Heart blood. Lung, spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes in ice, affected tissues in 10% formalin.
Salmonellosis:
Tie Off section of intestine (ileum) and portion of liver, kidney, and spleen packed separately,
freeze ship on ice.
Live animals – Collect faeces in sterile container, ship on ice.
Calf paratyphoid- Portions of liver and spleen with necrotic lesions, or portion of lungs with
abscesses in sterile container, freeze, and ship on ice.
Chickens of 1 day of age - Take samples of three bowels.
Birds from 2 to 60 days of age- Take samples of three bowels
Birds of more than 60 days of age - Take samples of three bowels and ovaries.
Brucella:
Heart blood from aborted fetes in sterile syringe
Placenta with there cotyledons, serum after 3 weeks of abortion, fetal stomach tied off, swabs
from uterine discharge, 5-10 ml milk in ice.
Vibriosis (compylobacteriosis):
Fetal stomach tied off, vaginal mucosa in ice, in pig, intestine and liver in 10% formalin.
Colibacillosis:
Heart blood in sterile vial, tissue from intestine and lymph nodes in 10% formol saline.
Tuberculosis:
From the tissues where lesions are observed, lung, mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes in
ice and in 10% formalin.
Fragments of each one of the following ganglion:
Region of the head: Ganglion submaxillary, ganglion sublingual, ganglion parotid, ganglion
retropharyngeal.
Thoracic region: Ganglion mediastinum, bronchial ganglion.
Abdominal -region: Hepatic ganglion, ganglion mesenteric.
Superficial -ganglion: Popliteal, scapular, inguinal, mammary
Staphylococosis
These main include exudates, pus from abscesses, skin scrapings, urine and affected tissues.
Systemic disease

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Diarrhea /Enteritis :
Fecal sample in sterile vial, Serum, Tissue of intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes un 10% formal
saline
Abortion/Metritis :
Fetal stomach content tide off or in sterile vials, serum of dam after 21 days of abortion, vaginal
discharges in sterile conditions, tissues of placenta, foetal liver, stomach kidney in 10% formalin
saline.
Pneumonia:
Nasal discharge or nasal swabs, lung tissue /pieces in sterile vial, lung tissue and mediastinal
lymph node in 10% formalin saline.
Dermatitis
Skin scrapings in 10% KOH, skin tissue in 10% formalin saline.
Encephalitis : Cerebrospinal fluid in heparinised vials, brain tissue in 10% formal saline, brain
tissue in 50% glycerol.
Nephritis
Urine sample in sterile vial, kidney tissue in 10% formalin saline.
Virology
General considerations
Collect tissue under sterilized condition.
Body fluids/blood in sterilized syringe or in Pasteur pipette.
Tissue in buffered glycerin: PBS pH 7.2__50%, glycerin __50%.
Avoid samples in glycerin from sensitive viruses
Ex. Rinderpest, canine distemper.
Seal and mark the specimen bottle and transport to laboratory.
Viral diseases
Foot and mouth disease/FMD:
Tongue epithelium, vesicular fluid, saliva, pancreas in 50% buffered glycerin, serum.
Swine fever/Hog cholera:
Serum under refrigeration, spleen liver, kidney in 50% glycerin/ice, tissue from intestine,
mesenteric lymph node and half of the brain stem in 10%formol saline
Infectious canine hepatitis:
Several pieces of liver, gallbladder and kidney in 10%formal saline.
Pox:
Scab in ice and in 10%formalin saline.
Rabies:

