Construction of hyperbolic monopoles

A. Chakrabarti
Groupe de Recherche du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique n' 48, Centre de Physique Theorique de
I'Ecole Polytechnique, Plateau de Palaiseau, 91128 Palaiseau, Cedex, France
(Received 13 May 1985, accepted for publication 6 September 1985)
Methods are presented for explicit construction of hyperbolic monopoles as defined by Atiyah
[M. F. Atiyah, Commun. Math. Phys. 93, 437 (1984); and "Magnetic monopoles in hyperbolic
space, "unpublished lecture notes, 1984]. The techniques permit the extraction of fiat-space self-
dual monopoles trivially through a simple rescaling. Relationships to previous works of the
present author are indicated.

I. INTRODUCTION (4a 2)ds2==ds'2 = dt,2 + dr,2 + r,2(d() 2 + sin2 () dq; 2).

(1.12)
Atiyah has proposed the following definition of hyper-
This leads very simply, in the limit, to fiat-space BPS mono-
bolic monopoles. I
poles of arbitrary charge from r-independent instantons. 2 I
Let
have described repeatedly and in detail my motivations for
ds'l = + dxi + + (1.1) constructing such "r-static chains" of instantons with their
remarkable properties. 2 Here I will adapt my techniques
= u 2[dcr + u- 2(du 2 + dxi + (1.2)
(Backlund-type transformations and Lax-type pairs) to (1.3).
= u2[dcr + u- 2(du 2 + dv 2 + v2dq; 2)], (1.3) This will permit (i) explicit construction of u-static instan-
where tons, and (ii) trivial extraction of fiat-space BPS monopoles
through a rescaling like (1.11).
Xo ± iX3 = ue± iq, (1.4) By u-static I mean that in some suitable gauge the com-
XI ± iX2 = ve±i'P. (1.5) ponentsA q , Au, A v, A'P' or Aq,Au,A xl ,A X2 must be inde-
The conformal equivalence pendent of u explicitly. I will often use the following coordi-
R4_R2_SIXH3 nates.
(1.6)
Let
permits one to interpret the S I-invariant (S I: oe[0,21T]) in-
stantons on R 4 (or S 4) as static monopoles onH 3. Atiyah has
u = e-', UE[O,oo], - 00,00], (1.13)
analyzed the notion of S I invariance that leads to suitable when
classes of solutions and has studied the parameter space of ds 2 = e- 2, [dcr + + + v2 dq;2)). (1.14)
such solutions. I The explicit construction of the solutions (The change u ---+ is evidently slight but helpful in certain
and the explicit extraction of fiat-space finite-energy BPS respects.) Setting
monopoles as limits remain difficult through his approach.
u=t'la, v=v'la, a---+oo, (1.15)
Exactly these two problems are tackled here using methods
2
a ds'l=ds'2 = dt ,2 + dz'2 + dV'2 + V'2 dq; 2 (1.16)
showing complementary virtues.
I have studied in a series of papers 2 explicit construction is the line element in cylindrical coordinates.
ofS I-invariant instantons. The S I in question was selected in Correspondingly rescaled solutions will turn out to the
the following way. fiat-space BPS monopoles in the formalism ofForgacs, Hor-
Let vath, and Palla. 3
ds'l = + dxi + + Setting

= dt 2 + dr + r d() 2 + r sin 2 () dq; 2 (1.7) u = (cosh X + sinh X cos tP)-I, (1.17)

v = sinh X sin tP(cosh X + sinh X cos tP)-I, (1.18)
= (coshp + cos r)-2[dr + dp2
XE[O,oo], t/'E[O,1T] ,
+ sinh 2 p(d() 2 + sin2 ()dq; 2)]. (1.8)
ds'l = (cosh X+ sinh X cos tP)-2[dcr
Here t, r, (), and q; are spherical coordinates and + dX2 + sinh2 X dO]
(1.19)
(t + ir) = tan !(r + ip) (1.9)
maps since
tE [ - 00, 00 ], rE [ 0, 00 ] u- 2(du 2 + dv 2 ) = dX2 + sinh2 X d.p2.
on (The symbols X and tP are used in Ref. 2 with different mean-
TEe -17',17'], pE[O, 00 J. (1.10) ings.)
Comparing (1.8) with (1.19), it is evident (remembering
In this context, SI-invariance refers to r. Again, setting
conformal properties of gauge fields) that I could have taken
r = t'la, p = r'la, a ---+ 00, (1.11) over previous solutions 2 through the substitution

