Engineering Drawing/ Computer Aided Design (Cad) Laboratory Manual

ENGINEERING DRAWING/ COMPUTER AIDED
DESIGN (CAD) LABORATORY MANUAL
19MEE101 ENGINEERING DRAWING / 19MEE100

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS – CAD
Ist year Bachelor of Technology (Common to all Branches)
by
Dr. Shankara
Assistant Professor (SG)
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
October 2021
Preface
Engineering drawing is a basic Engineering course that is taught to all engineering students
irrespective of the branch chosen by the students. Often, it is very difficult or even nearly
impossible to describe verbally the shape, size, appearance of an object or details of a three-
dimensional structure/component. On the other hand, drawings offer far better idea about the
shape, size & appearance of an object or details of solids. Engineering drawing course is
intended to develop analytical skill in every student that is most important to all engineering
students and in almost all fields.
Earlier, drawings were done using pencil on a drafting table but presently, engineering
drawings are done with a computer using CAD (computer Aided Design) software. This
laboratory course book consists of ‘Engineering Drawing/ Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Manual’ prepared to meet the Engineering drawing laboratory requirements of the first year
B.Tech. students. The syllabus is more or less the same for almost engineering degree students
of most universities in India, at the same time, it completely covers the syllabus of
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham. To understand and perform well in this course the students have
to complete the theory course on Engineering drawing of every topic of study as a prerequisite
for this book.
During the conduction of the laboratory classes for over two decades, the author has found the
gap between the theory class and the laboratory class of Engineering Drawing for most
students. This book is aimed to make all the students interested and practice in all most all
engineering branches. Sincere effort has been made to bring this book to the laboratory/students
that can fill that gap in understanding. Students can note that the book contains many questions
and solutions for the same in every chapter to make them learn the methodology of solving any
related questions. The book also contains question bank for students to solve and improve their
confidence.
The salient features of this manual are,

• Every solution has been printed to scale and the same is mentioned in the drawing.
• Pictorial views of the solutions have been drawn to selected problems.
• Directions of all projectors have been drawn to make the solution self-explanatory.
About the Author
Shankara holds B.E. degree in Civil Engineering from

Bangalore University, M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees in Civil
Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological University.
Presently he is working as Assistant Professor (SG) in the
Department of Civil Engineering at Amrita School of
Engineering, Bengaluru. Dr. Shankara has over 18 years of
teaching experience in Amrita, and his broad areas of interest
include Engineering Mechanics, Engineering drawing,
Mechanics of Solids, Environmental Science and building
design. He has published/presented over 20 research papers in
various international / national journals and conferences.
Give me your feedback--- any errors, suggestions for improvement, etc.

My email address is k_shankara@blr.amrita.edu
INDEX
Sl. No. CONTENTS Page No.

1. Geometrical Constructions 1
Exercises-1
Geometrical Constructions, (2-D Drawing Using CAD Software) 3-4
Exercises-2 2-D Drawings Using CAD Software 5

Exercises-3 2-D Drawings Using CAD Software 6
2. Scales 7
Exercises-4 Plain and Diagonal Scales 8
3. Conic Sections and Engineering Curves 11
Exercises-5 Conic Sections and Engineering Curves 12
4. Orthographic Projection of points 16
Exercises-6 Projections of Points 17
5. Orthographic Projection of lines 19
Exercises-7 Projections of Lines -I 20
Exercises-8 Projections of Lines -II 23
6. Orthographic Projection of Planes 30
Exercises-9 Projections of Planes-I 31
Exercises-10 Projections of Planes-II 37
7. Orthographic Projection of Solids 44
Exercises-11 Projections of Solids-I 45
Exercises-12 Projections of Solids-II 54
8. Sections of solids 62
Exercises-13 Sections of Solids 63
9. Development of surfaces 72
Exercises-14 Development of surfaces 73
10. Orthographic Projections of Isometric Drawings 85
Exercises-15 Orthographic to Isometric 86
11. Isometric Projections and Views 91
Exercises-16 Isometric to Orthographic 92
12. Simple Building Plans 98
Exercises-17 Floor Plans of Buildings 100
REFERENCES 103
1. Geometrical Constructions
Chapter Objectives
• Constructing 2D geometry using AutoCAD software.
• Examine the standard procedures for developing Geometrical constructions.
• Proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software.
An engineering drawing which is aimed to clearly and accurately capture all geometric
features of a product or component such that a manufacturer or engineer can produce the
required item. The initial step in the process of preparation of any technical drawings involves
construction of a simple geometrical element. Now a days all methods that are used in the
development of any drawing element are incorporated in CAD (Computer Aided Design)
systems and hence, in this Chapter, the focus of all is to understand and draw the basic and
simple geometrical constructions using CAD software. This method starts with coordinate
system in AutoCAD, drawing a set of parallel lines in different orientations, dividing a
line/circle into required number of segments, drawing different polygons in different
orientations and practicing given 2D drawings. With this, students can acquire sufficient skills
to develop/produce any challenging geometrical aspects to initiate all the mechanics of
Engineering Drawing. On completion of this topic students will be able to produce any given
2D geometry with dimensioning using AutoCAD system.
Course Outcomes:
CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views
1
EX: 1, GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
1. Draw 5 straight lines vertically, horizontally and at 30o, of each 50 mm long and
at 8 mm offset distance.
2. Draw 10 straight lines vertically, horizontally and at 40o of each 60 mm long and at 10
mm offset distance.
3. Split the 160 mm length straight line into 10 equal parts.
4. Split the circle of diameter 70 mm into 12 equal parts.
5. Split the 150 mm length straight line into 12 equal parts.
6. Split an 80 mm diameter circle into 12 equal parts.
7. Draw an equilateral triangular lamina of 50 mm sides (with an edge vertical).
8. Draw a regular pentagonal lamina, of 25 mm edges (with an edge vertical).
9. Draw a regular hexagonal lamina of 25 mm edges (with an edge vertical).
10. Draw a regular pentagonal lamina of 40 mm edges (with one of its edges horizontal).
11. Draw a regular hexagonal plate, of 40 mm edges (with one of its edges horizontal).
2
Exercise-1 Geometrical Constructions
Auto CAD Coordinate System
Absolute Cartesian (X,Y) coordinates Relative X,Y coordinates
(@0,40)
(50,60)
40
40
Y
click any
(20,20) X where (@30,0)
(50,20) 30
30
Relative (R,θ) Polar coordinates Relative R,θ Polar coordinates

(@40<90)
50
(@-50,0)
(@50<180) (@50<30)
(@50<-180)
40
click any
30°
click any where (@30,0)
where
(@30<0) 30 50
30
Draw using ortho-mode Draw by mixing all the methods

20 20 20 30 20 30
20
10
35
23,54
50
20
25
°
139 40
60
25 25
Note: Students can practice this exercise without dimensioning. Scale = 1:1.2
3
Exercise-1 Geometrical Constructions
Offset, Rotate, Divide, Circle and Polygon
1 8
50
8
50
8
30°
50
3
160
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1'
2'
3'
4 J 4'
K I 5'
6'
7'
L H 8'
9'
10'
A G
R35
B F
9
C E F
D
E G E
D
8
30
A
B D
C
30
B C
Note: Students can practice this exercise without dimensioning.

Scale = 1:1.2
4
Exercise-2, 2-D Drawings
Circles, mirror, line types and arrays
60
R50
5
R1
5
R2
Ø40 R15
60
20
R1
0
R10
00
R1
50
10 30 10 10 40 35
R5
R5
10 10 10 10 105
12
20
20
12
Chamfer, 10 and 30°

30
Chamfer, 10 and 5
0
30
R1
Scale = 1:1.2
5
Exercise-3, 2-D Drawings
Circle, mirror, array and hatching
6
0
R3
5
R1
Ø45
30
R15
R7,5 75
54
30
R12
R6
6 holes of Ø10 equally

spaced on PCD 35
0
R2 25
R 5
R3 5
R4
24
12
Note: Students need not draw the pictorial view.

Scale = 1:1.2
6
2. Scales
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to Scales in Engineering Drawing
• Construction of Plane Scale
• Construction of Diagonal scale
• Assessment of the real size of an object that is scaled and drawing to fit the given
size of paper.
In engineering drawing scale means the proportion or ratio between the dimensions adopted
for the drawing and the corresponding dimensions of the object. Drawing a big or a small
object on a given size of paper is routine task in engineering drawing. Therefore, depending on
the paper area available, to draw/print the real size drawings, the real sizes have to be converted
to the required size that can fit the given paper area. Full size scale (1:1) is the size of the given
object on paper as well as on ground is same. Similarly, very big objects such as buildings are
drawn/printed by reduction scale i.e., 1:50, 1:100 etc. If the object is very small such as internal
parts of a wrist watch are drawn by enlargement scale i.e., 5:1 20:1 etc.
In this Chapter, the focus is to understand the simple plain scale and diagonal scales that are
used in engineering drawing. Real sizes, Units of measurements, Representative fraction and
Length of scale are the basics to understand and construction of various scales. On completion
of this topic, students can acquire sufficient skills to decide on proper scale to produce any real
size object on given size of paper.
Course Outcomes:
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views
7
EX: 4, SCALES
Plain Scale
1. Draw a scale of 1:60 to mark metres, decimetres and the scale should show a maximum
length of 9 metre. Mark a distance of 6.7 m on the scale.
2. A 4 m real distance has been shown by a line of 1 cm length in the drawing.