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Intact head should be soaked in 1%carbolic acid, fracture the skull with hammer, remove skin
and bones, half brain in 10% formalin or in 50% neutral glycerin, tissues from cerebellum and
hippocampus in zenkers fluid for 20 hours, wash in tape water for 24 hours and keep in 80%
ethyl alcohol for Negribodies.
Parasitology
Pieces of tissue from vital organs
In dead animals, examine haemoparasite, the sample should be collected from aproperate
organs. e.g sample for Babesia teken from kidney, but for Anaplasma it is better take the sample
from the spleen, in case of Trypanosoma it is better to take sample from liver and spleen. The
collection is done with aseptic and not later than an hour after the death of the animal. The
collection should be according to the procedure of sample collection.
External parasites from body surface of infested animals
Ticks sample collection and preservation
The samples should be taken from animal surface.
Materials:
a) Container sample
b) 70% alcohol for sample preservation.
Procedure:
1) Sample is taken from the body of infested animals with pointing finger and thumbs trying
to take the nails deep to the end where the ticks are fixed.
2) Exert light force and small movements in all aspects till the tick is detached from the body
of the animal
3) Put the collected ticks in a container containing 70% alcohol.
To detect the resistance of ticks to acaricides:
60) Take between 20 and 50 adult ticks from different animals on that region
61) Seal the container properly, label appropriately and take to the laboratory
It is crucial not to apply acaricides during the first three previous weeks of the sample taking
period.
Mites sample collection and preservation
These samples should be taken from moist part near the edge of the lesion-avoid taking large
dry crust, hair or wool.
Materials:
a) Petri dish or test tube
b) Scalpel blade with handle
c) Disinfectants (Alcohol or Savlon)
d) Preservatives (if is necessary)
e) Cotton
f) paraffin oil
Procedure:
62) Clean the lesion with 70% alcohol.

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63) Immerse the blade in a drop of paraffine oil.
64) Scrap the lesion with a scalpel blade till blood oozes. The scraping will adhere to the
blade.
65) Put the scraping material into a test tube/petri dish.
Identify the sample and send to the laboratory
Collection of specimens for immunological examination
Heart blood in syringe/Pasteur pipette, CSF/Synovial fluid/ peritoneal fluid, tissues in
formalin sublimate or in buffered formalin, blood/serum/other materials should be sent to
laboratory under refrigeration conditions.
Add one drop of 1:1000 Merthiolate in 5 ml serum as preservative.
Mycology
The sample must be taken in sterile and dry container, using scalpel and all materials sterile. In
case of determination systematic mycosis, the sample should be submitted in 10 % formalin, in
case of isolation can add any antibiotics, trying to minimize the bacterial growth.
N.B. saprophytic fungi frequently proliferate rapidly and over grow dermatophytes in a sealed
container. All specimens should be collected aseptically and be refrigerated up on collection and
shipped with ice packs.
Recognizingand reporting hazards in the workplaceto

Information Sheet-4 designated personnel.
Hazards in the Work place include:

 Equipment, vehicle and machinery operation andmaintenance;
 Exposure to noise, chemicals, gases,dust, splash or scalding, solar radiation andelectricity;
 Drift and volatility ofchemicals;
 Confined spaces;
 Tripping hazards;
 Damaged or worn out equipment; breakages;
 Manual handling;
 Items Blocking exits;
 Items of equipment in areas used foraccess;
 Poor surfaces;
 Spillages; and
 Animal bites,kicks or scratches.
Laboratory Hazards
In the lab the persons always will be exposed directly or indirectly to hazards, therefore, is
necessary that each lab need to have exposure control plan trying to minimize the risk.

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Types of Laboratory Hazards
Physical Chemical Biological
1. Physical Hazards: this can be electrical equipments, open flames, lab. Instruments and
glassware can all be hazardous if improperly used.
Electricity: is one of the most important physical hazards, when the electrical equipments are
use, the technicians should follow the use instruction. In the lab work should avoid electrical
overloaded. They are a potential fire hazard and can also cause equipment damage.
Fire: is other of the most important physical hazards, but is not common. It can occur when
open flames, such as Bunsen burners, are in use. It can damage clothing and long hair if are near
to the fire. When necessary use is any flammable chemicals is better keep in a flameproof
cabinet. In case of fire, in the lab should be fire extinguisher and any escape route in case of the
exit is blocked.
Laboratory equipment: during working with autoclave, the technician should work carefully
trying to avoid any explosions and burns; because it use pressurized steam to sterilize surgical
instruments, glassware, sterile solutions, materials to be used in microbiology, for
decontaminate materials such as blood specimens, bacterial cultures or filled biohazard
containers before disposal and other materials present special hazards, etc.
The glassware can produce injuries, is better avoid use it with chips and cracks.
2. Chemical hazards can be flammable, toxic, caustic, corrosive, carcinogen or mutagenic.
All chemicals must be labeled with ''hazard information'' on the containers.
Caustic chemicals are almost all strong acids or bases that can produce severe skin burns, burn
mucous membranes in the respiratory system.