340 J. Math. Phys. 27 (1). January 1986 0022-2488/86/010340-09$02.50 ® 1985 American Institute of Physics 340
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 (r,p,e ) (u,x,¢'), (1.20) and
respectively. X± = ± In(e - 'v) = i( - 1 ± i/e'v). (2.8)
The relations of the two sets to the original xI' 's are quite The self-duality equations reduce to
different. Thus
a_M; = -M;(N; -Nj)+(M; -Nj)X+,
tanhp = 21'(1 + r+ t 2
)-1,
a+N; = -N;(M; -Mj)+(N; -Mj)X_, (2.9)
t=xo, (1.21)
(i,j) = (1,2), (2,1).
tanh X = [{(u + If + v2 1{(u - W The relations (upper or lower signs)
+ v2 J] 1/2(1 + u 2 + V
2
)-I,
a=t=x ± = (X ± - X=t= )X± (2.10)
(1.22)
ensure the validity of the Neugebauer-Kramer, I transfor-
It is, however, interesting to develop an equivalent formal- mations
ism from the beginning in terms of (1.14). This will maintain IMI = -M2 +X+, 1M2 = -MI +X+,
throughout, step by step, a closer contact with other ap- (2.11)
proaches based on the standard quaternionic combinations IN) = -NI +X_, IN2 = -N2 +X_.
{(xo ± ix 3 ), (x I ± iX2) J. This can be, for example, helpful in
Thus (1M;, IN;), i = 1,2, satisfy (2.9) if (M;.N;) do so.
trying to understand the relation to the Atiyah-Drinfeld-
One now has to find ap such that (upper or lower signs)
Hitchin-Manin (ADHM) formalism. 4 Anyhow, though the
equations in the following sections will be in terms of ("v) or (P2-1)-la± P=p± IX± . (2.12)
(u,v), the combinations of (u,v) corresponding to (1.22) (and Let
its generalizations to be discussed) will enter into the solu-
tions in crucial fashion.
p = e;8, Y = cot 8. (2.13)
In Sees. II and III, I will present the essential steps of the Then
formalism. The structure of the equations will be almost a,Y= Y+(e'v)-I, e-'auY= 1-(e'v)-ly. (2.14)
identical to those of Ref. 2. The meaning or content of the
symbols will change. This will permit a concise presentation, The solution is, A. being a constant,
to be compared throughout with Ref. 2. As sets of prescrip- cot 8(A.) = Y(A.) = (2Uv)-I(A. 2 + v2 - u 2), (2.1S)
tions, however, the presentation will be self-contained. or

II. SU(2): AXIAL SYMMETRY

1
p(J'\,)
__ (YY+ 'i)1I2 __ [A.A. 2
2
+ (v + iu)2] 112
+ (v -IU. f (u = e-').
-I
For (2.16)
dr -::::;dul + d,2 + e2' (dv 2 + v2 df/J 2), (2.1) For real A., 8 is real, but complex A. will be needed. The fol-
lowing relation will turn out to be important.
F/J" +a/JA" -a"A/J +i[A/J,A,,], E",vtp = 1, (2.2) Let
the self-duality equations are
a± x(A.) = (2.17)
Fu", = vF,u' F"" = vFuv ' FIXp = e 'vFu ,'
2
(2.3) giving
To solve them, I construct Harrison-Neugebauer-type
cosh X(A.) = (Uu)-I(A. 2 + u 2 + v2),
transformations. [Compare with Refs. 2(a) and 2(d) and the
(2.18)
sources quoted there.]
sinh X(A. ) = (UU)-I [{ (u + A. )2 + v2J{(u - A. )2 + v2J] 1/2.
Let
For A. = 1, one has from (1.17), (1.18), and (1.22)
Mj("v), Nj("v), j = 1,2 (2.4)
be functions independent of u and f/J. The ansatz is x(1) =X·
Define q through the relations
Au = (MI + M2 + NI + N2)(r3/ 2 )
a +q = (M2 - Mtlq + P(M2 - Mlq2),
- i(MI - M2 - NI + N 2)(r l/2), (2.19)
A, = - i(M} - M2 - NI + N 2)(r2/2), (2.5) a _q = (NI - N 2)q + p-I(NI - N 2q2),
e-'A u = - (MI -M2 +NI -N2)(r2/2), and set
e-'v-IA", = - i(MI + M2 - NI - N 2)h/2) ij = - (P + q)/(1 + pq). (2.20)
- (MI - M2 + NI - N 2)(r l/2). The Harrison transformations are defined as
For Hermiticity HMI =qij-IMI +(1 +pij-I)X+,
MI = N}, M2 = N2, (2.6) HM2 = ijq- IM 2 + (1 + pq)X+, (2.21)
where" -" denotes complex conjugation. HNI = q-Iq-INI + (1 + p-Iq-I)X_,
Define HN2 = qqN2 + (1 + p-Iq)X_.
a± = ± ie-' au)' (2.7) Using (2.10), (2,12), and (2.19) one can show that the set

J. Math. as
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 e-'A = (acos/3 _ Sin/3cotr/J)1"Z (2.33)
so. v sinh ax sin X 2 '
A useful combination is
= a (cOS/3 1'1 _ sin/3 1'3)
B=IH. (2.22) f' sinhax 2 2
Since evidently 12 = 1,
. -r/J- ( cos /3 -+SIn
- -cot 1'3 . /3 -
1'1).
H=IB. (2.23) sinh X 2 2
Start with the "seed solution" One sees immediately that a gauge transformation
M\O) = = N\O) = = a/4, (2.24) A JI.1 = UA JI. U- 1 + (iaJI. U)U- 1'
a being, to start with, an arbitrary real parameter. Injecting with
(2.24) in (2.19), and using (2.17) U = ei (J(T,!2) (2.34)
(2.25) simplifies (2.33). But one can go further. Note that
or
= cos c5 ax - sin a",),
q = tanh !(aX(A ) - /3 ), (2.26) sinh X
(2.35)
where /3 is an integration constant.
Using (2.12) it can be shown2 •3 that in the composition
H (q', P2)H (ql' pd, Correspondingly
q' = qlPz - q7Pl (2.27) A,
ql(qlPl - Q7P2) (2.36)
Here Pi = p(Ai) and qi is the corresponding solution (2.26). e-'A v
In this way one can iterate any number ofH transformations Also
using the q's of (2.26) with suitable (Ai' /3i)' i = 1,2, ....
For the general n-step solution a remarkable structure ax /3 = (a + l)sin/3,
thus emerges, which will be indicated later. (2.37)
The first step is as follows. Let a", /3 = - (sin r/J)-l sin/3.
(M1,Mz,NI,N2 ) Using all these results, after (2.34)