Calculate the RF and draw a plain scale to show a maximum length of 70 m. Mark
a length of 64 m on it.
3. Draw a scale of 1:4 such that it can show decimetres, centimetres and the scale should
show a maximum length of 1 m. Mark a length of 7.4 dm on the scale.
4. 100 sq. cm of area on a map designates the real area of 49 sq. m on a ground. Construct
the scale to measure a maximum distance of 14 m. Show, a distance of 10 m 4 dm on
the scale.
5. A real length of 4 km is represented by a line of 10 cm in a map. Find RF and draw

a plain scale that can show a maximum length of 8 kilometres. Mark any
convenient length showing kilometres and hectometres on the scale.
Diagonal Scale
6. Draw a scale of 1:50 to show metres, decimetres and centimetres, the scale should
show a maximum length of 7 m. Show, a distance of 5.77 m on it.
7. In a map a line of length 1 cm denotes a real measurement of 5 m on ground. Find RF

and construct a diagonal scale that can measure a maximum distance of 40 m. Mark a
length of 35.4 m on the scale.
8. A real length of 25 km between two station points has been represented by 15 cm on a

map. Draw a diagonal scale to measure kilometres and hectometres, and also the scale
should show a maximum length of 25 km. Indicate a length of 21.6 km on it.
9. The distance between two points is 20 m on the ground and, on a map, it is shown
by 5 cm. Show a diagonal scale, that should measure the maximum distance of 60
metres and indicate a length of 44.7 m on it.
10. An area of 625 square centimetres in the drawing denotes an area of 36 square
kilometres on a ground. Draw the appropriate scale that should show a maximum length
of 6 km and mark a length of 4.66 km on it.
8
2
64 m
10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
METRES METRES
1
R.F. = 400
9
Length of the scale = 17.5 cm
5
Exercise-4 Scales
6.4 km
10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HECTOMETRES KILOMETRES
1
R.F. = 40000
Full size scale

Length of the scale = 20 cm
Exercise-4 Scales
5.77 m
10
CENTIMETRES
8
6
4
2
0
10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DECIMETRES METRES
1
R.F. = 50

9
44.7 m
10
DECIMETRES
8
6
4
2
0
10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50
METRES DECAMETRES
1
R.F. = 400

Full size scale
10
3. Conic sections and Engineering Curves
Chapter Objectives
• Construction of Ellipse, Parabola and hyperbola
• Cycloids and involutes
• Identifying different curves, their origins; and different methods of their
constructions.
This chapter focuses on different types of curves which are used in Engineering drawing. Conic
sections are the intersecting areas with the section plane when it cuts the right circular cone in
different orientations with respect to axis of cone. Ellipse, Parabola and hyperbola are the three
conic sections which are generally formed based on a geometrical parameter - eccentricity. The
eccentricity is the ratio between distance of the point from the focus and distance of the point
from the directrix, where focus is a fixed point and directrix is a fixed line in the plane of the
conic section. Cycloid is a curve traced by a point which is located on a rolling (in a straight
line without slipping) circle. Whereas epicycloid is a curve traced by a point which is located
on a rolling (without slipping) circle which rolls on another circle and outside of it. Involute is
a curve traced by a point which is the end of a thread that is unwound from a circle or polygon.
On practicing of these, students can acquire sufficient skills to identify different curves, their
origins and different methods of their constructions along with the tangent and normal on the
various curves used in Engineering practice.
Course Outcomes:
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.
11
EX: 5, CONIC SECTIONS AND ENGINEERING CURVES
1. The distance between focus and directrix is 60 mm. Draw an ellipse with eccentricity
2/3. Show a set of tangent-normal on the ellipse at a distance of 90 mm away from the
directrix.
2. An ellipse has major axis 120 mm and minor axis 80 mm. Find the foci for the
ellipse and draw an ellipse by using 'arcs of circles' technique. Show a set of
tangent-normal on the ellipse at any convenient point.
3. The focus of a parabola is at a distance of 60 mm from directrix line. Construct the

curve and show a set of tangent-normal on the parabola at a point 90 mm from the
directrix.
4. A parabolic arch has a span of 180 mm and a maximum rise of 100 mm. Construct
the curve using offset method.
5. The focus of a hyperbola is at a distance of 60 mm from the directrix line. Draw the
hyperbola with eccentricity 3/2. Show a set of tangent-normal on the hyperbola at a
point 50 mm away from directrix.
6. Construct a cycloid for a point, on the perimeter of the rolling circle, (without
slipping) of diameter 45 mm. Show a set of tangent-normal on the curve at 38 mm
from the base line.
7. Construct an epicycloid for a point on the perimeter of 30 mm radius circle, which in

turn rolling (without slipping), on the circumference of another circle of 90 mm radius
and outside of it. Also show a set of tangent and normal on a suitable point on the
epicycloid.
8. Construct an involute curve for a circle of 60 mm diameter. Also show a set of tangent
and normal on a suitable point on the involute.
9. Draw an involute of a regular hexagon of 30 mm edge.
10. Construct an involute of a pentagon of 30 mm edge.
12
Exercise-5, Conic sections and Engineering Curves
25
N' T'
F2-centre, B1-radius F1-centre, B1-radius
C
F1-center, A1-radius F2-center, A1-radius
2 T
1 2 3 O B
A
F1 F2
N
C-centre, AO radius
40
D
120
T
4
Note: ME=ET
A 3' 2' 1' E D
1 P1 P1' N'
4 P2'
P1
M X
100
9 P1 N P3'
50
T'
B F C
180
Scale = 1:1.5
13
6
Centre-C7, Radius-R
Cycloid
R=22.5
6 P6 T N'
7 5 P5
Centre-M, Radius-R P7 M
8 4
P4 P8 T'
14
C C1 3C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C'
9 P3 P9
38
P2
10 2 P10
P1 P12
Ø45 11 1
P 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 8' 9' 10' 11' P'
Center-C1, Radius-R 12 N 12'
πD 141.37
Exercise-5, Conic Sections and Engineering Curves
Scale = 1:1
Exercise-5, Conic sections and Engineering Curves
a4
INVOLUTE
10 Centre-b, Radius-120
a3
Center-c, Radius-90
Center-a, Radius-150
d b
e a5
a b' c' d' e' a'
a2 a'
Perimeter = 150
a1 Center-e, Radius-30
Centre-d, Radius-30
Scale = 1:1.8
15
4. Orthographic Projections of points
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to different angles of projections
• To understand orthographic projection of points in First, Second, Third and
Fourth angles of projections.
An act of obtaining the image of an object is termed “projection” and the image produced is
termed as “View”. Projections are used to represent graphically 3-dimensonal objects and
structures on a 2-dimensional media/ flat surface. A perspective projection gives
a realistic appearance but does not have the relative proportions. The (horizontal) viewing
angle is either determined by the ratio between the length of the direction vector and the length
of the right vector or by the optional keyword angle, which is the preferred way. The viewing
angle has to be larger than 0 degrees and smaller than 180 degrees.
A point is a geometrical entity having no size. Projections of points is the basic concept behind
representing any geometrical entities such as lines, planes and solids on a flat surface. This
chapter emphasises on projections of points in different quadrants/angles so that it can be
represented on HP (horizontal plane), VP (vertical plane) and PP (profile plane) for a given
location of the point. These are crucial where the point lying on a quadrant plane/planes while
representing their views in different angles students can develop drawing skills that will be
used in the topics covered in subsequent chapters. With this, students can gain sufficient
knowledge to identify and decide on different angles of projections and underlying difficulties
in reading the views and also the same will be used in the coming chapters
Course Outcomes:
16
EX: 6, PROJECTIONS OF POINTS
1. The locations of various points with respect to four quadrants are given below. Draw
their projections.
i. Point A is 20 mm above Horizontal Plane and 30 mm in front of Vertical Plane
ii. Point B is 35 mm above Horizontal Plane and 15 mm behind Vertical Plane
iii. Point C is 25 mm below Horizontal Plane and 15 mm behind Vertical Plane
vi. Point D is 20 mm below Horizontal Plane and 20 mm in front of Vertical Plane
v. Point E is on Horizontal Plane and 25 mm in front of Vertical Plane.
2. The location of a point A is 20 mm in front of VP, 30 mm above HP and 35 mm

from RPP. Draw its projections.
3. Draw projections of the point A, 30 mm behind VP, 15 mm above HP and 25mm from
LPP.
4. The top view of a point A is 25 mm above XY line, 40 mm above HP and 35 mm

from RPP. Draw projections of the point.
5. Draw projections of the point A 30 mm below HP, on VP and 40 mm in front of RPP.
6. Draw projections of the point A 20 mm below HP, 30 mm in behind VP and 40 mm

behind RPP.
7. Draw projections of the point A 20 mm above HP on VP and 25 mm in front of