TTLM, SEP. 2021
Examples of caustic chemicals:
KOH (Potassium hydroxide)
NaOH (Sodium hydroxide)
H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid)
HNO3 (Nitric acid)
When diluting concentrated acids, especially concentrated sulfuric acid, first should pour the
acid into water, but not vice versa.
Toxic chemicals should be kept according to the instruction indicated on container are toxic
either through skin contact or by respiratory exposure. When you are working with those
chemicals, avoid direct contact swallowing and inhalation during preparation of toxin
chemicals, the technician should protect the skin by wearing gloves, goggles and apron, in case
of the chemical produces harmful fumes is recommendable work it in a fume hood cabinet.
Carcinogens and mutagens are used in many labs in the routine, when are in use, the technician
should avoid direct skin contact or breathing dust containing any chemicals. They must use
gloves and appropriate shields when are working with radioisotopes; but before this work they
must received training for that purpose.
3. Biological hazards:
It can be contaminated with bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasites. It can produce also by bite
from the laboratory animals. In microbiology lab, making any bacteriological culture is
recommendable in the microbiological safety cabinet. Avoid contact from biological culture.
After any lab work, the technician and all surfaces must be disinfected with known
disinfectants.
Following workplace procedures and work instructionsfor

Information Sheet-5 controlling risks accurately.
Essential Rules for Laboratory Safety

Always:
 Familiarize yourself with laboratory safety
 Wear eye protection
 Dress sensibly
 Wash your hands before leaving laboratory
 Read the instructions carefully before starting any experiment
 Check that the apparatus is assembled correctly
 Keep your working area tidy
 Attend to spills immediately
 Ask your instructor if in doubt
Never:
 Eat or drink in laboratory

TTLM, SEP. 2021
 Smoke in laboratory
 Inhale, taste or sniff chemicals
 Fool around or distract your neighbor
 Run in the laboratory
 Work alone
 Carry out unauthorized experiments
 Heat a flammable liquid in an open container
 Pour flammable liquids from one container into another with few meter
distance of a flame
 Heat a closed pressure tight assembly
 Allow the flammable distillate from a condenser to drip free into a receiver
several inches below it (use adapter)
Working considerations
1) Use always the same notebook to record the laboratories activities; it is better if you have
one for this particular activity
2) In the laboratory work, with an open inquiring mind, record on your laboratory notebook
what you actually observe. A good scientist is, first of all, a careful observer
3) Whenever possible, each determination must be done at least three times and the average
results taken
4) The experimental work is to be done as independently as possible
5) Follow instruction carefully. Write down any instruction which involves alteration or
modification of the procedure
6) As you work, ask yourself questions, consult the laboratory instructors to clarify your
doubts. It is not advisable to become adventurous in the laboratory.
7) Student should be checked out by the laboratory instructors. And the end of the
laboratory session each team of students should clean their bench top and submit results
of the experiment to the instructor
8) The posters in the laboratory walls should be read carefully and are to be observed strictly
Recognizing risks to self, bystanders, the public andanimals