= IH(a/4,aI4,a/4,aI4). (2.28) A = (coth X - a coth aX)(1"3/2),

In (2.26), setA = 1,/3= O. From (2.18),X(1) = x.Hencenow A; = a sin ax)-l(1"2/2),
q = tanh!ax, (2.29) e-'A = - a cos c5(sinh ax)-I(1'z/2), (2.38)
and e-'v-1A = a(sinh ax)-I(1"l/2)
Q= _(p+q)(l+pq)-l - cot r/J(sinhx)-1(1'312).
= _ (e ic5 + q)(l + eic5q)-1 Alternatively,

(2.30) A = (coth X - a coth aX)(1'3/2),

say. From (1.17), (1.18), and (2.15) [see also (A29) and (A30)], A = 0, (2.39)

s: sinh X + cosh X cos r/J A = - a sinhx(sinh ax)-1(1'2/2),

coSu = ,
cosh X + sinh xcos r/J
sin c5 = _ _ _ _ sin--"-r/J_ __
cosh X + sinh X cos r/J
(A = 1).
One substitutes
cos/3 = _ sinh (a + l)X + cosh(a + l)X cos r/J ,
cosh(a + l)X + sinh(a + l)X cos r/J
. /3 =
Sin - sinr/J
cosh(a + l)X + sinh(a + l)X cos r/J
From (2.5), (2.11), (2.21), and (2.29) one obtains
(sin r/J)-lAq> = a sinhx(sinh ax)-1(1'l/2)
(2.31)
- cot r/JT312.
Apart from a global gauge transformation by e - hTT,12, this is
formally identical with the one-chain of Ref. 2. But the (x,r/J)
here are functions of (u ,v), and the (1',p) in Ref. 2 are functions
of(t,r).
The structure of the n-step solution 2(d), 3(a), 3(b) is as
follows. Let Dt;l, a = 1,2,3,4 be nXn determinants whose
(2.32) ith rows [==(D t;))j ] are, with
.
Pi = p(Ai)' qi = q(A;. /3i)'
(D\n))i = (Qi,P;.P;qi,P:,p1qi, ... ,p7 -lq7),

Au = (cothX - a coth axHcos/3(1"3/2) + sin/3(1'1/2)], i = 1,2, ... ,n; E = - (- In

= sin/3(cothX - a cothaX)(1'2/21, (D!{'))i = (1,piq;.p;,p1qi'p1, ... ,... ,p7- l qf -"), (2.40)

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 = ... Forn = 2k+ 1,
I
= (Pi- ,P;,P;qi,P;,p1,qiO"··,p7 Al = 1, f31 =0,
1" 1 - ;jl7/a
The determinants jj are defined through the substitutions 1'\,2j = 1'\,2,;+ I = e , (2.50)
qi-qi' j= 1, ... ,k,
For n = 2K, as many successive H transformations are
f3 2j = i(j1T) = f32j+ I • (2.51)
composed, and for n = 2K + 1 an additional I transforma-
tion is added. One thus obtains for Hermitian solutions The total action after n steps turns out to be 2
S = 8"rn(a - n), for a > n. (2.52)
jjln) [Din) Din)]
Min)
I =
Nln) _ (
I - -
l)n I
jj
2
D \n)
MIO)
(1 + E)
+ D \n)
3 X
+ ,
I will not enter into a detailed study of this hierarchy in this
paper. One final point is the following. The parameter a can
(2.41) be continuous for finite S. But for noninteger a, the Ap's
jjln) [Din) I Din)] cannot be both finite and single valued everywhere. When
_1_N O)+_4_X_ .
2 2 Din) Din) 2 Din) they are finite there are branch points. This aspect has been
2 2 2
repeatedly discussed. 2 Hence for finite action solutions with
These results are valid for arbitrary seed solutions. Here only Ap's everywhere finite and single valued,
(2.24) will be used.
More general seed solutions have been used in Ref. 5. a = n + l,n + 2, ... , n = 1,2, .... (2.53)
Similar generalizations can be introduced here also. Our technique gives a canonical generalization of the integer
The total action spectrum to a continuous one through the inclusion of
branch points inAp . This should be compared with results of
S = Jl7 da
-17 -00 Jo Jo
Joo
d; (00 dv (217 dqJ (J...2 ..JiTrFpvP "") Ref. 6.
(2.42)
Ip,v = a,;,v,qJ) III. LINEAR PAIRS FOR THE GENERAL CASE
The formalism of this section is not restricted to axial
(2.43)
symmetry nor to SU(2). For comparison see Refs. 2(b)-2(d). I
present briefly the essential steps adapted to
where + d;2 + + (3.1)

a= + la; + + +av ) + e- 2'v- Ia; (3.2)