LPP.
8. Draw projections of the point A 15 mm below HP, 30 mm in front of VP and 40 mm

from RPP.
9. Draw projections of the point A 30 mm behind VP, lying on HP and 35 mm from

LPP.
10. Point A is 40 mm in front of VP, 20 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of LPP. Draw

projections of the point
11. Draw projections of the point A, 30 mm in front VP, lying on HP and 40 mm from RPP.
12. Draw projections of the point A lying on VP, 30 mm below HP and 40 mm from RPP.
13. Draw projections of the point P 30 mm above HP, on VP and 30 mm from RPP.
14. Draw projections of the point P 15 mm below HP, 25 mm in front of VP and 20

mm from RPP.
15. The front view of a point P is 25 mm below xy line, 25 mm in front of VP and 30 mm

from LPP. Draw projections of the point.
17
Exercise-6 Projection of Points
2
X1
a' a''
Quadrant -I
35 RPP
30
Y VP X
HP
20
Y1
45°
a
X1
4
a' a''
RPP
a
Quadrant -II
40
35
25
45°
HP
VP Y
X
Note: This point can also be

Y1
7 projected in II nd quadrant.
X1
m a
LPP 45° Quadrant -I
25
20
X VP Y 14 20 Quadrant -IV
a'' a' HP
Y1 X1
X Y
VP
45°
15
Note: This point can also be HP RPP

25
9 projected in II nd quadrant. p' p''

a
m
p
Quadrant -III Y1
30
45°
X1
HP
Y X
VP a' a''
35
RPP
Y1 Scale = 1:2
18
5. Orthographic Projections of Lines
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basic positions of a line in first angle projection
• Understanding the line which is inclined to both HP and VP
• Drawing the orthographic projections of lines in first angle projection.
A line is a geometrical entity which is defined as the shortest distance between two points. This
chapter focuses on projections of lines in first quadrant with basic positions and also in its
general positions. For various positions in different conditions, projections have been drawn
and the sequence of projection is mentioned in every solution. The principles of drawing have
been followed using the change of position method to arrive all the solutions and represented
their views on HP and VP. On completion of this topic, students can gain sufficient knowledge
to identify and decide on different positions of lines and also draw their orthographic
projections.
Course Outcomes:
19
EX: 7, PROJECTIONS OF LINES -I
Lines in basic positions
1. A line which is perpendicular to HP and 30 mm in front of VP and its length is 50

mm. One of its ends nearer to HP is 20 mm above HP, Draw its projections.
2. A line which is perpendicular to VP and 20 mm above HP and its length is 50 mm. The
end which is nearer to observer in F.V. is 65 mm in front of VP and 35 mm from PP.
Draw its projections.
3. A line which is perpendicular to PP, the line is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in

front of VP. The line is 50 mm in length and the end nearer to PP is 20 mm from
PP. Draw its projections.
4. A line AB is 50 mm in length is 30o to VP and parallel to HP. Its end A is 20 mm in

front of VP and the line is 15 mm above HP, Draw its projections.
5. A line PQ is 50 mm in length is lying in HP and 45o to VP. Its end P is 20 mm in front

of VP, Draw its projections.
6. A line AB is 50 mm in length, parallel to VP and 45o to HP. The end A is 20 mm

above HP and the line is 15 mm in front of VP. Draw projections. Assume PP at
any convenient distance.
7. A line PQ is 60 mm in length is in VP and inclined at 45o to HP. Its end P is 20 mm

above HP. Draw its projections.
8. A line AB 50 mm long is 30 mm above HP. The F.V. measures 30 mm and is parallel

to XY line. The end A is 20 in front of VP. Draw its projections.
9. A line 60 mm in length, 30 mm in front of VP and one of its ends is 20 mm above

HP. The T.V. of the line is 40 mm in length and parallel to xy line. Draw its
projections.
10. A line of length 50 mm which is 60o to HP and its side view is in true length. one of its
ends is 20 mm in front of VP and 15 mm above HP, Draw its projections.
20
Exercise-7 Projection of Lines-I
p'
50
q'
20
x VP y
HP
30
p(q)
x1
3
50 20 RPP
p' q' p''(q'')

20
x VP y
HP
45°
y1
30
p q
Scale = 1:1
21
Exercise-7 Projection of Lines-I
x1
6 20
q' q''
50 RPP
45°
p' p''
20
x VP y
HP
15
y1
45°
p q
b'
60
9
L.
T.
a' θ= 48°
20
x VP y
HP
30
a b
40 Scale = 1:1
22
EX: 8, PROJECTIONS OF LINES -II
Lines inclined to both HP and VP
1. A Line AB of 70 mm long, has its end A at 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front

of VP. The line is inclined at an angle of 30o to HP and 45o to VP. Draw the top and
front views of AB and determine their respective apparent inclinations.
2. A line PQ of length 90 mm appears to be 75 mm in F.V. and 60 mm in T.V. The end P

is 15 mm in front of VP and 20 above HP. Draw the top and front views of PQ and
determine their respective inclinations with HP and VP.
3. A line AB of 80 mm length and is inclined at 30° to V.P. Its end A is 15 mm above

the H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. The length of T.V. is 60 mm, Draw the
projection of the line AB and find the inclination with HP.
4. Line AB of 80 mm length, the end A is 10 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP.

The other end is 65 mm above HP and 60 mm in front of VP. Draw the projection of
the line and determine their respective inclinations with HP and VP.
5. A line AB of 80 mm length, the end A is 15 mm above H.P and 15 mm in front of V.P.

The front view length is 70 mm and is inclined at 50o to xy line. Draw the projection of
the line and determine their respective inclinations with HP and VP.
6. A line AB of 80 mm length, the end A is 15 mm above H.P and 20 mm in front of

V.P. Its top view length is 60 mm and is inclined at 40o to xy line. Draw the
projection of the line and determine their respective inclinations with HP and VP.
7. The distance between the end projectors of a straight-line AB is 40 mm. The end A is
10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. Its end B is 50 mm above HP and the line
is inclined at 30o to HP. Draw the top and front views of AB and determine TL, their
respective inclinations with HP and VP.
8. Draw the projections of the line AB of 70 mm long, when one of its ends touching
VP and the other end is touching HP. The true inclinations with HP and VP are
60o and 30o respectively.
9. A straight-line AB is inclined at 50o to HP and 25o to VP. The point A is in HP and 15

mm in front of VP and the length of the line is 80 mm. Draw the top and front views of
AB.
10. A line AB of 80 mm length, the end A is 15 mm above H.P. and the other end is 10 mm
in front of V.P. The line is inclined at 30o to HP and 45o to VP. Draw the projection of
the line and determine their respective apparent inclinations.
11. A line AB 75 mm in length, the end A is 50 mm in front of VP and 15 mm above

HP. The other end is 15 mm in front of VP and the length of T.V. is 50 mm. Draw
the projection of the line and determine their respective true inclinations with HP
and VP.
23
VP
1
'
b1
b' B1
70
3 0° 2'
θ= b
4 5° B
α=
b1
a'
B2
A 45°
5° φ=
20 β= 5
a b2
15 b HP
70
24
Exercise-8 Projection of Lines-II
0
. L .7
T
Locus of B
b' b1'
α= 45° θ= 30°
b2'
a'
10
VP y
x
HP
20
a b1
β= 55°
φ= 45°
Locus of B
T.
L.
b b2
70
Projection sequence
· a' and a
· a b2 (45° and 70)
· Draw locus at b2
· a'b2'
· a' b1' (30° and 70)
· Draw locus at b1'
· ab1
· a b1=ab
· ab
· a'b2'=a'b'
· a'b'
Note: Students can see its pictorial view. Scale = 1:1
25
8 0
L.
T. Locus of B
b'
8
b1'
9.2
6
L.
V.
F.
α= 50°
b2'
a'
15
VP y
x
HP
60
20
a b1
30°
Projection sequence
Locus of B
· a' and a
· a b2 (30° and 80) b b2
T.L
· Draw locus at b2 . 80
· a'b2'
· a' b1' (projector and 80)
· ab1
· a b1=ab
· ab
· a'b2'=a'b'
· a'b'
Scale = 1:1
26
8 0 Locus of B
L.
T. b' b1'
θ= 41°
b2'
a'
15
VP y
x
HP
20
a b1
φ= 29°
β= 40°
Locus of B
F.
V.
L. b b2
60
Projection sequence
T.L
· a' and a . 80
· a b1 (parallel to xy line 60)
· a b (40° and 60)
· Draw locus at b
· a b2
· a'b2'
· a'b2'=a'b'
· a'b' Scale = 1:1
27
8
Locus of B
b' b1'
60°
Locus of B
VP a' b2' b2
x y
HP b
30°
a b1
=80
TL
Projection sequence
· Take any point b2 on xy line