Information Sheet-6 and taking action toeliminate or reduce them.
Animal handling safety and health

procedures
FURTHER INFORMATION
Animal Care Services

TTLM, SEP. 2021
These procedures are designed to provide people
who handle animals at the University with guidance to minimise the
likelihood of injury or disease.
The responsibility for implementation of the following procedures rests with the relevant
Heads of Departments, managers and supervisors. Each workplace is responsible for
preparing and enforcing the procedures and for informing, instructing, training and
supervising staff and students who handle animals.
Staff and students are required to comply with the workplace procedures and to report
any known or observed safety and health hazards, incidents and injuries. Each
individual is responsible for taking reasonably practicable steps to ensure their own
safety and personal security when working in isolation.
1. Background
2. Training and induction
3. Safety and health risks to handlers
4. Health monitoring procedures
5. Additional information
Background
Animal work should comply with the Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals
for Scientific Purposes (National Health and Medical Research Council).
All work on infected animals should be carried out under the physical containment
conditions equivalent to the risk group of the microorganisms present (refer to
Standards Australia AS/NZS 2243.3 - Safety in laboratories, Part 3 - Microbiology). The
physical containment levels for work with infectious and transgenic animals follow the
animal containment levels as per Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR)
requirements of PC2, PC3 or PC4 as appropriate for the pathogen involved.
Details of the requirements for animal houses, especially for infective and transgenic
animals may be found in AS/NZS 2243.3 and in the OGTR Handbook.
In many animal-holding areas, noxious odours, particularly ammonia, are present.

Engineering controls should be in place to keep these levels compatible with the health
and comfort of workers and the animals. The adequacy of the ventilation system, the
design, construction and placement of cages and containers, the numbers of animals
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housed, the effectiveness of cleaning, and the frequency of bedding changes will all
influence the level of odours and allergens such as fibres and animal dander.
Air exchanges within the animal rooms, temperature, humidity, light and noise levels
should be maintained within limits compatible with the health and well being of both
workers and animals.
Back to top
Training and induction

Manual handling is an integral part of animal house work so care is required to minimise
the risk of muscoluskeletal injury. Ergonomic assessment of routine work procedures
will assist in this regard (contact UWA Safety and Health for assistance).
All persons involved in the study, handling and care of animals should receive
appropriate induction training and information regarding standard work practices,
potential hazards and how to deal with them. Written Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPs) should include the demarcation and restrictions applying to different areas and
animals as well as the routine procedures applicable to each. New workers and
researchers should be supervised by animal care staff until they have demonstrated
their ability to work with the animals without damage or stress to the animal itself and to
themselves.
Back to top
Safety and health risks to handlers