Let
(a'l':::::O)
and
a= 1(; + ia), a = 1(; - ia),
(3.3)
h 2 = 2 Tr A = 4(MI + N 2 )(M2 + N I ) b = !(x i + ix 2 ), b = !(x i - ix 2 ),
= {2IMI +N2W, (2.44) when
For regular solutions (2.43) can be converted to a more con- aa + e2' db db. (3.4)
venient surface integral. The self-duality constraints are
One can also go over to the variables (r,t,b) when
Fab = 0 = Fab , e2'Faa + Fbb = 0 It = a + a). (3.5)
S = 2"r [ 2
sin t,b dt,b[ sinh X axh 2]X_ 00 . (2.45) It is known that setting
For (2.39) one gets immediately Ap = (iapD)D-I, Il=a,b.

h 2 = (a cothax - cothxf (2.46) A ji = (I. aD

ji + - lID +, -
Il - -b ,
= a, (3.6)

and whereDisa unimodular matrix [N xN forSU(N)] andD + is

the Hermitian adjoint, and defining
S = 8"r(a - 1), for a > 1. (2.47)
G=D+D, (3.7)
For lal < I,S diverges, fora = 1, one has a pure gauge solu-
the self-duality equations reduce to
tion, and for lal > 1, S( - a) = SIal.
For multistep solutions, comparison with previously e2'(GaG -I)a + (GbG -I)b = 0 (Ga==aaG, ... ). (3.8)
known results 2 •3 indicates the following choice of param- For the a-static case,
eters.
For n = 2k, aa :::::aa :::::a" e2'(G,G -I), + (GbG -I)b = O. (3.9)
1
1'\,2j_1 -1'\,2j - e-iI2j-I)17/a ,
_ 1" _ Introducing a spectral parameter A, let
j = 1, ... ,k, (2.48) DI\{I = (a, - Ae-; ab - A aA)\{I = (G,G -I)\{I, (3.10)
and = (Ae' a, + a b + e'A
D 2 \{1 2
aA)'II = (GbG -I)\{I, (3.11)
f32j _ I = i(j - 1)1T, f32j = f32j _ I + i1T. (2.49) [D I .D2 ] = 0, (3.12)

343 J. Math. Phys .• Vol. 27, No.1, January 1986 A. Chakrabarti 343
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 and One can also construct \II n stepwise as
[D 1,D21\II = Dd (GbG -l)\II) - D 2{ (G,G -I)\II) = 0 \lin = (I+Rn(A-Jl,,)-')\IIn_'
(3.13) (n = 1,2, ... ). (3.27)
gives back (3.9) Exploiting the explicit pole structure in \II of the ansatz, the
One imposes pole equations, and the Hermiticity condition
\II(A = 0) = G. (3.14) G = X (A)GoX + (-A -I), (3.28)
For SU(N) let the zeroth step (seed solution) be one can solve for \II n algebraically. The details and the origi-
nal sources can be found in Refs. 2(b)-2(d). General prescrip-
G.0= diag(E'lek,a,,···,E'Nek,.,a,) (3.15) tions exist for writing Rk explicitly. I will not repeat them
here.
E'j = ± 1, j = 1, ...,N, The above formalism can be restricted to axial symme-
kl>k2> .. .>kN , try as follows. To make the formalism independent of rp the
phase factors e ± i9' in ab and ab , respectively, can be ab-
(3.16) sorbed by a redefinition
A --+ e- iq>A. (3.29)
Then
\110 = diag(E'leklh, ... (3.17) Tlris leads to the prescription
ab --+ av - v-'A aA , (3.30)
where
ab --+av +v-IAaA •
D,h = a, D2h = O. (3.18)
Thus
A solution is
D,\II==[ a, - Ae-'(av - v-1A a A ) - AaA]\II
h (A) = !a(t - In A) = -!a In(uA), (3.19)
but setting = (G,G -1)\11, (3.31)

