Chapter 2

Historical Background of the GCC Countries

Gulf Region Map
 Gulf States Map

THE SIX COUNTRIES

Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates,

OmanSaudi Arabia--are all Arab states on the Arabian
Gulf that share certain characteristics.
But they are not the only countries that border the Gulf.
Iran,& Iraq,shares the coastline as well, and they too
shared in the historical development of the area.
 Of the Six States covered in this volume, Oman has a
particular culture and history that distinguish it from its
neighbors.
It also is the state with the shortest coastline along the
Arabian Gulf.
Most of Oman lies along the Gulf of Oman and the
Arabian Sea.
The main element that unites these countries is the nature
of their involvement with people and nations beyond the
region.
The Gulf has been an important waterway since ancient
times, bringing the people who live on its shores into early
contact with other civilizations.
In the ancient world, the Gulf peoples established trade
connections with India;

In the middle Ages, they went as far as China; and in

the modern era, they became involved with the European
powers that sailed into the Indian Ocean and around
Southeast Asia.
In the twentieth century, the discovery of massive oil
deposits in the Gulf made the area once again a
crossroads for the Modern World.
Other factors also bring these countries together.
The people are mostly Arabs and, are mostly Muslims.
Because they live in basically tribal societies, family and
clan connections underlie most political and economic
activity.
The discovery of oil and the increasing contact with the
West has led to tremendous material and social changes.

THE GULF IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

Gulf States and its Region

During the Bronze Age(3200-1300 BC)Gulf region played
an important role in various regional trades like the export
of copper and pearls to the empire of Mesopotamia;
(Theland between two rivers—Iraq)
And import of ivory,pottery and other goods from
Afghanistan, Iran and Landis Valley.

Fertile Crescent Map

Mesopotamia (The Land between Two Rivers)

Land and sea trade played a key role in the local
economy.
Archaeological sites in Maliha /Sharjah, for example,
showed evidence on the existence of trade with Greece in
the third century BC in the UAE.
Archaeological evidence suggests that Dalmun
(Bahrain)returned to prosperity after the Assyrian
Empire stabilized the Tigris & Euphrates area at the end
of the second millennium B.C.
 A powerful ruler in Mesopotamia meant a prosperous
Gulf, and Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian king who ruled in
the seventh century B.C., was particularly strong.
 Assyrian Empire 858- 627 BC

He extended Assyrian influence as far as Egypt and

controlled an empire that stretched from North Africa to
theArabian Gulf.
The Egyptians, however, regained control of their country
about a half-century after they lost it.
Rafedain Basin
 ANCIENT CITY STATES IN IRAQ

A series of other conquests of varying lengths followed.

In 325 B.C.,Alexander the Great sent a fleet from India to
follow the Eastern, or PersianCoast of the Gulf up to the
mouth of the Tigris and EuphratesRivers and sent other
ships to explore the Arab side of the waterway.

Alexander Empire Map

The temporary Greek presence in the area increased

Western interest in the Gulf during the next two
centuries.
Alexander's successors, however, did not control the
area long enough to make the Gulf a part of the Greek
world.
In the third century A.D.
Under Sassanians rule, Persian control over the Gulf
reached its height.
Sassanid Empire Map before the Islam

Oman was no longer a threat, and the Sassanians were

strong enough to establish agricultural colonies and to
engage some of the nomadic tribes in the interior as a
border guard to protect their western flank from the
Romans.
 Romani Empire Map before the Islam

Judaism and Christianity arrived in the Gulf from a

number of directions: from Jewish and Christian tribes in
the Arabian Desert; from Ethiopian Christians to the
south;
 Religions Map before Islam