· a b2 (30° and 80)
· a' and a
· Draw locus at b2
· a'b2'
· a' b1' (60° and 80)
· ab1
· a b1=ab
· ab
· a'b2'=a'b'
· a'b' Scale = 1:1
28
11
75
L.
T.
s) Locus of B
ure
eas
b' b1'
(m
66
b2'
a'
15
VP y
x
HP
Locus of B
15
b b2
50
a b1
n)
ve
Projection sequence (gi
0
.5
· a' and a .L
V
· a b2 (15 and 75) T. 75
· Draw locus at b2 T.L
· ab (T.V. 50 given)
· a'b2'
· ab1
· a'b2'=a'b'
Scale = 1:1
29
6. Orthographic Projections of Planes
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basic positions of a plane in first angle projection
• Understand the plane which is inclined to both HP and VP
• Understand and draw the orthographic projections of planes in first angle
projection.
The topic of PROJECTIONS OF PLANES, various plane figures are the objects. A plane is a
geometrical entity it has got only two dimensions (length and breadth) and the thickness is
neglected. Various shapes of plane figures such as square, rectangle, circle, pentagon, hexagon,
etc., are covered. This chapter focuses on projections of planes in first quadrant with basic
positions and also in its general positions. For various positions and different conditions,
projections have been drawn and the order of projection is mentioned in every solution. The
principles of drawing have been followed using the change of position method to arrive all the
solutions and represented their views on HP and VP. On completion of this topic, students can
gain sufficient knowledge to identify and decide on different positions of planes and also draw
their orthographic projections.
Course Outcomes:
30
EX:9, PROJECTIONS OF PLANES-I
1. An equilateral triangular plate of 40 mm sides which is kept in first quadrant, lies on

one of its edges on HP with its plane 30o to HP. Draw projections when the resting
edge is 45o to VP.
2. An equilateral triangular plate of 30 mm sides which is kept in first quadrant, lies on one
of its corners on VP such that the plane is 30 deg. to VP. The edge opposite to the corner
on which the lamina rests is inclined to HP at 60o. Draw projections.
3. An isosceles triangular lamina having 40 mm base and 60 mm altitude is resting on HP on

its base such that it appears as an equilateral triangle of 40 mm sides in the top view. Draw
the projection of the triangular lamina when the resting side is 45o to VP.
4. A 45o set square of longest side 90 mm is resting on HP and inclined at 45o to VP. Draw
projections of the set square when the plane/surface makes an angle of 30o with HP.
5. A rectangular plate of 40 mm X 20 mm, lies on VP on shorter edge such that it appears

as a square in the front view. Draw projections when the resting edge is 45o to HP.
6. A square lamina of 30 mm sides lies on a side on HP. The plane makes 45o to HP. Draw
projections when the resting side is 30o to VP.
7. A square lamina ABCD of 40 mm sides rests on a corner on HP. The diagonal AC is

inclined at 45o to HP and the diagonal BD 30o to VP. Draw its projections.
8. A Rhombus of diagonals of 70 mm and 40 mm lengths respectively. The top view of

the Rhombus appears as square of diagonals 40 mm length. The shorter diagonal
makes an angle of 45o to VP. Draw its projections.
9. A square plate of 40 mm sides lies on a side on VP. such that it appears as a rectangle of
size 40X20 in the front view. Draw projections when the resting edge is 45o to HP.
31
32
33
Exercise-9 Projection of Planes-I
1
VI
III
c' c'
II
30°
VP (a') b' c' b'
x (a') a' b' y
HP
a a
45°
c
a
°
60
c c
40
60
°
V
I pe
in same sha
em are
b
th
b b both of
IV
5
Note: Size of the lamina has been reduced as compared to original question in order to
fit the page.
40 IV 20
a'
a' d' a' d' V
20
20
I
b'
d'
b' c' b' c'

45°
c'
VP a(b) y
x a
HP a(b) d(c) b
II φ= 60°
40
III
d(c) c d
VI
Scale = 1:1.2
Note: Students can see their pictorial views.
34
7
VI
c' c'
III
d ')
II b'( b' d'
45°
VP a' b'(d') c' a' y
x a'
HP
35
d d
a
30°
d
a c a c
V
b
c
40 40
ame shape
b b e in s
I
ar
IV of them
both
Scale = 1:1.2
V
d'
c'
c
VI
45°
b'
a'
b
a 40
c'
c
55°
40
b
III
d')
d
b '(
IV
70
a'
a
c
c'
b'(d')
b
d
70
8
II
I
a'
a
HP
VP
40
x
Scale = 1:1.2
36
EX: 10, PROJECTIONS OF PLANES-II
1. A pentagonal plate of 30 mm sides lies on a side on HP and its plane is at 30° to H.P.
Draw its projections when the resting side is 45o to VP. Consider the resting side to be
nearer to observer in third position.
2. A pentagonal plate of 30 mm sides lies on a corner on HP and its plane is inclined at 30° to
H.P. Draw its projections when the side opposite to the corner on which plane rests is 50°
to VP. Consider the resting corner to be nearer to observer in third position.
3. A pentagonal plate of 30 mm sides lies on a corner on HP and its plane is inclined at

30° to H.P. Draw its projections when the side opposite to the corner on which plate
rests is parallel to VP. Consider the resting corner to be nearer to observer in third
position.
4. A hexagonal plate of 30 mm sides lies on a side on HP and its plane is at 30° to H.P. Draw
its projections when the resting side is 45o to VP. Consider the resting side to be nearer to
observer in third position.
5. A hexagonal plane of 30 mm sides lies on a corner on HP and its plane is inclined at

30° to H.P. Draw its projections when the diagonal passing through the resting corner
is 45o to VP. Consider the resting corner to be nearer to VP in third position.
6. A regular hexagonal plate of side 30 mm has a side on both HP and VP. While the lamina
makes an angle of 50 with VP. Draw projections.
7. A circular plate of 25 mm radius lies on HP on a point with its plane inclined at 30o to
HP. Draw the projections when the top view of the diagonal passing through the
resting point is 45o to VP.
8. A circular plate of 25 mm radius appears as an ellipse in the top view with its major axis
50 mm and minor axis 30 mm. Draw the projections when the top view of the minor axis
of the ellipse is perpendicular to VP.
9. A semicircular lamina of diameter 50 mm has its diametrical edge in HP with its plane 30o
to HP and the diametrical edge which is in HP is at 45o to VP. Draw its projections.
37
38
Exercise-10 Projection of Planes-II
V
c'
c
d'
d
VI
b'
b
e'
e
a'
a
45° d
d'
e
')
c
c'(e
IV
30°
III
')
b'(a
b
a
d
d'
c'(e')
c
II
I
1
b'(a')
b
a
30
HP
VP
x
Note: Students can see its pictorial view. Scale = 1:1.2
39
3
VI
III ')
c'(d d' c'
II
')
b'(e e' b'
30°
VP a' b'(e') c'(d') a' a'
x y
HP
d c
e e
40
d d
a e b
c a
30
c V
b b
I IV
Scale = 1:1.2
5 Note: The diagonal referred for the third position is already inclined to H.P. (in apparent length)
VI
III d' d'

') e'
II c'(e c'
f') f'
b'(
30°
c'(e') b'
VP a' b'(f') d' a' a'
x y
HP
Locus of D
41
f e f e φ= 45°
β= 55° e d
30
f
a a d
d c
,96
a
5 1
b c b c b
60
60 51,96
IV V
Scale = 1:1.2
I
42
7
VI
III
II ') g'
) f'(h g' h' f'
'(i ' i'
e e'
j') j'
d'(
) d'
c'(k' k'
30°
VP l') b' c'
b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h') b'(
x l' y
HP a' g' a' a'
43
45°
j j
k i k i
l h l h
i h
j
a a g g
g
R25 k f
Note: Students can see its pictorial view.

b f b f
l e
c e c e
d d
a d
I IV b c
V
Scale = 1:1.2
7. Orthographic Projections of Solids
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basic positions of a solid in first angle projection
• Understanding the axis of the solid which is inclined to both HP and VP
• Understand and draw the orthographic projections of solids in first angle
projection.
A solid is a three-dimensional object with length, breadth and thickness. It is completely

bounded by a surface or surfaces which may be curved or plane. The shape of the solid is
described by drawing its two/three orthographic views usually on the two principal planes i.e.,
Horizontal and Vertical Planes.
This chapter focuses on projections of solids in first quadrant with basic positions and also in
its general positions. For various positions and different conditions, projections have been
drawn and the order of projection is mentioned in every solution. The principles of drawing
have been followed using the change of position method to arrive all the solutions and
represented their views on HP and VP. On completion of this topic, students can gain sufficient
knowledge to identify and decide on different positions of solids and also draw their
orthographic projections.
Course Outcomes:
44
EX:11, PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS-I
Prisms and Cylinders
1. A triangular prism of base side 40 mm and 60 mm long is lying on a base side on HP.
Draw the projections of the solid when the axis is inclined at 45o to HP.
2. A triangular prism of base side 40 mm and 70 mm long is lying with a corner on