B+(A) = 2b + A-'e-', D2\11=[Ae' a, + (av + v-'A a A ) + e'A 2a A ]\II

---=- = (GvG -1)\11. (3.32)
B_(A) = ib - Ae-' = B+( - A -I), (3.20)
Everything is now independent of rp as well as (7'. The result
D,B ± (A) = 0 = D2B ± (A). (3.21)
[D I ,vD21 = 0 (3.33)
Hence, a general solution is
leads, as in (3.13), through
h = -!a In(e-'A) + Y(B+(A),B_(A)). (3.22)
The function Y, arbitrary to start with, can eventually be
[D I ,vD21\II =0 (3.34)
restricted to assure suitable properties. to
Soli tonic solutions can be looked for in the form (3.35)
For Go and \110 of(3.15) and (3.17), respectively, now
\lin = (I + ktlRk(A - Jlk)-I)\IIO==-X(A)\IIo, (3.23)
h =!a In {e2'(1 + Ae'v)-I} + Y(B(A)), (3.36)
I and Rk being N XN matrices (I is the unit one) and
where
Rk andJlk being independent of A.
Substituting in (3.10), (3.11), the residues of the double (3.37)
poles on the left must vanish. HereB (A) isB +(A)B _(A) with thefactorse ± iq> absorbed and
Hence the pole equations
D I •2 B (A) = O. (3.38)
The pole equations are now
a,Jl - Jle -, abJl + Jl = 0,
Jle' a,Jl + abJl - e'Jl2 = 0, (3.24) e'a,Jl - Jl avJl + (e' - V-1JlJ/.t = 0,
e'Jl a,Jl + avJl- (e'Jl + v-I)Jl = 0, (3.39)
B+(Jl) = 2b + Jl-Ie-' = c+, admitting only a one-parameter family of solutions (e being a
B_(Jl) = 2b -Jle-' = L (3.25) constant)
B(Jl) = (v - e-'Jl)(v + e-'Jl- 1) = e. (3.40)
(c ± : constants)
An agreeable possibility arises now. Using (2.7) and (2.8) de-
fine the "superpotential" V satisfying
give solutions. a± V= - (8X ± )-'Tr(a± G· G -If (3.41)
The general solution is
Self-duality is equivalent to
H(B+(Jl),B_(Jl)) = O. (3.26)
(a,av -av a,)V=o. (3.42)
HereH, an arbitrary function of B ± ' has to be suitably cho-
sen to assure regularity and correct asymptotic properties. It can be shown that (.Ji = a:'v)
344 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 27, NO.1, January 1986 A. Chakrabarti 344
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 aV = (21v'i) [a+(v'i a_ V) + a_(v'i a+ V)], in (2.15) and (2.16),
=! Tr(G,G -1)2. (3.43) cotc5= Y =z-e
- - , p=eit; = (z-e+iv)1I2 . (4.7)
v z-e- iv
Thus a V is proportional to the "Higgs length" or the action
density. In deriving (3.43) it is convenient to use Now (2.26) reduces to

(3.44)
q(e,p) = tanh H[(z - e)2 + V2 ]1/2 - P J. (4.8)
This follows from
For SU(2) a suitable parametrization of G leads to, using
(2.5), {(u +A)2 + v2 J 1/2 --. 2[ 1 - (z + e)/2a] ,
(4.9)
a+v= -X:;:IMIM2' {(u - A)2 + v2 J1/2 --. a-I[(z _ e)2 + v2] 1/2.
(3.45)
a_v= -x =ININ 2 • Similarly
But the main interest of Vis for SU(N), N> 2, where it great- X(A ) --. a-I [(z _ e)2 + v2] 1/2 (4.10)
ly facilitates the study of regularity constraints [see the dis- implies
cussion in Ref. 2(c), and 2(d) and the sources quoted there]. X = x(l) --.a-I(r + V2 )1/2 = a-Ir (4.11)
For the axially symmetric case in (3.26), one must set
and
H = II (B(Jl) - e;) = O. (3.46) '" --. () = tan -I(V/Z). (4.12)
;

What should be the correct choice for the general case? This The total action now naturally diverges as a --. 00,

is a crucially important aspect not explored in this paper (see S= 8rn(a - n) --. 00.

the relevant remarks in Sec. V). But now one obtains finite energy monopoles with

IV. FLAT SPACE MONOPOLE LIMIT Magnetic charge = lim (S /8ra) = n, (4.13)
00

The extremely simple limiting process has been indicat- for the n-step solution.
ed in (1.15) and (1.16) and indeed it gives directly the results The formalism of Sec. III can also be subjected to the
of Ref. 3. Not only the final results but all the steps of the same process. Now
formalism of Ref. 3 can be extracted easily. I indicate briefly (GzG-1)z + (GyG-I)y =0 (y=b/a), (4.14)
some typical results. Set
and
(u,;,v)--.a-I(t',z',v'), a--. 00, (4.1)
(az - A ay)'I1 = (GzG -1)'11, (4.15)
(Au, A" Av) --. a(A t ·, Az" A v')' (4.2)
(A az + ay )'I1 = (GyG -1)'11. (4.16)
[Henceforth I drop the primes in this section. Even for v this
should cause no confusion; p is retained as the symbol intro- From (3.19), (3.20), and (3.22),
duced in (1.9).] lim[h-!alnB+] = (z-Ay), (4.17)
Corresponding to Sec. II one now has
At = (MI + M2 + NI + N2)(T3/2 )
lim !a(1 + B+B_) = (yA - yA -I - z). (4.18)
These are the combinations used in Ref. 3 to construct '11 0, I
- i(MI - M2-NI + N 2)(T I /2), have deliberately exhibited the forms (3.19H3.22) to point
Az = - i(MI - M2 - NI + N 2)(T2/2 ), (4.3) out that different, simple, and interesting possibilities can
Av = - (MI - M2 + NI - N 2)(T2/2), arise for the finite action case. Thus in (3.19) axial symmetry
is not already broken at the zeroth level through '11 0,
v-IAq:> = - i(MI + M2 - NI - N 2)h/2) The pole equations are now
- (MI - M2 + NI - N2)(TI/2).
az Jl - Jl ay Jl = 0,
(Here M; and N; are rescaled implicitly; At can be replaced (4.19)
Jl az Jl + a Jl = O.
y
by <1>, the Higgs scalar.)
Corresponding to
Apart from the combination (4.18),
d$2 = dt 2 + dz'l + dv2 + v2 drp 2,
YJl- YJl- I -z = const, Jl = const,
now
is now also a solution. Indeed
a± =!(az ± iav )' (4.4)
X± = ± i(4v)-I. (4.5) limB+(Jl) =Jl-t,
(4.20)
(My convention concerning the imaginary factor i is not the limB_(Jl) = -Jl.
same as in Ref. 3. This is a trivial difference.)
The equations defining I, H, q, and so on remain formal- The general solution is thus given by
ly the same. But now, setting H((y Jl - YJl- I - z),Jl) = o. (4.21)
(4.6) The linearized pair for axial symmetry, (3.31), (3.32), and the

