Producing Drawing

A component or part drawing is termed as a production

drawing, if it facilities its manufacture. It is an authorized
document to produce the component in the shop floor.

It furnishes all dimensions, limits and special finishing

processes such as heat treatment, grinding, etc., in addition
to the material used. It should also mention the number of
parts that are required for making of the assembled unit, of
which the part is a member.
Production drawing of a component should also indicate
the sub or main assembly where it will be assembled. It is
necessary to prepare the production drawing of each
component on a separate sheet, since a craftsman will
ordinarily make one component at a time. However, in
some cases, the drawings of related components may
also appear on the same sheet. Figure 1.2 shows the
production drawing of a jig bush.
Fig. 1
Need for a production drawing

The graphic representation of a product, starts at the

transformation stage of ideas into a drawing by a design
engineer. A production drawing is a complete working
drawing, representing all the details of the product, regarding
size, shape, material, process, tools and equipment.

The craftsman is completely guided by the production

drawing, during the manufacture of the product. Hence, any
mistake in a production drawing will result in loss of time,
money and decreased productivity. Further, it is a legal
document while going for subcontracting of works. Hence, a
production drawing should be prepared without any scope for
more than one interpretation.
The design engineer uses orthographic or pictorial
views to record his ideas, free hand. These are
called working sketches. These sketches are used
for both the component and assembly drawings.

The working drawings are sent to the shop, in the

form of blue prints, ammonia prints or other similar
forms of reproduction. Therefore, the drawings must
be made as tracings.
Elements of production drawing

Following are the basic elements of a production drawing.

1. Format of drawing sheet,

2. Size and shape of the component,

3. Projection method,

4. Material specification and shape such as castings,

forgings, plates, rounds, etc.,

5. Indication of surface roughness and other heat

treatments, if any,
6. Limits, fits and tolerances of size, form, and position,

7. Production method,

8. Process sheet,

9. Specification of standard components,

10. Conventions used to represent certain machine

components, and

11. Inspection and testing methods.

Drawing Sheet Sizes

Drawing paper and cloth are available in rolls of various

widths and in standard trimmed sizes. Most of the
draughting rooms use standard sheets, printed with
border and title block. There are five standard sizes for
drawing sheets (First choice), specified by Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) SP: 46-1988, as given below. The
standard sizes help save paper and are also convenient
for storing.
 Designation Dimension (mm)
A0 841 X 1189

A1 594 X 841
A2 420 X 594
A3 297 X 420
A4 210 X 297

Drawing sheets may be used with their longer sides

positioned horizontally or vertically. The original drawing
should be made on the smallest sheet, permitting the
necessary clarity and resolution.
Drawing sheet layout

The layout of a drawing sheet should, by the clarity and

neatness of its appearance, facilities the reading of the
drawing. It should also facilitate essential references to be
located easily.

Borders, enclosed by the edges of the trimmed sheet and the

frame, limiting the drawing space shall be provided with all
the sheet sizes. It is recommended that these borders have a
minimum width of 20 mm for the sizes A0 and A1 and a
minimum width of 10 mm for other sizes. A file margin for
taking perforations may be provided on the edges, far left of
the title block. It should have a minimum width of 20 mm.
Four centering marks shall be provided in order to facilitate
positioning of the drawing, when reproduced or microfilmed.
Two orientation marks may be provided to indicate the
orientation of the drawing sheet on the drawing board.

It is recommended to provide on all drawings, a figureless

metric reference graduation, with minimum length of 100
mm and divided into 10 equal parts. The metric reference
graduation shall preferably be disposed symmetrically about
the centring mark, near the frame in the border, with a
minimum width of 5 mm.
The provision of the grid reference system (zoning) is
recommended for all sizes, in order to permit easy location on
the drawing, of details, additions, modifications, etc. The
number of divisions should be even and be chosen in relation
to the complexity of the drawing. However, the length of any
side of the rectangle shall be from 25 to 75 mm. The
rectangles of the grid should be referenced by means of
capital letters along one edge and numerals along the other.
The numbering direction may start at the sheet corner,
opposite to the title block and be repeated on the opposite
sides.