HP with the base inclined at 50o to HP (axis is inclined at 40o to HP). Draw the
projections of the solid when the axis is 45o to VP in the top view. Consider the
resting corner to be nearer to VP in third position.
3. A triangular prism of base side 40 mm and 70 mm long is lying on H.P on a side of its
base. Draw its projections, when the base is inclined at 50° to H.P and the axis appears
to be inclined at 45o to VP.
4. A square prism of base side 30 mm and 60 mm long is lying on a base side on HP

with its axis inclined at 40o to HP. Draw the projections of the solid when resting
edge is 60o to VP. Consider the top to be nearer to the observer in third position.
5. A square prism of base side 40 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on HP on a corner

of its base. Draw the projections of the solid, when the base is inclined at 45° to H.P.
and the axis is perpendicular to VP in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to VP
in third position.
6. A cube of 45 mm sides lies on HP on a side such that the one of the square surfaces
contained by the resting side is 30° to HP. Draw the projections of the solid when the
resting side is 45o to VP. Consider the resting side to be nearer to VP in third position.
7. A cube of 45 mm sides lies on HP on a corner with a solid diagonal perpendicular

to VP. Draw its projections.
8. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on HP on a

corner of its base. Draw the projections of the solid, when the axis is 60° to HP and
appears to be 40° to VP in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to the observer
in third position.
9. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on HP on

a side of its base. Draw the projections of the prism, when the base is inclined at
40° to H.P and the resting edge is at 30o to VP. Consider the top to be nearer to VP
in third position.
10. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on HP on a side
of its base. Draw the projections of the solid, when the base is 30° to H.P and the resting
edge is parallel to both HP and VP. Consider the top to be nearer to the observer in third
position.
11. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is resting on H.P on a
base side. Draw the projections of the solid, when the axis is 50° to H.P and the resting
side is 40o to VP. Consider the top to be nearer to VP in third position.
45
12. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on H. P on
a corner. Draw the projections of the solid, when the base is inclined at 50° to HP
and the axis is 30° to V.P. in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to the
13. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on H. P on a

base side such that the axis is 30o to H.P. and appears to be 45° to V.P. Draw its
projections considering the resting side to be nearer to the observer in third position.
14. A cylinder with base 60 mm diameter and 80 mm long is lying on a point of its
base on HP such that the axis is inclined at 30o to HP. Draw the projections of the
solid when the axis is 45o to VP in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to
the observer in third position.
15. A cylinder with base 60 mm diameter and 80 mm long is lying on a point of its base
on HP such that the base is 60o to HP. Draw the projections of the solid when the axis
is perpendicular to VP in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to VP in third
position.
16. A cylinder with base 50 mm diameter and 60 mm long is lying on a point of its base on
HP such that the base is 45o to HP and the top view of the axis making an angle of 45
with VP. Draw the projections of the solid considering the base to be nearer to the
46
2
VI
II
b'(
a')
b'(a') (o') c' a' b'
III (o')
(o')
c'
c'
b1 '(a
70
1')
a1 b1
50°
o1'
47
(o1')
VP b1'(a1') c1'
x y
c1
c1
HP (o1')
'
a c
a(a1) a1 a o
45°
Exercise-11 Projection of Solids-I
40
o(o1) c(c1) (o1) (c1) o 1)
a1 (c
1)
(o
b(b1) b1 b
V
I
Scale = 1:1.5
IV b1
II VI
4
b'(
a')
b'(a') (o') c'(d') b' a'
III
(o
')
o'
c' d'
b1
c'(
'(a
d')
60
1')
b1' a1'
50°
(o
(o1')
48
1')
VP b1'(a1') c1'(d1')
x y
c1' d1'
c1
(o1')
'
HP
( d1
')
a(a1) d(d1) a1
a1 (d1) a d
60°
(d1
)
(o1)
30
o(o1) (o1) o a
b1
c d
b(b1) c(c1) b1 (c1) b (c1
) o
30
IV b
I c
V
Scale = 1:1.5
7
VI Body diagonal is
III perpendicular to VP
II c' c'
Body diagonal d') d'

b'( b'
a' b'(d') c'
a' c' c1'
c1'
45
d1'
49
1') b1'
'(d
b1
VP
x y
HP a1' b1'(d1') c1' a1' a1'
d(d1) d d1 c1
90°
d1 c b1
a(a1) c c1
c(c1) a a1
d a1 b
45
b(b1) b b1
I IV
V
Body diagonal a
Scale = 1:1.5
50
II VI
III a' a'
b'(e') c'(d') b'(e') e' b'

a'
9 (o') (o') (o')
c'(d')
d' c'
70
a1' a1'
b1'(e1') e1' b1'
(o1') o1'
40°
51
VP (o1')
x d1' c1' y
HP a1' b1'(e1') c1'(d1') c1'(d1')
d
30°
e(e1) e1 e
d(d1) d1 d e c
a (a1)
o(o1) a1 (o1) a o
d1 a b
c1 c
c(c1)
30
e1 c1
b(b1) b1 b
I IV V
Scale = 1:1.5
a1 b1
Note: Students can see its pictorial view.
VI
12
a'
II a'
III
b'(
b' f'
f')
a' b'(f') c'(e') d'
o'
(o')
(o
')
c'(
c' e'
e')
a1'
a1
d'
'
d'
b1' f1'
70
b1
'(f
(o1')
1')
e1'
50°
(o c'1(
c1'
1') e1
'
VP (o1')
52
x y
HP a1' b1'(f1') c'1(e1') d1' d1'
d1
'
30°
f1
f(f1) e(e1) f1 e1 f e
e1
a1
f
a (a1) d
a1 a o (o 1
o(o1) d(d1) (o1) d1 ) e
d1
b1
30
a
b(b1) c(c1) b1 c1 b c c1 o
d
IV
b
I
V c
Scale = 1:1.5
VI
14 II a'
b'( b' l'
a' l')
III c'(k
') k'
d'( c' j'
j')
b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h') e'(i d'
a' g' ') i'
f'(h
') e'
g' f' g' h'
80
a1'
b1' a1' l1'
b1 c1'
'(l1
')
(k1 k1'
') c1'
d1 j1'
30°
53
'(j1 e1'
') (i1
')
d1'
e1' i1'
VP c1'(k1') e1'(i1') f1'
x (h1
' f1' h1' y
HP a1' b1'(l1') d1'(j1') f1'(h1') g1' )g
1' g1'
45°
k(k1) j(j1) j1 j
k1
i(i1) k1 l1
i1 k i
a1 j1
l(l1) h(h1) l1 l h1 h
i1
b1
k
a(a1) a1 a g1 g l
g(g1)
o(o1) a h1 j
c1
b(b1) f(f1) b f1 f
b1 g1 i
e(e1) d1 b
c(c1) c1 e1 c e e1 f1
d(d1) d1 d c h
Ø6
0
g
V d
e f
I IV
EX: 12, PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS-II

Pyramids and cones
1. A triangular pyramid of base sides 25 mm and axis length 50 mm is lying on a base

edge on HP such that the base is inclined at 60o to HP. Draw the projections of the
solid when the resting edge is 45o to VP. Consider the base to be nearer to the
2. A triangular pyramid of base sides 25 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying on a base

corner on HP such that the base is inclined at 40o to HP. Draw the projections of the
solid when the side opposite to the resting corner is 30o to VP. Consider the apex to be
nearer to VP in third position.
3. A square pyramid of base sides 40 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying on a base

edge on HP, such that the base is 60o to HP and the resting edge is 45o to VP. Draw
the projections considering the base to be nearer to VP in third position.
4. A rectangular pyramid of base sides 40 mm X 50 mm and axis length 70 mm lies on