and from Mesopotamia, where Jewish and Christian

communities flourished under Sassanians rule.
Whereas Zoroastrianism seems to have been confined
to Persian colonists, Christianity and Judaism were
adopted by some Arabs.
The popularity of these religions paled, however, when
compared with the enthusiasm with which the Arabs
greeted Islam.
Islam is a system of religious beliefs and an all-
encompassing way of life.
Muslims believe that God (Allah) revealed to the
ProphetMuhammad (peace be upon him)the rules
governing society and the proper conduct of society's
members.
It is incumbent on the individual, therefore, to live in a
manner prescribed by the revealed law and incumbent on
the community to build the perfect human society on earth
according to holy injunctions.
Islam recognizes no distinctions between the religious
institution and the state.
The distinction between religious and secular law is a
recent development that in part reflects the more
pronounced role of the state in society and Western
economic and cultural penetration.
The impact of religion on daily life in Muslim countries is
extensive, usually greater than that found in the West.
The area that constitutes the present-day Arabian
GulfStates was on the immediate periphery of the rise of
Islam.
In A.D. 610,Muhammad ( Pease be upon him)--a
merchant of the Hashemite branch of the ruling Quraysh
tribe in the Arabian town of Mecca--began to preach the
first of a series of revelations that Muslims believe was
granted him by God, some directly and some through the
Angel Gabriel.
A fervent monotheist, Muhammad (Pease be upon him)
denounced the polytheism of his fellow Meccans.
Because the town's economy was based in part on a
thriving pilgrimage business to the shrine called the Kaaba
and to numerous other pagan religious sites in the area,
his censure earned him the enmity of the town's leaders.
In 622 he and a group of followers accepted an invitation
to settle in the town of Yathrib, later known as Medina
(the city), because it was the center of Muhammad's
activities.

The move, or hijra , known in the West as the hegira,

marks the beginning of the Islamic era and of Islam as a
force in history; the Muslim calendar begins in 622.
In Medina, Muhammad (Pease be upon him) continued
to preach, and he eventually defeated his detractors in
battle.
He consolidated the temporal and the spiritual leadership
in his person before his death in 632.
After Muhammad's death, his followers compiled those
of his words regarded as coming directly from God into
the Quran, the holy scripture of Islam.
Others of his sayings, recalled by those who had known
him, became the hadith.
Apostasy War Map
The precedent of Muhammad's deeds is called the
Sunni.
Together they form a comprehensive guide to the spiritual,
ethical, and social life of an orthodox Muslim.
Islam entered the region by the famous Arab leader
Amribn al-Aas, and was able to clear his successor to the
ulf from invaders, living the period of stability and is now in
the era of the Umayyad Caliphate one of the centers of
trade and navigation, and the UAE to an archaeological
sites dating back to early Islamic times, especially on the
east coast in Dibba ,which includes the tomb of a
cemetery
called the prince of armies, a contemporary of the Caliph
Abu Baker, the village of Bidya.

Discovered in the emirate of Ajman relics belonging to the

peoples who inhabited the area in the late Islamic periods
due to the tenth century, like the archaeological
discoveries at the site of Alrimania in Ras Al Khaimah
was found a copper coins, one bearing the date 913H.
(1507 AD)
The Arab traveler Ibn Battuta mentioned a number of
cities visited in the Gulf region in the year (1331AD), such
as Kalba and Khor Fakkan.
It also mentioned that the people of UAE and Oman are
one of the first ethnic groups that converted to Islam
voluntarily after the people of Yemen, where the
“Evidence suggests that the region of its neighbors,
Dubai has had a hugely significant in the era of early
Islam and the northern town of DibbaFujairah and the
biggest battles took place after the death of Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him)”.
During the period between the falling of the Umayyad
dynasty 750 AD to the arrival of the Portuguese to the
Gulf coasts in 1507, the Gulf region including the UAE
witnessed many changes and political instability.
After the weakness of the Abbasid state(750-1258AD)
the Arab Gulf witnessed the emergence of independent
Arab Emirates,
The most important one of them was:
1-TheEmirate ofAlaionyeenfounded byAbdullah bin
Ali Layouni.

2-TheEmirate of AL- Asvurieenfounded By ASfour

Bin Rashid Beni Amer.

3-TheEmirate of AL-Jubourithat foundedBy Bin

Jabr AL-Zamel Beni Amer.
These Arabic Emirates sentenced the Gulf region for
almost four and a half centuries , which witnessed a huge
boom in the area of navigation and trade, which
dominated by Arab navigation in the Indian Ocean and
many Arabs becomes famous, many of them were
seafarers who operate their names in that period.
As for the UAE there have been some commercial centers
referred to by Arab geographers and travelers, such as
Dibba, Kalba, and Khor Fakkan and Fujairah on the east
coast, and Galfar and possibly other cities have changed
their names on the west coast of the UAE.