345 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 27, No.1, January 1986 A. Chakrabarti 345

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 superpotential Vof(3.41) can be similarly used to extract the
necessary results for flat-space monopoles.
V.REMARKS
From (1.4), (1.5), (1.13), and (2.5),
Ao ± iA3 = ± ie ± ;CTU-I {(M I + M2 + NI + N2)(1"3/2)
- i(MI - M2 - NI + N 2) 1"1 i1"2 }
= ± ie± ;CT(Ufl)-l{a,fl + a,h 1"1
= +ifl-I(ao ± i a 3){fl + f2 1"1 i1"2 }
using (B5). Similarly
-AI ± iA2 = ± ie+;'Pu-l{ - i(MI +M2 - NI - N 2)
X (1"3/2) - (MI - M2 + NI - N 2) 1"1
= + e+;'Pf I-I{avJII" 1"32 + a v f 2 1"1 ±2 i1"2
-
I scope of this paper. A study of SU(N) solutions (N) 2)
= +ifl- ( -a l ± ia2){fl +h 1"1
(5.2)
Thus the triangularizations of the standard R-gauge are au-
tomatically implemented. As stated in the Introduction, this
should be helpful in relating the results to other standard
formalisms. I have treated the one-step case in detail [(2.28)-
(2.39)] to show how in that relatively simple case (5.1) and
(5.2) are related to (2.39), the form typical ofthe "spherical
R-gauge" of Ref. 2. Starting directly from (2.39), it would
have been difficult to find out (even for this "one-chain" of
Ref. 2) the necessary transformations [through (2.32) and
(2.34)] to the forms having the structure of(5. 1) and (5.2). For
an n-step, one can easily imagine the situation. But apart
from the problem of comparison with other formalisms the
one of Ref. 2 has certain attractive features. Though the in-
termediate expressions here are often simpler the final solu-
tions are not necessarily so! For spherical symmetry (1.8) is
definitely preferable. 2(e)
Moreover, the coordinate X, of the line element formally
the same as that used in Ref. 2 [compare (1.8) and (1.19)]
enters crucially in the solutions. The reason lies in the rela-
tion between the dilatations and the pseudotranslations dis-
cussed in Appendix A. Different choices of the parameter A.
[from (2.15) onwards] correspond in the results to rescalings
of (u,v). On the other hand for axially symmetric flat-space
monopoles the crucial parameters are imaginary transla-
tions along the z axis
e = 0, ± iTr, ± i21T, ....
So in the finite action solutions, if they are to have monopole
limits, a combination X(A. ) such that
lim x(e,a) = (l/a)[(z - e)2 + v2] 1/2
a_co
346 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 27, No.1, January 1986
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must playa crucial role.
The results of Sec. II, restricted to SU(2) and axial sym-
metry, are essentially complete. Flat-space monopoles have
been studied for higher-dimensional gauge groups by similar
method. 7 But it is really effective for SU(2). Though, thus
limited, it has an important quality. It gives (M/>N;) and
hence A,. directly in a convenient real gauge. To emphasize
this point I have given the ansatz (2.5) directly in terms of
(M; ,N;) shunting the Ernst-type equations to Appendix B. In
applications involving gauge and matter fields, invariants
involving directly the A,. 's (through covariant derivatives,
for example) are important. Explicit forms of A,. are exactly
i1"2 } what are needed in treating fluctuations around classical
background fields. A method that delivers them directly is
best suited from this point of view.
The method of Sec. III is much more general. There all
(5.1) the necessary steps have been taken except the choice of the
explicit form of H in (3.26). Choosing a suitably parame-
trized form of H is not difficult. Thus the choice
H = !a 2(1 +B+B_)2 + c l(B2+ +B2_) + C2 (5.3)
i1"2 } in (3.26) gives, in the monopole limit
H = (YIl- Y1l- 1 - Z)2 + C I (1l 2 + 1l- 2 ) + c2 , (5.4)
} the choice of Ref. 3(c). But even in the flat-space monopole
limit3 one is led to numerical calculations. This is beyond the
}. through the superpotential, of course, can be undertaken,
starting from (3.41), in a fashion analogous to Ref. 2(c).
Finally note that the class of u-static instantons is much
broader than the previous constructions indicate. Consider,
for example, the 't Hooft solutions with all centers in the
(XI' x 2 ) plane. In our conventions [see (2.2)]
A,. = U,.v av In [;t/ +
+ (XI - a;)2 + (X2 _P;)2j-l]. (5.5)
The gauge transformation by
(5.6)
gives ACT' A" AI' and A2 in explicitly u-independent form.
But this does not have a monopole limit. The methods of
Secs. II and III pick out those with such limits. They are
supple and the interpretation of the solutions depends on the
SI selected. So "tp-static" solutions (not necessarily u-static)
thus constructed can give explicit axially symmetric instan-
tons in higher Atiyah-Ward classes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Professor M. F. Atiyah for a personal communi-
cation explaining certain aspects of his formalism. A vital
point was noted by Alain Comtet. It, namely the relation
between pseudotranslations and dilatations, has turned out
to be most helpful in relating different approaches. Charles
Nash is studying the construction of hyperbolic monopoles.
I thank him for communicating his results and for his com-
ments.
A. Chakrabarti 346
 APPENDIX A: FROM DILATATIONS TO coshX2 = cosh C2 cosh XI - sinh C2 sinh XI cos 1/11
PSEUDOTRANSLATIONS
= cosh(c i + c2)coshX - sinh(c i + c2)sinhx cos 1/1,
Some useful results concerning the coordinate systems (A20)
used [(1.2), (1.3), (1.S), and (1.29)], are collected here. It has sinh X2 sin 1/12 = sinh X I sin 1/11 = sinh X sin 1/1. (A2l)
been noted that setting
This is the group property.
u= + )1/2 = (cosh X + sinh X cos 1/1)-1, (AI) The relation between pseudotranslations and dilata-
tions was pointed out to me by Comtet8 •9 in the context of
v = (xi + stereographic projection of the de Sitter line element:
= sinh X sin f/!{coshX + sinh X cos 1/1)-1, (A2) S 5
1. (A22)
= + dxr + + (A3) i= I i=1
= 2 2 2 2 2
u [ ddl + u- (du + dv + v dq; 2)} (A4) Setting