Hazards for persons using and handling laboratory animals may arise from a variety of
sources, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, ionising and non-ionising radiation,
hazardous substances, toxins, carcinogens, allergens, recombinant DNA techniques,
anaesthetic gases and physical injuries.
Prior to any studies being carried out, a risk assessment should be performed and
controls put in place to contain hazardous agents and to plan for "worst case" scenarios
and emergencies.
The hazards associated with handling animals can be loosely placed in three major
categories.
First, physical injuries occur from bites and scratches, especially from rodents, rabbits,
dogs and cats. The key to prevention of these types of injuries is proper training of
research personnel by the animal care staff or other qualified individuals. Laboratory
animals are sometimes unpredictable in their nature and response, and any bite,
scratch or similar injury should be reported as soon as practicable to the supervisor of
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the area. Medical advice and subsequent supervision may be needed if an infected
animal inflicted the injury.
Secondly, the possibility of zoonotic diseases must always be considered. Zoonotic
diseases are those that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Although zoonotic
diseases are not common, the prevention, detection, and eradication of zoonotic
diseases from the animal facility are a primary concern of the entire animal care staff.
Remember that tissues as well as the animals can transmit zoonotic diseases.
Thirdly, there are serious allergic hazards associated with breathing or contacting
animal dander or urine allergens (among others). The safest policy is to reduce
exposure by wearing protective clothing (such as facemasks, gloves, and a lab coat)
when handling animals.
Another hazard, which requires careful attention, is the use of anaesthetic agents.
Physical injuries
When handling laboratory animals, gloves should be worn, adequate washing facilities
should be provided and prophylactic immunisation against tetanus is strongly
recommended.
During dissections and post-mortem examinations, gloves, aprons (preferably
disposable) and safety glasses or goggles should be worn. It may be also necessary to
consider respiratory protection. Penetration of organisms through the skin, especially
from accidental self-inoculation and contact with ecto-parasites is a relatively common
source of infection. Spillage trays and containers for used instruments should be
provided.
The use of restraint devices is sometimes necessary for the welfare of the animals and
the safety of persons handling the animals. These devices should only be used to the
minimum extent and for the minimum period required to accomplish the task.
All post mortems on infected animals should be carried out under the physical
containment conditions equivalent to the risk group of the microorganisms present.
Refer to AS/NZS 2243.3 for risk categories for microorganisms.
Zoonotic diseases
Although humans usually are not susceptible to infectious diseases suffered by animals,
there are some important exceptions. Infections of animals may, on some occasions,
produce significant diseases in humans even when the animals themselves show little if
any sign of illness. A bacterium in the normal flora of a healthy animal may cause a
serious disorder in a person exposed to it because the animal has developed
"resistance" to these microorganisms, whereas humans with no previous exposure to
the agent lack this protective immunity. Therefore, one should always be aware of
possible consequences when working with each species of animals, and take
precautions to minimise the risk of infection.
Q-fever arises from infected sheep, cattle, goats, rodents, marsupials, fowls and their
ticks. It is caused by the ricksettial agent Coxiella burnetii. Onset of Q-fever is usually
TTLM, SEP. 2021
abrupt 2 to 3 weeks following exposure with symptoms of headache, shivering,
weakness, severe sweating, dry cough, joint and muscle pains, loss of appetite,
vomiting, shortness of breath, nose bleeds and sometimes intolerance of light. Antibiotic
treatment is required. Vaccination against Q-fever is advisable for persons working in or
frequently visiting abattoirs, large milk handling plants; handling wool, hides, bones or
entrails from cattle, sheep or goats; or working with pregnant cattle, sheep or goats.
In the event that a person becomes ill with a fever or some other sign of infection, it is
important that they let their treating doctor know that they work with animals.
There are some common sense steps that can be taken to lessen the risk of infection in
general. These include not eating, drinking, or applying cosmetics or contact lenses
around animals or animal care areas, wearing gloves when handling animals or their
tissues, taking care not to rub the face with contaminated hands or gloves, and hand
washing after each animal contact.
Persons working with laboratory animals can protect themselves against accidental self
inoculation by wearing gloves, substituting manually operated pipettes for needles and
syringes, taking enough time to give injections properly, anaesthetising animals prior to
inoculation with infectious agents, and using a two person team to inoculate animals.
Do not recap the needles! Instead, discard them promptly in a biohazard "sharps"

container. Should you accidentally prick yourself with a needle or find a discarded
needle, please see the University's Procedure for needle and syringe disposal. For
procedures such as necropsies, bedding changes, and tissue and fluid samplings
physical containment devices such as biological safety cabinets, full-face respirators or
other personal safety equipment should be used as indicated.
The scope of possible zoonotic infections is quite large and only a few examples will be
described here. However, all personnel should be aware that laboratory animals are
sources of potent allergens to sensitised persons.
Working with rodents or rabbits

In working with rodents (rats and mice) or rabbits, development of allergies to these
species is probably the most common health hazard. Limiting exposure to soiled
bedding and the use of gloves and mask may help. The potential for zoonotic disease is
greatly reduced due to the high quality of animals available through suppliers today.
Working with dogs and cats

In working with dogs and cats, the risk of transmitted disease is high because most of
these animals are purchased from sources that do not have disease control programs in
place.
Toxoplasma is an infectious agent found primarily in cat faeces. It can infect the unborn
baby in women exposed during pregnancy who do not already have immunity to the
agent. Asymptomatic toxoplasma infection is common before childbearing years and

TTLM, SEP. 2021
many women have elevated antibody levels indicative of immunity. To help assess the
level of immunity against this agent, serum samples can be tested prior to pregnancy.
Cat faeces should be avoided and gloves should be worn when working in areas
potentially contaminated with cat faeces. Thorough hand washing after handling any
potential source of infection is also necessary.
Working with sheep