HP on a larger triangular face. The longer edge of the base, which is in HP is inclined
at 600 to VP. Draw the projections, considering the apex to be nearer to VP in third
position.
5. A pentagonal pyramid with side of base 25 mm and axis length 50 mm is lying with a
base side on HP such that the base is 60o to HP and the resting edge is 45o to VP. Draw
the projections, considering the apex to be nearer to the observer in third position.
6. A pentagonal pyramid of base sides 25 mm and height 70 mm is lying on a base corner

on HP with its axis 30 to HP. Draw the projection of the solid if the base edge opposite
to the corner on HP makes an angle of 45 to VP. Consider the apex to be nearer to VP
in third position.
7. A pentagonal pyramid of base sides 25 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying on a

triangular face on HP such that its axis is 45o to V.P. in the top view. Draw the
projections of the solid, considering the apex to be nearer to the observer in third
position.
8. A pentagonal pyramid of base sides 25 mm and axis length 60 mm is freely

suspended from a base corner and the top view of the axis is inclined at 40o to VP.
Draw the projections of the solid, considering the apex to be nearer to VP in third
position.
9. A hexagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying with a base
edge on HP such that the axis is 50o to HP. Draw the projections of the solid when the
resting edge is 45o to VP. Consider the base to be nearer to the observer in third position.
10. A hexagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying with a base
corner on HP such that the axis is 45o to HP and the top view of the axis is inclined at
45o to VP. Draw the projections of the solid, considering the apex to be nearer to VP in
third position.
54
11. A hexagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying with a
base edge on HP such that the triangular face contained by the resting edge is
perpendicular to HP and also parallel to VP. Draw the projections of the solid,
considering the resting edge to be nearer to VP in third position.
12. A cone with base 25 mm radius and axis length 70 mm lies on a point of its base on HP
such that the base is 60o to HP. Draw the projections of the solid when the axis is 45o
to VP in the top view. Consider the base to be nearer to the observer in third position.
13. A cone with base 25 mm radius and axis length 70 mm lies on one of its generators
on HP such that its axis is 50o to VP in the top view. Draw the projections of the
solid, considering the base to be nearer to the observer in third position.
55
1
II
o'
VI
III
o' o'
50
a' c'
°
(o1')
56
60
VP a' b'(c') o1'
x y
HP (o1') b'(c') a' b'
c c 45° o
a a o
o(o1) (o1) c
Exercise-12 Projection of Solids-II
25
b b (o1)
IV V
a b
I
Scale = 1:1.2
y
o'
o
d'
d
VI
a
(a')
V
1)
')
(o1
(o
c'
c
45°
b'
b
o
o'
III
)
(d'
c'
IV
d
c
')
(o1
(o1)
a') 60°
a
b' (
c'(d')
c
II
(o1')
o (o1)
o'
40
I
b
b'(a')
60 40
3
HP
VP
Scale = 1:1.2
x
57
II
o'
7 III
a' a' VI
60
b' (e') b'
e'
(o1')
(o1')
VP (o1') c' (d') o' o'
x y
HP a' b' (e') c' (d') c' d'
58
e e d e
45°
d d
o1
a o c
o1 a a
o (o1)
c c b
25
b b
IV o
I V
Scale = 1:1.2
VI
III
II
d'
d'
8
e')
b' (a') c' (e') d' e' c'
c' (
(o')
15
(o')
) '
G b' G
G a'
b' (a
60
o1'
d'
VP
x y
59
HP o1'
e e o
a a
e
40°
o (o1) d d o
25
d
o1 a o1
b b
c c c
b
I
IV
Scale = 1:1.2
11 VI
o' o'
o' III
II
60
b'(a') a' b'
90
(o1')
°
c'(f') o1 c'
(o1') f'
VP
x y
HP b'(a') c'(f') d'(e') d'(e') e' d'
60
f f
e o d
a e a e
o f (o1) c
o(o1) (o1)
b b
d d
a b
30 c c
V
I
Scale = 1:1.2
IV
13
o' II
VI
III
a' a'
b'(l') b'
l'
c'(k') k c'
70
d'(j') j' d'
(o1') o1'
e'(i') e'
i'
VP (o1') f'(h') o'
x a' g' h' f' y
HP b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h') g' o' g'
61
j j
k i i k
50°
h h l
o'
a g g a o'
o(o1) o1
b f f b
c j k l
c e e
5
d d i a
R2
h b
I IV
o1
g c
Scale = 1:1.2
V
f e d
8. Sections of Solids
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basics of sections and cut views.
• Understanding the concept of Auxiliary planes/horizontal and vertical traces.
• Understanding the drawing standards used in section of solids.
To understand the hidden details of a given object, generally the solid will be cut through a
predetermined place that can reveal the required feature that is necessary for the manufacturing
the object. It is possible to identify the location of passing the cutting plane after analysing the
multi-views (orthographic views) where the interior details of the object will be shown in
dashed lines. So, whenever the orthographic views of the given object under consideration are
not fully describing all the interiors of the object, the proper section will reveal the hidden
feature of the object. Cutting plane is an imaginary plane that cuts the given object in to two
parts, the part under consideration will be shown in thick continuous lines whereas the other
part that is removed is shown in continuous thin lines. The section plane trace (section line)
will be shown by using chain line with thick at ends. The sections (cut views) are always
hatched using 45o lines (thin).
This chapter focuses on sections of regular solids at different positions for various solids. The
principles of drawing have been followed using standard procedures to arrive all the solutions
and represented their cut F.V., T.V. and true shape of the sections on VP, HP and auxiliary
vertical plane or auxiliary horizontal plane. On completion of this topic, students can gain
sufficient knowledge to identify and decide on appropriate positions of section plane and also
draw their sections.
Course Outcomes:
62
EX: 13, SECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Prisms and cylinders
1. A square prism of base side 40 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying on HP on its base
such that a rectangular face is 45o to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP, inclined
at 50o to HP and cuts the prism at a point on the axis 20 below its top end. Draw the
sectional top view and true shape of the section.
2. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 and axis length 60 mm, is resting on its base on
HP, such that an edge of the base is parallel to VP. It is cut by section plane which
is perpendicular to HP, 45o to VP and 10 mm away from the axis. Draw the
sectional F.V. and true shape of the section.
3. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 80 mm is resting on HP on

its base such that a rectangular face parallel to VP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to VP, inclined at 45o to HP and passing through the top right
corner of the F.V. Draw the front view, sectional top view and the true shape of
the section.
4. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and height 80 mm is resting on HP on its base

such that a rectangular face perpendicular to VP and nearer to it. A section plane
perpendicular to VP, inclined at 60o to HP and cuts the prism through a point on the
axis 10 below its top end. Draw the front view, sectional top view and the true shape of
the section.
5. A hexagonal prism of base sides 30 mm and height 80 mm is resting on HP on its base

such that a rectangular face perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a sectional plane
perpendicular to VP, inclined at 30o to HP and bisecting the axis. Draw the projections
of the prism and show the true shape.
6. A cylinder with base 50 mm diameter and 80 mm long, is resting on its base On

HP. A section plane inclined at 60 o to HP passes on the axis at a point 20 mm below
its top end. Draw the front view, sectional top view and the true shape of the
section.
7. A cylinder of diameter of base 50 and axis 60 long is resting on its base on HP. It is cut
by an auxiliary inclined plane making an angle of 45O with HP and passing through the
top end of an extreme generator of the cylinder. Draw the projections of the cylinder
and show the true shape.
8. A cylinder with base 60 mm diameter and 80 mm long is lying on a point of its

base on HP such that the axis is inclined at 45o to HP. A cutting plane,
perpendicular to HP, 30 o to VP and passes through the axis at 30 mm from the
top end. Draw the sectional F.V. and true shape of the section.
63
Pyramids and Cones
9. A square pyramid of base sides 40 mm and axis length 75 mm is lying on HP on its

base such that all the base edges are equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a section plane,
perpendicular to VP, inclined at 45 degrees to HP and bisects the axis. Draw the
sectional top view and true shape of the section.
10. A pentagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis length 70 mm, is resting on
HP on its base with a base edge perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to HP, inclined at 60 degrees to VP and at a distance of 10 mm from
the axis. Draw the sectional F.V. and true shape of the section.
11. A hexagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis 60 mm long is resting on its
base on HP with an edge of the base perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section
plane, inclined at 45o to HP and passing through the axis at 18 from the base. .
Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.
12. A hexagonal pyramid of side of base 25 and axis 60 long, rests on a triangular face on
HP with its axis parallel to VP. A section plane inclined at 30 degrees to VP, intersects
the axis at 25 from the apex of the pyramid. Draw the projections of the cut solid and
show the true shape of the section.
13. A cone with diameter of base 50 mm and axis 60 mm long is resting on its base on HP.
It is cut by a section plane 40 degrees to HP and passing through the axis at a point 30
mm above HP draw the projections of the cut solid.
14. A cone of base 30 mm radius and height 70 mm stands with its base on HP. A
cutting plane perpendicular to VP, parallel to a extreme generator and bisects the
axis. Draw the sectional T.V. and true shape of the sections.
15. A cone of 50 diameter and 80 long is resting on its base on HP. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 60 to HP and passes through a point on the axis
at 30 from one end. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.
64
Exercise-13 Sections of Solids
Sectional front view

2 a' 1' b'(f') 4'c'(e') d'
(o')
60
(o1') 3' d1'

x VP a1' 2' b1'(f1') c1'(e1')
y
HP
45°
f(f1) e(e1)
S
R10
1(2)
x1 A
H VP
a(a1) d(d1)
P
o(o1)
2'' 25
c(c1)
b(b1) 4(3) S
3''
1''
y1
True Shape of
the section (Auxiliary
4'' FV)
PICTORIAL VIEW
1 4
2 3
Scale = 1:1.4
65
3''
True Shape of the section
3 2''
y1
4''
1''
S
5''
a' e' b' d' c'

3'
PICTORIAL VIEW
(4')
2'
V P
I
x1 A
P
(5') 80
1'
S
45°
x VP y
3 HP a1' e1' b1' d1' c1'
4 2 e(e1) d(d1)
5 4
3
a(a1) c(c1)
5 1
1
2
b(b1) 30
Sectional top view
Scale = 1:1.5
66