= 2 2 2
u [ ddl + dX2 + sinh X(d1/l2 + sin 1/1 dq; 2) }. (ZI ± iz2)(1 + zs)-I
(AS) = e±iT(coshp + sinhp cos (n-I, (A23)
Defining (Z3 ± iZ4)(1 + zs)-I
D± = [(u ± 1)2 + V2}1/2, (A6) = e ± irp sinh p sin 0 (cosh p + sinh p cos 0) - I, (A24)

e±x = (4U)-I(D+ ±D_)2, (A7)

= (coshp)-2[dr + dp2
or + sinh p(dO 2 + sin2 0 dq; 2)].
2 (A25)
coshX = (4U)-I(D2+ + D2_), sinhx = (2U)-ID+D_. In (A23) and (A24) one recognizes the combinations corre-
(AS) sponding to (AI) and (A2) in terms of(p, 0).
Corresponding to (All) and (A12) one can define
Also
D ± (A )==[(u ± A )2 + v2p12, (A26)
sin 1/1 = 2v(D+D_)-I,
with
(A9)
cos 1/1 = (1 - u2 - v2)(D+D_)-I. D± (1) =D± .
Corresponding to the rescaling Then

(u, v) -+ (ulA, viA), (AW) e±x(A.) = (4AU)-I(D+(A) ± D_(A ))2, (A27)

define X(A ) and 1/I(A ) such that sin f/!{A) = (Uv)(D+(A lD_(A ))-1,
(A2S)
UtA )=uIA = (coshX(A) + sinhX(A )cos f/!{A ))-1, (All) cos tfr(A) = (A 2 _ u2 _ v2)(D+(A )D_(A ))-1.
VIA )=vlA = sinh X(A )sin 1/I(A ) Thus for I5(A ) of (2.15) and (2.16),
X (cosh X(A ) + sinh X(A )cos f/!{A )) -I , (AI2) A2 + v2 _ u2
cos I5(A ) =
with D+(A)D_(A)
X(l) = X' f/!{l) = 1/1. (A13) _ sinh X(A ) + cosh X(A )cos f/!{A )
(A29)
It can be shown that - cosh X(A ) + sinh X(A )cos 1/I(A) ,
X, 1/1 -+ X(A ), f/!{A ) . I5(A) 2uv
SlO = D+(A lD_(A)
is a "pseudotranslation" in the following sense.
Set sin 1/I(A)
(A30)
(A14) cosh X(A ) + sinh X(A )cos f/!{A )
For A = lone gets back (2.31) with 15(1) = 15.
cosh X(c) = cosh c cosh X - sinh c sinh X cos 1/1, (A 15)
tan 1/I(c) = sinh X sin 1/1 APPENDIX B: ERNST-LIKE EQUATIONS
X (cosh c sinh X cos 1/1 - sinh c coshX)-I. In (2.5), set
(A16) MI = (2/1)-1 a,(fl + iI2), M2 = (2/1)-1 a,(fl - i12) ,
Consistent with (All) and (AI2),
(Bl)
cosh X(c) + sinh X(c)cos f/!{c) = e - C(cosh X + sinh X cos 1/1), NI = (2/1)-1 a_(fl - iI2), N2 = (2/tl- 1 a_(/1 + iI2).
(A17)
(AlS)
a
Here ± are given by (2.7) andll and/2 are functions of (;, v).
sinh x(c)sin f/!{c) = sinh X sin 1/1. The self-duality equations (2.9) become the "Ernst-like"
equations
For two successive pseudotranslations
CJ C2
= (V I l - (V 12)2 ,
(B2)
U', 1/1) -+ U'1> 1/11) -+ U'2' 1/12)' (A19) Il4; = 2(V II • V12) ,