The trimming marks may be provided in the borders, at the

four comers of the sheet in order to facilitate trimming. These
marks may be in the form of right angled isosceles triangles.
The pre-printed drawing sheets when used, should include
the following features:

1. Title block,
2. Frame for limiting the drawing space,
3. Centring marks, and
4. Optional features:

i) metric reference graduation, ii) grid reference

system, and iii) trimming marks.
Fig. 2 represents a typical layout of a drawing sheet.

Fig. 2
Title block

The drawing sheet layout must also provide a title block,

which should be located at the bottom right hand corner of
the sheet; both for sheets positioned horizontally or
vertically, with a maximum length of 170 mm. This should
provide the following basic information:
1. Title of the drawing,
2. Sheet number,
3. Scale (s),
4. Symbol, denoting the method of projection,
5. Name of the firm, and
6. Initials of the staff designed, drawn, checked and approved.

The direction of viewing the title block should correspond in

general, with that of the drawing. A typical layout of the title
block is shown in Fig. 3. However, the heading inside the title
block may be arranged as per the convenience, within the
overall size specified.
 A production drawing may include the following
additional information, located either in the drawing
sheet or in the title block:

1. Job order number,

2. Surface treatment, roughness, etc.,
3. Key to machining and other symbols,
4. A general note on tolerance on dimensions, not
individually toleranced,
5. Reference to tools, gauges, jigs and fixtures,
6. Parts list, and
7. Alternations and revisions.
Fig. 3
Information on a drawing

Every drawing should be numbered. Some companies use

serial numbers such as 70524 or a number with prefix or
suffix, K2-70524 or 70524-K2. Many different numbering
systems are in use, in which various digits of the drawing
numbers indicate different things, such as model number of
the machine and the general nature or use of the part.

If all the drawings are made to the same scale, the scale
should be indicated in or near the title block. Otherwise, the
individual scales should be indicated below the respective
drawings.
General notes can be given on the working drawings to
specify the tolerances of dimensions.

According to the BIS SP:46-1988, Engineering drawing

practice for schools and colleges; first angle projection
method only, is required to be followed.

Specifications regarding general notes, material, heat

treatment, finish, general tolerances and number required
are located on or near the title block.
• Notes should always be lettered
horizontally in capital letters and
begin above the leader line and may
end below also. Further, notes
should be brief and clear and the
wording should be standard in form
as shown in Fig. 3.42. The meaning
of the notes in each case is given
below:
• Standard abbreviations
• Standard abbreviations in draughting are
recommended as notes to provide a brief
and clear instructions. Table 3.1 provides
the draughting abbreviations for general
terms, Table 3.2 represents material
abbreviations, whereas Table 3.3,
abbreviations for rolled sections of steel.
 Principles of Dimensioning

Introduction

A detail drawing is expected to provide not only the

complete shape description of the part, but also furnish size
description. This is provided in the form of distance between
the surfaces, location of holes, kind of finish, type of
material, etc. These features are illustrated on a drawing by
the use of lines, symbols, figures, and notes, called
dimensioning. Proper dimensioning requires engineering
judgment and thorough knowledge of the practices and
requirement of the production department. Dimensions are
classified into the following types:
1. Functional dimension (F) – A dimension that is essential
to the function of the part.

2. Non functional dimension (NF) – A dimension that is not

essential to the function of the part.

3. Auxiliary dimension (AUX) – A dimension given for

information purpose only. It does not govern the
production or inspection operations and is derived from
other values shown on the drawing. An auxiliary
dimension is enclosed in parenthesis and no tolerance
applies to it.
Figure 1 indicates the classification of dimensions

Fig. 1 Classification of dimensions

Principles of Dimensioning

The following are the basic principles of dimensioning:

1. All dimensional information necessary to define a part

clearly and completely shall be shown directly on a
drawing, unless this information is specified in associated
documentations.

2. Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a

drawing.

3. Dimensions shall be placed on the view or section that

shows clearly, the corresponding features (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Placement of dimensions
where the shape is best shown
4. As far as possible, on a drawing, dimensions should be
expressed in one unit only, preferably in millimeters,
without showing the unit symbol (mm). Unit on the
drawing, however, may be shown in a note (Fig. 9).