Entry of the Portuguese to the Gulf:

In modern times, since the beginning of the
sixteenthcenturyArabdescent ended in compensation for
the greater part of the Arab Maritime sovereignty of the
Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean and the Arabian
Sea, and depriving Arabs of the commercial role they
played throughout the ages grip on the middle ring of
international trade between East and West.
After the dominance of the Ottomans and the cutting
down of the land routes between Europe and India, has
made European countries looking for alternative routes.
They asked the Portuguese, who already the first signs of
evil in the Arabian Gulf to do so, and the record date of
the first commander Vasco de Gama and
GeneralAlbuquerque after him and came after them a
number of terrible massacres against Arabs and Muslims
and lunched a crusade involving the destruction of huge
massacres and mutilation of people’s noses, as was the
destruction and burned of Khor Fakkan.
The attacks of the Portuguese continued on the Gulf
most of the sixteenth century until the result of weakened
power of resistance shown by the solid population and
other European countries dispute Portugal in the control
of the east seas.
And then entered the Netherlands, Britain and France,
circuit competition with Portugal and Britain was able to
resolve the situation to their advantage with the growth of
the East Indian Company, founded in (1617 AD) and
“It was a semi-state in its interests, and commercial and
military institutions” and succeeded in the output of the
region in Portugal(1625 AD)
In 1766 the Portuguesedisappeared from the competition.

TRIBAL NATURE OF GULF SOCIETY

Gulf States have not granted citizenship freely for two

reasons.

First, they are reluctant to share wealth with recent

arrivals;

Second, the tribal nature of Gulf society does not admit

new members easily.
A tribe usually traces its lineage to a particular eponymous
ancestor.

The standard Arabic reference to tribe is bani fulan, or

"the sons [bani] of so-and- so.
“The Bani al Murrah in Saudi Arabia, for example, traces
their line back to a figure named Murrah, who lived some
time before the Prophet (Peace be upon him).
Over a period of 1,500 years, the sons of Murrah, or any
other ancient figure, have tended to become numerous,
making further distinctions necessary.
Accordingly, tribes are divided into clans and then into
households (fukhud; sing., fakhd).
Households include groups of single families.
Together this extended group of families calls itself a
tribe.
Each tribe has certain characteristics, such as different
speech, dress, and customs.
But since the 1950s, speech has become less of a
distinguishing factor because of the fluidity of Gulf
society.
Two of the most important tribal groups in Arabia are the
Qahtan and the Adnan, whose roots stem from the
belief that tribes in the north of the peninsula were
descended from Adnan, one of Ismail's sons, and that
tribes in the south were descended from Qahtan, one of
Noah's sons.
People in the Gulf often attribute the structure of tribal
alliances to this north-south distinction, and many still
classify their tribes as Adnani or Qahtani.
Historically, the tribal nature of society has occasioned
petty warfare in the Gulf.
Arab tribes have attacked each other since before Islam,
but tribal customs have prevented these attacks from
turning into random violence.
Clans, however, have defected from their tribe and made
alliances with other tribes, and tribes have sometimes
banded together to form a more powerful group.
Moreover, although some tribes may trace their lineage to
some heroic figure, the real identity of the tribe lies in the
people that currently compose it.
In the tribe, an individual bases his or her sense of self-
esteem on the honor of the tribe as a whole.
The emphasis on the group precluded the rise of a strong
leader.
Accordingly, tribal leadership is often described as;
"The first among equals," suggesting a collective
leadership in which one among a number of leaders is
recognized as the most authoritative.
This principal leader must continue to consult with his
lesser colleagues and so rules by consensus.
An extension of this pattern of leadership is the concept of
leading families within the tribe.
 Although tribalism tends to discourage inherited authority,
traditions of leadership are nevertheless passed down,
and tribes expect that certain families will furnish them
with leader’s generation after generation.
This pattern occurred when tribes that were previously
nomadic settled down in oases or coastal areas.
It then became more likely that certain families would
accumulate wealth, whether in food or in goods, and with
this wealth would increase their authority.
In this way, the individual families that in the 1990s
controlled the Gulf States established themselves around
1800.
The existence of these ruling families is perhaps the most
obvious manifestation of Arab tribalism in Gulf society in
1993.
Another manifestation is the collective manner in which
these families rule.
In most of these states, the position ofAmir is not passed
from father to son but alternates among different parallel
patrilineal lines.
This makes the appointment of the next Amir an open
issue and something on which the entire family must
agree.
The family also participates in the various consultative
bodies that exist to advise the leader.
Such bodies, which include figures outside the ruling
family, help to institutionalize the first among equals
system in these states.
The way that government officials are appointed reflects
the importance of tribal connections.
Members of the ruling family are accommodated first,
followed by families and tribes with whom the rulers have
been traditionally allied.
In Bahrain, for example, the ruling Al Khalifa have given
the major positions in the bureaucracy to Arabs from
tribes that helped them rule the island in the nineteenth
century.
The Al Khalifa have given lesser positions to Arabs from
merchant families with whom they engaged in the pearl
industry but with whom they had no tribal alliances.
Tribal cohesiveness is also reflected in the efforts of the
Gulf States to restrict citizenship.

