TYPOLOGY OF LEARNERS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

a. Learners with intellectual disability

1.Cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy (CP) is a problem that
affects muscle tone, movement, and
motor skills. It hinders the body's
ability to move in a coordinated and
purposeful way. It also can affect
other body functions that involve
motor skills and muscles, like
breathing, bladder and bowel control,
eating, and talking.

CP often is caused by brain damage

that happens before or during a

m
baby's birth, or during the first 3-to-5

er as
years of a child's life. Brain damage

co
also can lead to other issues, like

eH w
sight, hearing, and learning problems.

o.
rs e
ou urc
Trisomy 21 is the most common
2.Trisonomy 21 chromosomal anomaly in humans,
affecting about 5,000 babies born
o

each year and more than 350,000

aC s

people in the United States.

vi y re

Also known as Down syndrome,

trisomy 21 is a genetic condition
caused by an extra chromosome.
ed d

Most babies inherit 23 chromosomes

ar stu

from each parent, for a total of 46

chromosomes. Babies with Down
syndrome however, end up with three
is

chromosomes at position 21, instead

of the usual pair.
Th

Other examples of trisomies occur at

position 13 and 18. Trisomy 21 is the
most common of the three, occurring
sh

in 1 out of every 691 births. The

disorder was first identified in 1866
by John Langdon Down, a British
physician, and later named after him.

This study source was downloaded by 100000830917718 from CourseHero.com on 11-22-2021 23:24:58 GMT -06:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/91772525/TYPOLOGY-OF-LEARNERS-WITH-SPECIAL-NEEDSdocx/
 B. Learners with learning disability
Dyslexia is a specific learning
1.Dyslexia disability that is neurobiological
in origin. It is characterized by
difficulties with accurate and/or
fluent word recognition and by
poor spelling and decoding
abilities. These difficulties
typically result from a deficit in
the phonological component of
language that is often
unexpected in relation to other
cognitive abilities and the
provision of effective classroom
instruction. Secondary

m
consequences may include

er as
problems in reading

co
comprehension and reduced

eH w
reading experience that can

o.
impede growth of vocabulary
rs e and background knowledge.
ou urc
2.Dysgraphia Dysgraphia is a learning
o

disability that affects writing

aC s

abilities. It can manifest itself as

vi y re

difficulties with spelling, poor

handwriting and trouble putting
thoughts on paper. Because
writing requires a complex set of
ed d

motor and information

ar stu

processing skills, saying a

student has dysgraphia is not
sufficient. A student with
disorders in written expression
is

will benefit from specific

Th

accommodations in the learning

environment, as well as
additional practice learning the
skills required to be an
sh

accomplished writer.

This study source was downloaded by 100000830917718 from CourseHero.com on 11-22-2021 23:24:58 GMT -06:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/91772525/TYPOLOGY-OF-LEARNERS-WITH-SPECIAL-NEEDSdocx/
 Dyscalculia is a learning
disability in math. People with
dyscalculia have trouble with
math at many levels. They often
struggle with key concepts like
bigger vs. smaller. And they can
have a hard time doing basic
math problems and more
abstract math.

m
er as
co
eH w
o.
rs e
ou urc
C. Learners with physical disabilities
o

1. Visual impairment
aC s
vi y re

A visual impairment is any visual

condition that impacts an
individual’s ability to
successfully complete the
ed d

activities of everyday life.

ar stu

Students with visual impairments

are infants, toddlers, children and
youths who experience
is

impairments of the visual system

that impact their ability to learn.
Th

There are three classification

systems for individuals with
sh

visual impairment that are used

by education professionals. To be
declared legally blind, an
individual must have visual
acuity of 20/200 or less, or have
a field of vision restricted to 20

This study source was downloaded by 100000830917718 from CourseHero.com on 11-22-2021 23:24:58 GMT -06:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/91772525/TYPOLOGY-OF-LEARNERS-WITH-SPECIAL-NEEDSdocx/
 degrees or less at the widest
point. However, this federal
classification system is used
primarily to determine eligibility
for adult agency services.
2.Hearing impairment The official definition of a
hearing impairment by the
Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA) is “an
impairment in hearing, whether
permanent or fluctuating, that
adversely affects a child’s
educational performance but is
not included under the definition
of ‘deafness.'” Thus, knowing the
definition of deafness is

m
er as
necessary to understand what sort
of disabilities are considered

co
eH w
hearing impairments. A hearing
loss above 90 decibels is

o.
generally considered deafness,
rs e which means that a hearing loss
ou urc
below 90 decibels is classified as
a hearing impairment.
o
aC s
vi y re
ed d
ar stu
is
Th
sh

This study source was downloaded by 100000830917718 from CourseHero.com on 11-22-2021 23:24:58 GMT -06:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/91772525/TYPOLOGY-OF-LEARNERS-WITH-SPECIAL-NEEDSdocx/
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)