5. No more dimensions than are necessary to define a part

shall be shown on the drawing. No feature of a part shall
be defined by more than one dimension in any one
direction (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 Placement of only necessary dimensions
6. As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside
the view (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4 Placement of dimensions outside the view

7. Dimensions should be represented from the visible
outlines, rather than from hidden lines (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5 Marking of dimensions from the visible outlines

8. Dimensions should be given from a base line, a centre line
of a hole, or a finished surface. Dimensioning to a centre
line should be avoided, except when it passes through the
center of a hole (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6 Avoiding dimensioning to the centre line

9. Interesting projection and dimension lines should be
avoided. Were unavoidable, however, neither line should
be shown with a break (Fig. 7a). Dimension line should
not be used as an extension line (Fig. 7b).

A centre line or the outline of a part should not be used as a

dimension line, but may be used in place of a projection line
(Fig. 7c); where centre line is used as a projection line, it
may be continued as a centre line.
Fig 7
10. If the space of dimensioning is insufficient, the arrow
heads may be reversed and the adjacent arrow heads
may be replaced by a dot (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8 Dimensioning in narrow spaces

Execution of Dimensions

The elements of dimensioning include the

projection line, dimension line, leader line,
dimension line origin indication, its termination,
notes, the dimension, etc. The various elements
of dimensioning are shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 Elements of dimensioning
Projection and dimension lines should be drawn as thin
continuous lines. Projection lines should extend slightly
beyond the respective dimension line. It should be
perpendicular to the feature being dimensioned. Where
necessary, however, they may be drawn obliquely, but
parallel to each other in special cases, such as on tapered
features (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10 Dimensioning a tapered feature

A leader line is a line referring to a feature (dimension,
object, outline, etc.). Leader lines should terminate (Fig. 11).

Fig. 11 Termination of leader lines

i. with a dot, it they end within the outline of an object,

ii. with an arrow head, if they end on the outline of an object,

iii. without dot or arrow head, if they end on a dimension line.

Leader lines should be included to the horizontal at an
angle greater than 30.
Fig. 12 Dimensioning several arcs Fig. 13 Unbroken dimension line
When several arcs are dimensioned, it is preferable that
separate leaders be used rather than extending the leaders
(Fig. 12).

A dimension line should be shown unbroken, even where the

feature to which it refers is shown broken (Fig. 13).

Dimension lines should show distinct termination, in the form

of an arrow heads or oblique strokes or where applicable, an
origin indication (Fig. 14). The size of the termination should
be proportionate to the size of the drawing on which it is used.
One style of termination only should be used on a single
drawing. However, where space is too small for an arrow
head, the oblique stroke or a dot may be substituted.
Fig. 15 Dimensioning of radii
Only one arrow head termination, with its point on the arc
end of the dimension line, is to be used where a radius is
dimensioned (Fig.15).The arrow head termination may be
either on the inside or on the outside of the feature outline,
depending upon the size of the feature. Dimensions should
be written on a drawing, according to one of the following two
methods. Only one method should be used on any one
drawing.

Aligned system

Dimensions should be placed parallel to the dimension lines

and preferably near the middle, above and clear off the
dimension line (Fig. 16a). An exception may be made where
superimposed running dimensions are used (Fig. 16b).
Fig. 16 Aligned dimensioning
 Dimensions should be written, so that they may be read
from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing.
Dimensions on oblique dimension lines should be oriented
as shown in Fig. 17.

Angular dimensions may be oriented as shown in Fig. 18.

Fig. 17 Oblique dimensioning Fig. 18 Angular dimensioning

Uni-directional system

Dimensions should be written so that they may be read from

the bottom of the drawing. Non-horizontal dimension lines
are interrupted, preferably near the middle, for the insertion
of the dimension (Fig. 19).

Angular dimensions may be oriented as shown in Fig. 20.

Fig. 19 Unidirectional dimensioning Fig. 20 Angular dimensioning
The placing of dimensions frequently needs adopting to
varying situations. For example, dimensions may be,

i. closer to a termination, to avoid having to follow a long

dimension line, where only part of the dimension line
needs to be shown (Fig. 21).

ii. above the extension of the dimension line, beyond one of

the terminations, at the end of a leader line which
terminates on a dimension line; above a horizontal
extension of dimension line where space does not allow
placement (Fig. 8).
 Dimensions out-of-scale (except where break lines are used)
should be underlined with a straight thick line (Fig. 22), where
feature size modification does not warrant an extensive
drawing revision, to correct the feature scale.