6
5'' True shape of the section
4''
y1
6''
3'' 7''
S
a' d'(j') 5'(6') g'
2'' 8'' (o')
20
1'' 9''
4'(7')
80
3'(8')
IP
2'(9') 60°
VP
x1 A
1'
S
VP
x y
HP a1' d1'(j1') g1'
j(j1)
7 6
8
9
a(a1) 1 g(g1)
o(o1)
2
3 5
Sectional T.V. 4 R25
d(d1)
Scale = 1:1.2
67
8 Sectional F.V.
II III
30
a'
b'(
l ')
c'(
k
')
b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h')
g'
d'(
a'
j')
e'(
i')
f'(
h')
g'
a1
'
80
b1
45° '(l
1')
c1
'(k d
1') 1'(
j1
e1
')
'(i
1') 1'(h
VP c1'(k1')
f
e1'(i1')
x y
a1' f1'(h1') g1'
1')
HP b1'(l1') d1'(j1')
30°
g1
'
S
k(k1) j(j1) i(i1)
k1 j
i1 k i
6
l(l1) h(h1) l1 h1 l h
6 5
a(a1) a1 a g
o(o1) g(g1) g1 1 (4)
b(b1) f(f1) f1 b f
b1 3
e(e1) 2
R30 c(c1) c1 e1 c e S
d(d1) d1 d
x1
I IV
5''
6''
4''
HP
True shape AV y
P 1
1
3''
V
2'' Scale = 1:1.5

1''
68
10
o'
3'
70 2'
Sectional F.V.
xVP 1' o1' d' y

HP b',a' c',e' 4' S
60°
R10 e
P y1
AVHP
a
4
30 o,(o1) d 4''
3
2
b
1 c
3''
1''
2''
S
x1
True shape
Scale = 1:1
69
11
True shape
3''
2''
4''
y1
1''
o'
5''
s
6''
3'(4')
45°
60
IP
2'(5')
A
P
V
x1
18
1'(6')
(o1') m'
x VP y
HP a'(f') b'(e') c'(d')
s e
6 5
f d
4
m
o(o1)
3
a c
1 2
Sectional T.V.
b 30
Scale = 1:1
70
14 True shape
1'' 2'' 3''
x1
9''
AIP
4''
VP
o' 8''
S
7''
1'
2'(9')
3'(8')
5''
70 4'(7')
35 6''
y1
VP a'
(o1') 5'(6') g'
x b'(l') d'(j')
y
c'(k') e'(i') f'(h')
HP
S
j
R30 k 6i
7 h
8
9
a 1 o(o1) g
2
3
b 4 f
c 5e
d
Sectional T.V.
Scale = 1:1
71
9. Development of Surfaces
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basics of development of surfaces in sheet metal works.
• Examine the dimensions used in development of surfaces.
• Understand the methods of development of surfaces.
There are various objects such as funnel, tray and bucket etc., are made of metal sheets. Before
their fabrication normally the layout of complete surface of these objects are made on a plane
surface this layout is known as development of surfaces. The steps followed in the fabrication
of sheet metal objects as follows.
• Multi-views drawing (orthographic views) of the sheet metal object in full size scale.
• Development drawing on a sheet of paper
• Shifting the development on to plane sheet metal
• Cutting the sheet metal through the outlines of the development.
• Bending the sheet metal along the folding edges (marked on paper)
• Joining of closing edges.
The methods used in development of surfaces are i) parallel line development and ii) radial line
development. Parallel line development is used to develop prisms and cylinders as the lateral
edges or generators are parallel to each other. The radial line development is used to develop
pyramids and cones in which the apex is considered as centre and slant edge or generator is
used as radius in the development as it represents the true length. On completion of this topic,
students can gain sufficient knowledge to identify and decide on method of development to be
used for the given problem and also draw their developments.
Course Outcomes:
72
EX: 14, DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Pyramids and cones
1. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut pyramid shown below.
73
74
5. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone as shown in fig.
75
Prisms and cylinders
9. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut prism shown below.
76
10. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the retained prism below.
77
78
14. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cylinder shown in fig below.
15. Draw the development of the cut cylinder as shown in the figure below.
79
Exercise-14 Development of Surfaces
o' O
4' 4
3'(5') 45°
76,1
3,5
6
70 2'(6') 2,6
9' O
9
40 1' 8'(10') 8,10 R76,16
1
R30
1'' 4'' 5'' 1''
3''
a' b',f' 7'(11') c',e' d' 2'' 6''
A A
8'' 9'' 10''

f 11 e
10 B F
6
5 7'' 11''
a 4 d C E
1 o,o1 9 D
3
2 8
R76
b 7 c
30 Scale = 1:1.2
80
A
6
L
1 42° 7''
6'' K
5''
38 4''
1'' 2'' 3'' J
R38
76 A I
70 1'(7') 2'(6') 4'
3'(5')
H
B
35 C G R76
D E F
x VP a' b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h')

g' y
HP
j
k i
l 7 6 h
5
a 4 g
3
b 1 2 f
c e R30 Scale = 1:1.2
d1
81
11
a' e' b' d' c' A B C D E A

3' 3''
4'
4''
2' 2''
5'
5''
70 1''
1' 1''
7' 7''
35 45° 8''
8'
x VP 6',9' y 6''
HP a1' e1' A1 A1
b1' d1' c1' B1 C1 D1 9'' E1
150
e,e1 d,d1 Development
a,a1 c,c1
30 b,b1 Scale = 1:1.2
82
12
a' e' b' d' c' A B C D E A
1' 1''
5' 5''
12'' 12''
12' 2' 11'' 17''
11',17' 2''
10',16' 4' 10'' 4'' 16''
9',15' 3'
70 9'' 3'' 15''
R20 8',14' 8'' 14''
35 7''
7',13' 6'' 13'' 6''
6'
x VP y
HP a1' e1' b1' d1' c1' A1 E1 A1
B1 C1 D1 8
12
11
11 21
8
e,e1 d,d1 25
150
a,a1 c,c1
Development
12
b,b1
21 30
25
Scale = 1:1.3
83
15
g'
a' d'(j') 8' A D G J
19'' 9''
9',19'
14' 13',15' 10',18' 14'' 15'' 18'' 10'' 13'' 14''
16''
12',16' 12''
11',17' 70 17'' 1'' 11''
1' 2''
55 7''
40 2',7'
6'' 3''
3',6' 30
xVP
4',5' 5'' 4''
a1'
y
HP d1'(j1') g1' A1 D1 G1 J1
2
j(j1) 4
a(a1) g(g1) 10
Ø60
12
π 188.5
d(d1) Development Scale = 1:1.4
84
10. Orthographic Projections of Isometric Drawings
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to multi-views (6 orthographic views) of a given pictorial view in first
angle projection.
• Understanding the hidden edges and sloped surfaces of a three-dimensional
object.
• Drawing the orthographic projections of a given pictorial view.
In Orthographic Projections different views of an object are projected on different reference