General Features of the Personality of Bedouin

All the dwellers of the Arabian Peninsula are descended from
Bedouin Tribes. In order to know the nature and characteristics
of the population of the UAE in general and the Emirate
ofDubai in particular, we must identify the Nomadic
Personality of Arab Tribe, which descended all Arab Emirates
population of them. Here we are trying to give our perception
of Personal Bedouin in general and Arabic in particular. With
regard to the Arab Bedouin Personality characteristics, there
are a lot of positives that must be taken out and be developed,
however, some of the negatives that must be eliminated and
replaced with more positive characteristics. Therefore we
believe that it is not an easy task, especially if we know that the
personal generally is the product of many factors such as;
social, psychological, environmental and civilized, and even
biological factors. And these characteristics are either inherited
or are acquired.
The following are the main features of social and psychological
of Bedouin Personality in general and particularly Arab.

1-Bedouin Contempt of Manual Work:

This feature is confirmed by many studies, 1 especially among
Nomadic Pastoral Communities. This feature has become one
of the Bedouin values prevailing among many Nomadic Pastoral
Communities. Even with the change of circumstances and the
fact that some Bedouin disrespect other works, they prefer
certain acts mostly determined reference values; they prefer to
work receivership or driving. This feature belongs to the
originally Bedouin.
 2-Bedouin Love of Freedom:
This feature is derived from the environmental conditions
surrounding Bedouin people, and the nature of roaming.
Bedouin Shepherd does not accept any restriction on his life
and that is without a doubt subject to the groups of matters
relating to the collective matters, but he cannot accept any
restriction limits of his authority, especially in matters relating
to his family and himself.
This feature has resulted from several properties including:
A-Exaggerated appreciation of Nomad to himself.
B- Bedouin irritable, especially if they think that their honor has
been touched, or their dignity has been humiliated, so that,
they erupted without consider the consequences of that
emotion.
C-Rush in dealing with hardship, because of the strong
appreciation for himself, and quickly make him fighting hard in
defence of freedom, he responds to any hurt affects his dignity
or his freedom.
D-Intolerance, whether this intolerance, for his opinion, his
personality, his family and his clan. He supports for himself, his
clan and fanatic them in all situations, does not care then be
either gain or lose.
1-Dr. Al-Fawal; Salah Mustafa: Sociology of Bedouin, Dar Al-Nahdah Al-Arabia publisher; P.
330, Cairo, 1974.

3- Nomad Reimburse the Covenant:

Reimburse of the covenant is the Bedouin way of behavior,
especially Arab ones. The fulfillment of the covenant expresses
their duty performance on one hand, and that deserve the
sacrifice of self, wealth and sons on the other hand. Arab
history is full of the most wonderful of stories to fulfill
covenant.
The fulfill of this feature constitutes one of the fundamental
values of the Arab Bedouin Communities, including ensure of
trust, honesty, whether at various economic transactions or
discharging any of the worldly issues, individual or collective.
This feature has been associated with generosity, virility,
courage, and help. This feature arose as a reaction of
characteristics of difficult living situation and environmental
witnessed by the Bedouin. So he expected – due to fulfill of this
feature – to be treated equally, if subjected to a situation
requires honoring his coming or his rescue or protect him if
what happened to him detestable by nature and man.

4- Bedouin Intelligent:
Many studies have proven that Arab Bedouin are too smart. All
that is missing in the opportunity and the possibilities, and then
it will not show his ability to assimilation only, but to excel too.

5- Nomad Owes Allegiance to his Tribe Whatever Its

Place:
Nomad owes allegiance to his kinship – especially his tribe –
whatever its place, and honor of belonging to it and saves the
sequence of kinship to his tribe by heart, and stick to all
customs, traditions and values to support his connection to it,
and increase his closer, in spite of the distance spacing between
them.
In the Arab Society, we find people of the same tribe have
scattered in many countries, but when you ask the Bedouin
himself, he tells you without delay and without thinking, that
he is from the tribe A, and he is from the state B.