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347 is copyrighted Phys., Vol. 27,
indicated NO.1,
in the January
article. 1986
Reuse A. ChakrabartiDownloaded
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 where (The overall factor is irrelevant.) The gauge transformation
connecting (2.39) and (e3) can be found in Ref. 10 (with a
v=(a" e-'av )' (B3)
minor change of convention). Thus (2.39) must be equivalent
+ + v-Iav)' (B4) to
For Hermitian A,.'s (M; = N; ),t. and/2 are real functions. A,.. = O',..v av In l:(x) , (e7)
From (2.5) and (B1),
where l:(x) is given by (e6) and can be shown to be
Au =/1-1 aJ'I(1'3/2) +/1- 1a0 (1'1/2),
l:(x) = ia(4,u SinhX)-I{cotfa ( ; + 0'+ iX)
A, =/1- 1a0 (1'2/2),
(B5)
Av =/1-1 aJ; (1'2/2), - cot a(; + 0' - iX)} . (e8)

v-IAtp =/1-1 aJI(1'3/2) + /1-1 aJ; (1'1/2). Let

From (2.44) and (B5), (C9)
h 2= 2 Tr A! =/1- 2 [(a&:!t)2 + (a0)2] . (B6) Then

APPENDIX C: MORE ABOUT THE ONE-5TEP SOLUTION 1:" (x") = lim (a- 2l:(x)
(SEC. II)
L
00

This solution [(2.33), (2.38), and (2.39)] is of course, equi- = - k "2rr)2 + X"2} -I.
k M
=
valent to the one-chain of Refs. 2 and to. The following -00

(elO)
points are useful in understanding the relation. They are pre- This gives the Prasad-80mmerfield monopole in its periodic
sented suppressing details. form [see Ref. 10(a) and sources quoted there]. This can be
Starting with (1.19) and setting gauge transformed to the standard static form, which fol-
t' + ir' = tan ! (17'12 + 0' + iX) , (el) lows directly on rescaling (2.39) as in Refs. 2 and 10.
ds2';:::,dt,2 + dr,2 + r'2 dyr + r,2 sin2 '" drp 2. (e2)
Consider the solution
A ',u = O',..v a In l:'(X') = t I, xi = r' cos'" ,... ),
1M. F. Atiyah, Commun. Math. Phys. 93, 437 (1984); and "Magnetic
l:'(x') = ail sec 2 krr{(t' _ tan krr)2 + r'2} -I. (e3) monopoles in hyperbolic space," unpublished lecture notes, 1984.
k=O a a 2A. Chakrabarti, (a) Phys. Rev. D 25, 3282 ( 1982); (b) D 28, 982 ( 1983);
(c) Nucl. Phys. B248, 209 (1984); and (ei) "ctassical so)utions of Yang-
This is the above mentioned one-chain. The relation Mills fields (selected topics)," unpublished lecture notes, 1984.
between x,.. of (1.1) and introduced here can be shown to 3p. Forgacs,Z. Horvath,andL. Palla, (a) Ann. Phys. NY 136, 371 (1981);
be (b) Nucl. Phys. B 192. 141 (1981); (e) Phys. Lett. BI09,200 (1982); (d)
Nucl. Phys. B 111, 235 (1983); and (e) B229,77 (1983).
(x + e),.. = + e,..x'2)(1 + 2c. x' + X,2)-1 , (e4) 4M. P. Atiyah, V. O. Drinfeld, N. J. Hitchin, and Yu.1. Manin, Phys. Lett.
A 65, 185 (1978).
with 'A. Chakrabarti and P. Koukiou, Phys. Rev. D 26,1425 (1982).
e = (0, 0, 0, 1) , (e5) 6p. Forgacs, Z. Horvath, andL. Palla, (a) Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 392 (1981);
(b) Z. Phys. C 12, 359 (1982).
so that (x + e) = (xo, XI' x 2, X3 + 1) undergoes a special con- 7p. A. Dais and R. Sasaki, Nucl. Phys. B 195, 522 ( 1982); Phys. Lett. B 113,
formal transformation followed by a dilatation. By applying 35 (1982); 39 (1982); and Nucl. Phys. B 227,75 (1983).
8 A. Comtet (private communication, 1982).
the rules II for the transformation of the generating function
9A. Chakrabarti, A. Comtet, and F. Koukiou, J. Math. Phys. 14, 6S9
(e3) under (C4) one obtains ( 1983).

l:1(X ' ) ---+ l:(x) = 4

a-l{
L (xo - k
sin - 2rr)2
IOJ{. Boutaleb-Joutei, A. Chakrabarti, and A Comtet, (a) Phys. Rev. D 23,
1781 (1981); and (b) 14,3146 (1981).
R=O a IIR. Jackiw, C. Nohl, and C. Rebbi, Phys. Rev. D 15, 1642 (1977); and
"Classical and semiclusical solutions of the Yang-Mills theory," in Parti-
+ (X3 + cos 2rr)2 + xf + } - I. (e6) cles and Fields, edited by D. H. Boat and A. N. Kamal (Plenum, New
York, 1978).

348 J. Math. Phys., Vol. 27, No.1, January 1986 A. Chakrabarti 348
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