planes. The orthographic or parallel projection enables to create single/multiple views of the
object in question and gives the true shape and dimension. So sometimes it's also called multi-
view drawing. In orthographic projections, all the principal views viz., Front view, Top view,
and Side views of an object are drawn by the direct observation.
This chapter focuses on the representation of three-dimensional object with has got various
hidden profiles on HP, VP and PP using the principles of orthographic projections. The length,
breadth and thickness of the given object are to be carefully noted in order to reveal the full
details of the object and shown every detail in the principal views. The position of the observer
for F.V will be mentioned in the question the views are drawn with respect to the F.V. position.
In the process of developing the related views, the knowledge gained in the previous
chapters/sections will be useful in this chapter. On completion of this topic, students can gain
sufficient knowledge to identify and decide on different hidden profiles of the three-
dimensional object and also draw their orthographic projections.
Course Outcomes:
85
EX: 15, ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS OF ISOMETRIC
DRAWINGS
1. Draw the F.V., T.V. and R.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.
.
86
87
7. Draw the F.V., T.V. and L.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
88
Exercise-15, Orthographic Projections of Isometric Drawings
y
HP
VP
25 10 25
70
70
45°
30
30
15 30 15
y1
x1
15
30
15
5
30 20
Scale = 1:1.2
x
89
Exercise-15, Orthographic Projections of Isometric Drawings
VP y
HP
30 20 20 20 30 10 60
15
30
30
30
15
y1
x1
LPP
R3
0
40
Scale = 1:1.5
7
90
11. Isometric Projections and Views
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to isometric projection.
• Understand of hidden edges and sloped surfaces of a three-dimensional object.
• Understand and draw the isometric projections/views of a given set of multi-views.
In order to understand the given three-dimensional object pictorial views are more convenient
than multi-views drawing. This chapter focuses on the representation of pictorial view of an
object. For this a set of multi-views are given to generate the pictorial drawing using the
principles of isometric projections. The length, breadth and thickness of the given object are to
be carefully noted from the principal views in order to show the full details in the pictorial
view. View position for a particular direction of isometric projections/views should also be
noted in a pictorial view. In the process of developing the related view, the knowledge gained
in the previous chapters/sections will be useful in this chapter. The two methods that are used
are BOX method and OFF-SET method.
In the BOX method the maximum length, height and breadth are noted and a box is constructed
using them. According to isometric projection these dimensions of the box are represented and
with the horizontal line these make angles of 30, 30 and 90 degrees and all parts of the object
are shown after this. In the OFF-SET method the side, length and breadth of the object to the
isometric axes are drawn parallel and according to the dimensions the other isometric and non-
isometric lines are drawn.
On completion of this lab course, the students can gain sufficient knowledge to identify and
decide on different hidden profiles of the three-dimensional object and also draw its pictorial
view.
Course Outcomes:
91
EX: 16, ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS AND VIEWS
1. The orthographic projections of square prism, hexagonal prisms and a cylinder are as
shown below, Draw their isometric projections.
2. Draw the isometric projection of the given orthographic views.
3. An object is shown in terms of its orthographic views. Draw the isometric view.
92
93
94
95
9. Draw the isometric view of the following sketch
96
Exercise-16, Isometric Projections and Views
4 30°
30°
30°
30°
6
Scale = 1:1.5
97
12. Simple Building Plans
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to floor plans drawing.
• Understand the different partitions in building drawing
• Drawing the floor plans (top view) of a given line diagrams.
Building plans are sectional top views of buildings at sill level (900 mm above floor level).
These drawings are prepared by keeping the minimum areas required for various parts of
building and also total available area. They are the set of drawings consisting of floor plan, site
plan, cross sections, elevations, electrical, plumbing and landscape drawings for the ease of
construction at site. These drawings are the medium of passing the views and concepts of an
architect or designer into reality.
The steps involved are:
1. Select an area and determine the area in terms of length and breadth and provide
setbacks.
2. Directions of the house: the direction of north is the best to get an idea about the four
cardinal directions (east, west, and north, south) which may help in understanding the
local climatic conditions throughout the year. Climatic informations helps to make the
house responsive to climatic conditions.
3. Location and width of the road will help to assign a dedicated space for car entry,
parking & exit along with entrance gate.
4. Need to take measurements, if the building exists, measure the walls, doors, and
pertinent furniture so that the floor plan will be accurate.
5. The requirements to be ready and mark the areas for each one of them such as living
room, kitchen, bath rooms, bed room. Then add details.
6. To draw walls with 9”/4.5” and convert single line to double lines.
7. Adding architectural features.
8. Adding furniture.
Floor plan convey the various information regarding various partitions, wall thickness, door
size, ventilator size and window size and their position depending on the type of building
(residential, public, industrial etc.). Sunshade of 600 mm projection is shown above all door,
window and ventilator by dashed line. On completion of this topic, students can gain sufficient
knowledge to identify and decide on type of building, positions of various elements of floor
98
plan, size of various partitions and draw conventional floor plan for a given line diagram of a
floor plan.
Course Outcomes:
99
EX: 17, SIMPLE BUILDING PLANS
1. The line diagram of a single room is as shown, Draw the floor plan at sill level with the
following specifications.
• Thickness of walls 230 mm
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm
• Window size 1000mm X 1200 mm
• Floor level above GL 450 mm
• Sunshade overhang 600 mm
• Plinth projection 50 mm, Draw plan at window sill level.
2. The line diagram of a small house is as shown, Draw the floor plan with the following
specifications.
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm (D)
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm (D1)
• Ventilator size 750mm X 600 mm
100
3. The line diagram of an office building is as shown, Draw the floor plan with the following
specifications.
4. The line diagram of a small house is as shown, Draw the floor plan at sill level and
consider the following specifications.
• Floor level above GL 450 mm.
101
4
Exercise-17, Simple building plan
W W
Kitchen
4mx2.5m
W Living D
5mx5m
D
D Bed room
4mx4.5m
Toilet
2.8mx2m
D1
V W
Scale = 1:100
102
REFERENCES
1. Bhat N.D. and Panchal V.M., “ Engineering Drawing Plane and Solid Geometry , 42e,
Charoatar Publishing House , 2010
2. K.R. Gopalakrishna, “Engineering Drawing”, 2014, Subhas Publications.
3. James D. Bethune, “Engineering Graphics with AutoCAD”, Pearson Education, 2014
4. Narayan K.L. and Kannaiah P, Engineering Drawing, SciTech Publications, 2003 John
K.C., “Engineering Graphics for Degree”, 1e, Prentice Hall India, 2009.
5. Basant Agarwal and C M Agarwal., “Engineering Drawing”, 2e, McGraw Hill

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Engineering Drawing/ Computer Aided Design (Cad) Laboratory Manual

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ENGINEERING DRAWING/ COMPUTER AIDED

DESIGN (CAD) LABORATORY MANUAL

19MEE101 ENGINEERING DRAWING / 19MEE100

Ist year Bachelor of Technology (Common to all Branches)

The salient features of this manual are,

About the Author

Shankara holds B.E. degree in Civil Engineering from

Give me your feedback--- any errors, suggestions for improvement, etc.

Sl. No. CONTENTS Page No.

Exercises-2 2-D Drawings Using CAD Software 5

3. Split the 160 mm length straight line into 10 equal parts.

4. Split the circle of diameter 70 mm into 12 equal parts.

5. Split the 150 mm length straight line into 12 equal parts.

6. Split an 80 mm diameter circle into 12 equal parts.

7. Draw an equilateral triangular lamina of 50 mm sides (with an edge vertical).

8. Draw a regular pentagonal lamina, of 25 mm edges (with an edge vertical).

9. Draw a regular hexagonal lamina of 25 mm edges (with an edge vertical).

Absolute Cartesian (X,Y) coordinates Relative X,Y coordinates

Relative (R,θ) Polar coordinates Relative R,θ Polar coordinates

Draw using ortho-mode Draw by mixing all the methods

Note: Students can practice this exercise without dimensioning.

Chamfer, 10 and 30°

6 holes of Ø10 equally

Note: Students need not draw the pictorial view.

2. A 4 m real distance has been shown by a line of 1 cm length in the drawing.

5. A real length of 4 km is represented by a line of 10 cm in a map. Find RF and draw

7. In a map a line of length 1 cm denotes a real measurement of 5 m on ground. Find RF

8. A real length of 25 km between two station points has been represented by 15 cm on a

Full size scale

Length of the scale = 14 cm

Length of the scale = 15 cm

3. The focus of a parabola is at a distance of 60 mm from directrix line. Construct the

7. Construct an epicycloid for a point on the perimeter of 30 mm radius circle, which in

9. Draw an involute of a regular hexagon of 30 mm edge.

10. Construct an involute of a pentagon of 30 mm edge.

2. The location of a point A is 20 mm in front of VP, 30 mm above HP and 35 mm

4. The top view of a point A is 25 mm above XY line, 40 mm above HP and 35 mm

5. Draw projections of the point A 30 mm below HP, on VP and 40 mm in front of RPP.

6. Draw projections of the point A 20 mm below HP, 30 mm in behind VP and 40 mm

7. Draw projections of the point A 20 mm above HP on VP and 25 mm in front of

8. Draw projections of the point A 15 mm below HP, 30 mm in front of VP and 40 mm

9. Draw projections of the point A 30 mm behind VP, lying on HP and 35 mm from

10. Point A is 40 mm in front of VP, 20 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of LPP. Draw

14. Draw projections of the point P 15 mm below HP, 25 mm in front of VP and 20

15. The front view of a point P is 25 mm below xy line, 25 mm in front of VP and 30 mm

Exercise-6 Projection of Points

Note: This point can also be

Note: This point can also be HP RPP

9 projected in II nd quadrant. p' p''

1. A line which is perpendicular to HP and 30 mm in front of VP and its length is 50

3. A line which is perpendicular to PP, the line is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in

4. A line AB is 50 mm in length is 30o to VP and parallel to HP. Its end A is 20 mm in

5. A line PQ is 50 mm in length is lying in HP and 45o to VP. Its end P is 20 mm in front

6. A line AB is 50 mm in length, parallel to VP and 45o to HP. The end A is 20 mm

7. A line PQ is 60 mm in length is in VP and inclined at 45o to HP. Its end P is 20 mm

8. A line AB 50 mm long is 30 mm above HP. The F.V. measures 30 mm and is parallel

9. A line 60 mm in length, 30 mm in front of VP and one of its ends is 20 mm above

p' q' p''(q'')

1. A Line AB of 70 mm long, has its end A at 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front

2. A line PQ of length 90 mm appears to be 75 mm in F.V. and 60 mm in T.V. The end P

3. A line AB of 80 mm length and is inclined at 30° to V.P. Its end A is 15 mm above

4. Line AB of 80 mm length, the end A is 10 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP.

5. A line AB of 80 mm length, the end A is 15 mm above H.P and 15 mm in front of V.P.