6- Bedouin Respect to Age and Deep Appreciation to

Him:
Nomad respects the elderly. The elderly represent the
experiences, skills, know-how, wisdom and knowledge of
different things of Nomadic lifestyle. Especially that, the
experience in this field, be a natural alternative to science
which lacking in Bedouin Communities.
7- Unlimited Look of Bedouin to the Time and Distance:
This is due to a huge vacuum and to the spread of the
phenomenon of disguised unemployment led to a lack of
appreciation of the importance of time for Bedouin, who does
not perform at today can be accomplished tomorrow, or even
next month, the world will not fly.
The Nomad has sensitivity for the Sahara ‘a (Desert) distance,
he walked all his life, he is aware of her distance, and he knows
that it’s no end for the Sahara ‘a.

8- Nomad, Lack of Appreciation for Savings:

In the case of savings, they have no place at the desert;
perhaps, it is due to not having enough things for savings, and
to the emergence of the values of generosity and hospitality.
There are sets of values and proverbs, glorify all these and keep
it. If we take savings as an example, we will find a range of
examples incite not to savings like:
A- Every day and living in it.
B- Spend what in the pocket, come what unseen.
C- Poverty without debt is the rich full.
D- Greatness with a few, better of abundance with humiliation.
E- Take the authentic (wife), and sleep on mats.
9- The Bedouin Passionate. He Influenced by Personal
Relationships and Phenotypic:
Here the passionate (emotion) is intended – emotional
unbalance --, the feelings of sadness, joy and anger, can easily
notice on the Bedouin – Arab particular – which seem obvious,
without hiding or covering up.
The Nomad also influenced by a lot of personal relationships
and phenotypic, a visit to him in his tent, his home , or
described him as the most generous qualities , or a meeting by
saying sweet , or greeting exaggerated. All these guarantors
open some of locks doors, and make him pardon, or granted
without the expense.

10- Nomad is Estimated Strength, and Respect the

Courage:
There different manifestations of strength and courage,
appreciated Bedouin and respected, regardless of the
objectives of those appearances or achievements.
Meaning that, the Bedouin himself may not be brave in it, but
revere other strongman, whether their strength in the service
of society, or against his goals, and this estimate is not because
of fear, but it is stems an internal sense of respect.

11- Nomad Trust and believes in Metaphysical Powers:

The Bedouin are certain and firm belief in metaphysical and
magical powers and their uncanny ability, to grant and tender
that good and evil. This may explain the mystery enjoy,
magicians, astrologers and clergy high social standing, may
reach sanctification extent have some Bedouin Communities.

12- Bedouin Slow Responding, to Manifestations of

Cultural Changes:
Nomad is known slowly responding to civilized changes which
occurring around him ,and that remain his latent desire to resist
that change that was in a position to, otherwise it only negative
resistance. Perhaps, this arising, out of the Bedouin keen on
persistent longing to the past, and to all that left parents, as
well as the constant fear of the unknown and what comes
tomorrow. Hence, his eagerness not to venture, what he knew
in exchange for what he does not know, even that, was the last
good and interest.

13-Bedouin Always Warned, and Tends to Depression

and Sadness:
Cautious earned him from the cruel nature volatile. The
people are always struggling for a living or for control the
means of living. Tendency to depression and grief, perhaps,
arising from predicted evil continually and always separate him
from lands inhabited by neighborhoods that had lived with
them. The ArabBedouin poetry is full of poems that show the
sadness. The Arab Bedouin and obituary continuous views, if
the ArabBedouinstart singing, the first thing to pronounce him
the groans of grief, remorse, pain and separation.

14- Bedouin Concern and Unstable:

Concern, is something that inherited from the unstable nature
which sometimes shall be granted its bid without the expanse,
and sometimes prevent a sudden, and its distaste be without
limit. Bedouin concern perhaps, arising from the constant fear
and warned him treachery of people and nature. So, if he feels
appalled at every jolt he resorts to his sword if he sensed
danger.
It may be fear of the anonymous forces and unknown, such
fear of evil spirits, for example. So he resorted to various forms
of images, stealthy starting from outgoing mobility from one
place to another, and ending with his attempts to deny,
sometimes, by fat skin colors of mud, and dyes primitive or
wears leather of animal or bird feathers.

15- Bedouin Glorifies Speech and Like Magic:

Verbal activity (word) admires the Bedouin, and makes
its practitioners occupy a high place in the Bedouin
Communities. If we take the Arab Bedouin as an
example, we find poets, preachers and keepers of
genealogy and heritage, occupy the greatest places,
where they have leadership and prestige together.
TREATIES WITH THE BRITISH:
At the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century the region
has seen the emergence of new powers.