Fig. 21 Dimensioning closer to termination Fig. 22 Indication of out-of-scale dimension

Arrangement of dimensions

The arrangement of dimensions on a drawing must

indicate clearly the design purpose. Generally, it is the
result of a combination of various design requirements.

Chain dimensioning

This consists of chains of simple dimensions being used

where the possible accumulation of tolerances does not
endanger (Fig. 23) the functional requirement of the part.
Fig. 23 Chain dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning

This consists of placement of a number of single dimension

lines, parallel to one another and spaced to write the
dimension easily (Fig. 24). Superimposed running
dimensioning may be used (Fig. 16b) where there are space
limitations.

Fig. 24 Parallel dimensioning

Dimensioning from a common feature may be executed as
parallel dimensioning or as superimposed running
dimensioning.
Combined dimensioning
Single dimensions, chain dimensioning and dimensioning
from a common feature may be combined on a drawing (Fig.
25).

Fig. 25 Combined dimensioning

The dimension figures should be placed approximately at the
centre of the dimension line, but the dimension figures in
parallel dimensioning should be staggered (Fig. 26).

Fig. 26 Staggering dimensions

Where an over-all dimension is shown, the intermediate
dimension is redundant and need not be shown (Fig. 27).

Fig. 27 Redundant dimensions

The first row of dimensions should be placed atleast 10 mm
from the view and the successive rows should be atleast 6 mm
from the first row (Fig. 28).

Dimension figures should not be placed over the lines of

sectioned areas unless necessary; in which case, clear space
should be provided for the dimension figures (Fig. 29).

Fig. 28 Spacing of dimensions Fig. 29 Dimensioning sectioned areas

Angles are dimensioned with arcs and extension lines, and
the dimension should not be placed inside the angle cut
(Fig. 30).

Fig. 30 Dimensioning an angle

Dimensions of lengths and relevant diameters should be
given in the same view in the drawing as far as possible
(Fig. 31).

Fig. 31 Dimensioning lengths and related diameters

Dimensions which go together, for example, the diameter
and depth of a hole, the width and length of a groove,
should be entered in the same view as far as practicable
(Fig. 32).

Dimensioning by co-ordinates

The sizes of the holes and their co-ordinate dimensions

may be indicated directly on the drawing or they may be
conveniently presented in a tabular form as shown in Fig.
33.
Fig. 32 Dimensioning a hole Fig. 33 Co-ordinate dimensioning
Special Indications

In addition to the features being dimensioned; the nature of

the feature may also be reflected while dimensioning, for
enhanced clarity of the detail.

Fig. 34 Shape identification symbols

Shape identification symbols

Symbols are used with dimensions to indicate shape

identification, thus improving drawing interpretation. The
applicable indication (symbol) should precede the dimension
(Fig. 34).

Diameters

Dimensions of diameters should be placed on the most

appropriate view to ensure clarity and should be preceded by
the symbol Ø in order to distinguish the diameter from a
length. Figure 35 indicates the method of dimensioning
diameters.
Fig. 35 Dimensioning diameters
When centre lines cross each other in a view, at the
intersection point, the longer dashes only should be
intersected symmetrically (Fig. 36).

Fig. 36 Centre lines at the crossing points

Chords, arcs, angles and radii

Dimensions of chords, arcs and angles should be as shown

in Fig. 37.

Fig. 37 Dimensioning of chords, arcs and angles

Where the centre of an arc falls outside the limits of the
space available, the dimension line of the radius should
be broken or interrupted, according to whether or not it is
necessary to locate the centre (Fig. 15).

Where the size of the radius can be derived from other

dimensions, it shall be indicated with a radius arrow and
the symbol R, without an indication of the value.

Equidistant features

Where equidistant features or uniformly arranged elements

are part of the drawing specification, dimensioning may
be simplified as follows:
1. Linear spacings may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 38
(one space may be dimensioned to avoid possibility of
confusion).
Fig. 38 Dimensioning equidistant features
2. Angular spacing of holes and other features may be
dimensioned as shown in Fig. 39.