It is now known that the Q-fever organism is shed abundantly from the placental
membranes of sheep. This route of exposure has been the cause of recent cases of Q
fever pneumonia and other associated symptoms in laboratory workers.
Personnel working where exposure is possible should take extra precautions. Gloves,
masks, and protective clothing are recommended for individuals working with pregnant
sheep. Infected persons can be effectively treated. Q fever vaccinations are available.
Contagious ecthyma ("orf") from the mouth of an infected sheep can be transmitted to
humans causing focal skin lesions on the hands.
Asthma and allergies

In the January 1998 publication by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH), Preventing Asthma in Animal Handlers, several strategies for preventing
exposure to animal allergens are discussed. Animal-related asthma is the immune
system's response to allergens including animal dander, scales, fur, body wastes and
saliva. Workers including laboratory animal workers, veterinarians, veterinary
technicians, livestock workers, garment workers, and horse handlers are all at risk of
developing work-related allergy symptoms.
Workers who show signs of allergies previous to employment are more likely to develop
animal-induced asthma. Most reactions in technicians handling animals are due to
exposures to small animals (rodents) on contact during feeding, cleaning, dosing,
sacrifice, surgery, and body fluid collection. Most allergens are found in the urine of rats,
and the urine, saliva, and pelts of guinea pigs.
Symptoms of mild reaction include sneezing and runny nose. More serious reactions
include cough, chest tightness, wheezing, or shortness of breath. In sensitised
individuals the reaction may be immediate or delayed 2 to 8 hours. Occupational
asthma without nasal symptoms is uncommon. On developing skin hives, nasal, eye
and throat symptoms, usually 50% of workers will go on to develop asthma.
Workers who report symptoms of work-related asthma should be medically monitored

for early intervention. Without removal from exposure to allergens, affected workers
may develop an irreversible disease. A worker who has severe or life-threatening
allergic reactions should be strongly advised to change jobs, since no prevention
strategy is completely effective.

TTLM, SEP. 2021
Preventing exposure Animal handlers should take steps to protect themselves from
exposure to animals and animal products. These steps include:
 performing animal manipulations within ventilated hoods or safety cabinets when
possible
 avoiding wearing street clothes while working with animals, or as minimum protection
gloves and lab coats should be worn
 leaving work clothes at the workplace to avoid potential exposure problems for family
members
 keeping cages and animal areas clean
 reducing skin contact with animal products such as dander, serum and urine by using
gloves, lab coats, and approved particulate respirators with face shields
 training workers in recognising the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions and
sensitisation may prevent further asthma development.
Prevention of exposure includes several engineering and work practice controls such
as, the following:
 modification of ventilation and filtration systems by increasing the ventilation rate and
humidity in the animal housing areas
 ventilating animal-housing and handling areas separately from the rest of the facility
 directing airflow away from workers and toward the backs of the animal cages, and
 installing ventilated animal cage racks or filter-top animal cages
 decreasing animal density (number of animals per cubic metre of room volume)
 keeping cages and animal areas clean
 using absorbent pads for bedding - if these are not available, use corncob bedding
instead of sawdust bedding
 using an animal species or sex that is known to be less allergenic than others
 providing protective equipment for animal handlers: gloves, lab coats, and approved
particulate respirators with face shields
 providing training to educate workers about animal allergies and steps for risk reduction
 providing health monitoring and appropriate counselling and medical follow-up for
workers who have become sensitised or have developed allergy symptoms.
The following are examples of actual case reports as recorded by NIOSH:
Example 1 - exposure to laboratory rats

A 21-year-old female worker at a pharmaceutical company prepared rats for
experiments. She had no prior respiratory illnesses, but she had a family history of
allergies. Three months after she started working, the worker noted hives on her
forearms and hands. Her symptoms worsened until every direct contact with rats
produced hives. Wearing gloves alleviated the problem, but she could not perform her
work adequately when using them.
The worker then began to suffer episodes of sneezing, nasal drainage, watery eyes,
and chest tightness. She was transferred to another department, where her symptoms