Relations with the British and the discovery of oil

continued that process.
The Gulf has always been relatively cosmopolitan, and its
port cities have included Arab from Iraq, and merchants,
in addition to tribal Arabs.
The dominant Arab tribes have accommodated many of
these groups, and those who arrived in the region before
1930 became full citizens of the Gulf States, albeit without
the connections of tribal Arabs.
The tremendous influx since 1950s, however, has caused
the naturally restrictive nature of tribal society to reassert it
to prevent a further dilution of tribal identities.
Arab countries have had a considerable influence on the
future of the region:

First:
the Bani Yas tribe from which the AL Nahyan and
AL Maktoum, and was able to control the lower area of
the Gulf, including the regions where they held the cities
of Abu Dhabi and Dubai.

The Second
AL-Qawasimpower took the form of the tribe who formed
the denominators Navy exceeded its Part of the Gulf to
the depths of the Indian Ocean and started dealing with
fleets and ships of the British capitalRas Al Khaimah.
However, in (1819 AD) and after the occupation of Ras
AlKhaimah,British completely dominated the water of the
Gulf, and was the last uprising of the Arab powers of the
Bani Yas tribe, attacked and destroyed a British Cruiser
in the movement of revenge in (1834 AD) which called on
Britain to conclude a series of agreement with
TrucialCoast in (1892 AD).
The increased European presence resulted in large part
from widespread AL-Qawasimin the early nineteenth
century.
The British asked the sultan in Oman, to whom owed
nominal allegiance, to end it.
When the sultan proved unable, British ships launched
attacks on AL-Qawasim strongholds in the present-day
UAEas early as 1809; the navy did not succeed in
controlling the situation until 1819.
In that year, the British sent a fleet from India that
destroyed themain base at Ras al Khaymah,(Galfar)
alAL-Qawasim port at the southern end of the Gulf.
FromRas al Khaymah, the British fleet destroyed
Qawasim ships along both sides of the Gulf.
In 1820 AD the British seemed primarily interested in
controlling the AL-Qawasim, whose main centers were
Ras al Khaymah, Ajman, and Sharjah, which were all
small ports along the southeastern Gulf coast
TheBritish had no desire to take over the desolateareas
along the Gulf; they only wished to secure the area so
that it would not pose a threat to shipping to and from their
possessions in India.
The British decided to leave in power those tribal leaders
who had not been conspicuously involved with piracy; they
concluded a series of treaties in which those leaders
promised to suppress all piracy.
As a result of these truces, the Arab side of the Gulfcame
to be known as the "Trucial coast."
This area had previously been under the nominal control
of the sultan in Oman, although the Trucialcoast tribes
were not part of the Ibadi imamate.
The area has also been referred to as "Trucial Oman" to
distinguish it from the part of Oman under the sultan that
was not bound by treaty obligation.
The original treaties, however, also involved Dubai and
Bahrain.
The inclusion of these ports brought two other extended
families, the Bani Yas and the Al Khalifa, into the Trucial
system.
During the next 100 years, the British signed a series of
treaties having wide-ranging provisions with other tribes in
the Gulf.
As a result, by the end of World War I, leaders from
Oman to Iraq had essentially yielded control of their
foreign relations to Britain.
Abu Dhabi entered into arrangements similar to those of
Dubai and Bahrain in 1835 AD, Kuwaitin 1899 AD, and
Qatar in 1916 AD.
The treaty whose terms convey the most representative
sense of the relationship between Britain and the
GulfStates was the ExclusiveAgreement of 1882 AD.
This text specified that the signatory Gulf
States(members of the present-dayUAE) could not
make any international agreements or host any foreign
agent without British consent.
The British wished to maintain security on the route from
Europe to India so that merchants could safely send
goods between India and the Gulf.
Britain also sought to exclude the influence in the area of
other powers, such as Turkey and France.
And then charged the British Government of defense
and foreign relations of the Arabian Gulf to the East
Indian Company to the Year 1873 AD .
Then transferred these responsibilities to the Government
of British India and continued the case to the
independence of India in 1947 AD, has signed on the
responsibility of the British Foreign Office and that was it
supported a resident of Bahrain, and political agents in
Dubai and Abu Dhabi and Qatar before that year 1948
AD.
Political agent in Sharjah, where the Air Base and the
situation continues even while independence from
Britainin 1971.
In (1966 AD),received His Highness Sheikh Zayed
BinSultan Al Nahyan. (My God have mercy on him) as
Ruler of Abu Dhabi in a time of growing conviction that
the establishment of the Emirates each region is the
imperative nature of contemporary history.