Fig. 39 Dimensioning equispaced angular feature

Chamfers and counter-sinks

Chamfers may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 40, and

counter-sinks, as shown in Fig. 41.

Fig. 40 Dimensioning champers

Fig. 41 Dimensioning counter-sinks
Tapered features

Tapered features are dimensioned, either by specifying the

diameters at either end and the length, or the length, one of
the diameters and the taper or taper angle (Fig. 42a).

A slope or flat taper is defined as the rise pr unit length and is

dimensioned by the ratio of the difference between the heights
at the ends to its length (Fig. 42b).
Fig. 42 Dimensioning tapered features
Screw threads

Screw threads are always specified with proper designation.

The nominal diameter is preceded by the letter M. The useful
length of the threaded portion should be dimensioned as
shown in Fig. 43. While dimensioning the internal threads,
the length of the drilled hole should also be dimensioned.
Fig. 43 Dimensioning screw threads
Keyways

Dimensioning of keyways, both external and internal, is

followed as shown in Fig. 44. Figure 44a shows the
method of dimensioning, as recommended for the keyway
on a shaft, located at its end and Fig. 44b, for keyway
located at some intermediate position. Figure 44c
represents the dimensioning facilitate accurate
measurement of the given dimensions.
Fig. 44 Dimensioning keyways
Spherical features

Figure 45 represents correct and incorrect method of

dimensioning a spherical feature. Here too, the dimensioning
requirement is measurement feasibility.

Fig. 45 Dimensioning spherical features

Quality Control

In the bygone era, quality control consisted of inspection of

goods produced and finally picking the good ones. Later it
was realized that during the manufacture, the products
(semi-finished or unfinished) could be inspected so that the
final quality cost may be reduced.
This leads to what is called total quality control and Kaizen
approach to quality maintenance. International organization
for standards (ISO), Geneva comprising of representation by
over 100 countries, set up a technical committee for quality
management and quality assurance. System standards were
finalized and released as ISO-9000 series in 1987. These
standards aim to document/implement company wide quality
assurance programmes that lead to certain level of
consistency in product service characteristics. These
porgrammes are bottom-up programmes involving every
individual, unlike earlier top-down procedures. They are
meant not just to control product quality, but to maintain its
uniformity and predictability.
An organization, should attempt to fulfil the following while
aiming to adopt ISO-9000:

a) to improve customer satisfaction,

b) to increase competitiveness,
c) to reduce the cost of quality.

Any organization, production/service oriented, has to setup a

short or long term implementation programme by
constituting a steering committee chaired by a senior
executive. This committee is responsible for coordinating
quality improvement process activities through the plant
functions.
Definition of ISO-9000 series

ISO-9000 is the most comprehensive model for quality

assurance covering design/development, production,
installation and service. This comprises of four series.

ISO-9001 is a quality system model for quality assurance in

design/development, production and installation.
ISO-9002 is a quality system model for quality assurance
in production and installation.

ISO-9003 is a quality system model for quality assurance

in final inspection test.

ISO-9004 is a quality system model for quality

management and quality system elements and guide
lines.
Why ISO certification?

Company may not be able to export its products without

ISO-9000.

Streamlining of operations and control of waste, rework,

etc. is the byproduct impact (direct cost reduction
benefits).

ISO 9000 is a powerful marketing weapon. The

organization will have an edge over other suppliers in
domestic market also.
It is a credibility passport which says that the company
meets international standards in designing/developing,
producing, installing and service the products it supplies.

ISO-9000 facilities mutual recognition of any product legally

produced or marketed in one country to be accepted in
principle in a another country.

ISO-9000 series registration lays the foundations on which

wise management must relentlessly improve to become and
remain customer sensitive, high quality and low cost
company.
IS 14000

The member countries when adopt the ISO-9000 series,

different numbers are given to the quality models. When
the Bureau of Indian Standards implemented ISO-9000
series in toto, the standards are in family of IS-14000 with
IS-4001 to Is-4004.

For a quality consciousness, any organization whether

production/service oriented, should document the
procedures used and get them audited and inspected at
regular intervals whether the aim is to get the certification
or not.