TTLM, SEP. 2021
ceased. However, they recurred if she entered a room with rats or where rats had
previously been housed. The worker had positive skin tests to animal dander and to rat
hair. She also had elevated antibodies (IgE) to various rat proteins.
Example 2 - exposure to rabbits

A physician had been working on a research project involving rabbits for several years.
He had an allergy to cats but not to dust mites or other common allergens. The
physician developed progressively worsening nasal congestion and eye irritation.
During work with a rabbit, he received an accidental needlestick. Within 15 minutes, the
physician noted progressive itching, swelling of the face, hives, throat tightness, and
inability to speak. He was admitted to the hospital where he received emergency
treatment for anaphylactic shock. His symptoms stabilised over a 5-hour period. Blood
samples showed increased antibodies (lgE) to cat dander and rabbit epithelium. The
antibodies to rabbit epithelium declined over the 6-month period after he left the job that
involved rabbit contact.
Example 3 - exposure to various animals

Thirty-eight students were examined during their first year of training as laboratory
technicians (median age was 21 years). They were re-examined after working with
various laboratory animals (primarily rats, mice, and rabbits) for an average of 18
months. At that time, nine students (24%) had developed allergies to laboratory
animals. Symptoms included nasal and eye irritation in seven students, skin rashes in
four, and chest problems in three.
Of the nine students with animal allergies, seven had reactions to rat or mouse antigen
in skin-prick tests, and eight showed asthma like reactions during lung testing.
Anaesthetic agents
Anaesthetic agents used in laboratory animals may also pose potential hazards to
workers. These agents should be treated as hazardous chemicals with a risk
assessment carried out of the chemical agents and the operations involved. A Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be available and understood by all relevant workers.
In addition to worker safety, animal welfare is a paramount consideration in selecting
the anaesthetic for each particular species of animal and each operation carried out.
The Animal Ethics Committee should always be consulted early in the planning stages
and prior to a decision regarding which type of anaesthetic to use.
Undertaking or providing safety trainingasnecessary.

Information Sheet-7

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Why is health and safety training so important?
Training employees how to work safely has many advantages. It saves
lives, reduces accidents and incidents, enables employers to meet their
legal duty to protect the health and safety of their employees and makes
financial sense. In January 2017, a popular fast-food chain was fined
£950,000 for two separate accidents where employees sustained second
and third degree burns — a lack of training was cited as a cause. A training
course or two would have cost a fraction of this fine and prevented the
harm caused to the unfortunate employees.
Effective training helps to develop a positive health and safety culture
where employees thrive and safety is a part of their everyday working lives.
Who needs to be trained?
Everyone. Accidents and ill health resulting from the work we undertake
affects everyone, therefore all in the workplace, from those who instruct to
those that do the work, must be trained. Think about:
• board members
• senior and middle management
• team leaders and supervisors
• employees/team members
• trainees and volunteers
• safety representatives
• young workers/apprentices.
To make decisions that keep the workforce safe, the board and executive
team need to have a good understanding of health and safety at work, the
safety management system, the particular risks that employees are
exposed to, and their roles and responsibilities. Managers and supervisors
need to know what is expected of them and how they are to discharge their
duties. This enables them to lead by example and champion health and
safety. Employees, trainees, volunteers and young workers all need to
know how to do their jobs safely and need to understand the health and
safety policy.

TTLM, SEP. 2021
Do you have contractors working for you? If so, they also need to be
trained so that they are familiar with the safe systems of work that are in
place and the working environment. Providing effective training is the only
way to ensure that all parties have the necessary knowledge and
competence.
Who needs what training?
A good starting point is to know what can harm the workforce by assessing
the risks. This will give a steer to what training is required and what
regulations need to be referred to; many have specific training
requirements such as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations 2002 and the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992.
A training needs analysis will help to identify who needs to do what training
based on their job role, capabilities, knowledge, experience and training
history. This will also aid in the selection of courses and the decision
whether to deliver courses in-house or to use an external trainer. Nothing is
more irritating than turning up for a training course that is not relevant, due
to subject matter or the level at which it is pitched. It is important to get the
right people on the right course.
Consider the specific training needs of each employee or group.
 Are they new to the organisation?
 Are they existing employees moving to a new role?
 Are they in need of just a refresher?
 Has a deficiency in knowledge been highlighted following an
accident?
Method of delivery
It is vital that a variety of methods are considered to attract and engage
employees. With the range of media available there is no need to stick to
traditional methods such as hours of PowerPoint slides. Contemplate the
audience and the possible range of learning styles. Everyone learns
differently. Some are visual learners and prefer videos, diagrams and
photos. Others are auditory and benefit from lectures and discussion, while
kinaesthetic learners thrive where elements of role play and
demonstrations are part of a course. It may not be possible to deliver a
course that satisfies all candidates’ learning styles, but a mix of methods
and activities will ensure that each learning style is embraced and will in
turn make a course more interactive and interesting.

TTLM, SEP. 2021
Training does not have to be confined to a big room set up in classroom
style; elevate a session by taking it off-site if possible, holding it on the
shop floor or in a workshop, partner with a similar organisation so that the
session can double up as a networking/ideas sharing opportunity. On-the-
job training can also be delivered on a one-to-one basis through coaching
and mentoring.
Think about real-life working scenarios, so that the message hits home and
also try to inject some fun; incorporate the format of a popular television
show perhaps. Alternatively add an element of fear, arrange for a session
to be interrupted with the news of a major incident and get the candidates
to assist in the initial stages of an investigation. Of course, the delivery will
also be determined by the audience, getting a group of board and
executive members to roleplay may not be the best use of their time, but
bringing in an expert guest speaker with a background in litigation and
compliance will.
In addition, the candidate’s level of competence, command of the English
language, literacy skills, mobility and any special requirements will also
determine the method of delivery. A simple pre-course assessment will
help to understand whether anything further needs to be taken into account
Self-Check 1 Written Test
Name _____________________________ date _______________

Directions: answer the following questions correctly
REFERENCE

TTLM, SEP. 2021

Learning Guide 27: Animalhealth Care Service NTQF Level-IV

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B/G/R/S TECNICAL-VOCATIONAL AND JOB

Animalhealth care service

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

 Maintain personal hygiene and cleanliness standards in accordance with OHS

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Maintaining personal hygiene and cleanliness standards in

OHS procedures include:

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

1.2 Safety Regulations

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Collecting specimens from domestic animalsethically

Collection of specimens for laboratory examinations

Collection, preservation and submission of samples for examination

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Handling the specimens in a manner that minimise the

Labeling chemicals, specimens and proper disposal of infected and dirty

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

ASSOSA ATVT College

Name of Solution and concentration

Name of lab technician that prepared the solution

Specimen labeling after collection

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Techniques for Sampling

Animal Blood to be taken from.

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

- Cattle or sheep: Smears from ear or tail veins.

- Blood or homogenized spleen can be used for culture.

Black quarter /Black leg:

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Recognizingand reporting hazards in the workplaceto

Hazards in the Work place include:

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Physical Chemical Biological

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Following workplace procedures and work instructionsfor

Essential Rules for Laboratory Safety

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Recognizing risks to self, bystanders, the public andanimals

Animal handling safety and health

Animal Care Services

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

In many animal-holding areas, noxious odours, particularly ammonia, are present.

Training and induction

Safety and health risks to handlers

Do not recap the needles! Instead, discard them promptly in a biohazard "sharps"

Working with rodents or rabbits

Working with dogs and cats

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Working with sheep

Asthma and allergies

Workers who report symptoms of work-related asthma should be medically monitored

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Example 1 - exposure to laboratory rats

TVET Program: AnimalHealth Care Service

Example 2 - exposure to rabbits

Example 3 - exposure to various animals

Name _______________ date _