LINGAYA’S VIDYAPEETH

21 MBA 06 AAKANSHA PAL

21 MBA 08 MANSI
21 MBA 09 JAGDISH
CLASS :- st
MBA 1 year
SUB. :- BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
& INDIAN ECONOMY…
 GROUP PRESENTATION
ON
THE ECONOMIC POLICY AND
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

SUBMITTED TO :- DR. SAMRITI MAHAJAN

 The Economic Policy &
Infrastructure
Development.

SOCIAL
ENERGY
INFRASTRUCTURE

GENDER
EDUCATION HEALTH RELATED TRANSPORT
ISSUES
 THE ECONOMIC POLICY & INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT…
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNMENT POLICY
SINCE 1950 India's infrastructure services are slowly but steadily moving
away from the realm of government control to that of the private sector.
Across sectors ranging from telecommunications and roads to power and
ports, state-owned agencies are giving way to private sector entities
operating in a competitive environment and subjected to economic
regulation where necessary. Governments at both central and state levels
are actively engaged in managing this transition, devising appropriate policy
frameworks and establishing suitable institutions such as the central road
fund and independent regulatory authorities in power and
telecommunication sectors.
 SOME ECONOMIC POLICIES
 Macroeconomic stabilization policy, which attempts to keep the money supply growing
at a rate that does not result in excessive inflation, and attempts to smooth out
the business cycle.

 Trade policy, which refers to tariffs, trade agreements and the international
institutions that govern them.

 Policies designed to create economic growth

 Policies related to development economics

 Policies dealing with the redistribution of income, property and/or wealth

 As well as: regulatory policy, anti-trust policy, industrial policy and technology-based
economic development policy
 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Infrastructure Development is the construction of basic foundational service in
order to stimulate economic growth and quality of life improvement. Most advanced
economies have gone through periods of intensive infrastructure building that have
improved the efficiency and competitiveness of regions.

The following are common types of INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT :-

 Transportation
 Energy
 Water
 Green Infrastructure
 Digital Infrastructure
 Social Infrastructure
 Government Services
 Resilience
 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
DEFINITION :- social infrastructure is the set of organizational
arrangements and investments in society’s systems, relationships, and
structures that enable us to create a more resilient, just, equitable,
and sustainable world. It includes social, economic, environmental and
cultural assets.

There are numerous examples of social infrastructure :-

 offering bursaries to students with specific barriers to accessing
education.
 convening researchers and securing funds to address complex
social problems.
 using procurement policies to support local businesses.
TYPES OF SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

EDUCATION

HEALTH

GENDER RELATED ISSUES

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN EDUCATION
 Education in every sense is one of the fundamental
factors of development. No country can achieve
sustainable economic development without substantial
investments in human capital.

 Education raises people’s productivity and creativity,

promotes entrepreneurship, technological advances
and generates individual income per capita.

 Knowledge accumulation influences a country’s trade

performance and competitiveness.
 CONT….
 India, with its huge population, India has world’s third
largest higher secondary education system with a number
of institutions.

 The education sector in India is standing at $600 billion.

 India’s literacy rate -52.2% (1991) to 74.04% (2012).

 The number of institutes offering higher education in

India is 44,668. Of that 33,660 offer various degrees and
rest offers diplomas and has more than 1.4 million schools.
 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN HEALTH
 Health is one of the major determinants of labour
productivity and efficiency.

 Multinational health care companies not only focus on

providing medicines but also for expanding economic
opportunities through job creation, training, shaping public
policy etc.

 The health care sector includes drug manufacturers,

pharmaceuticals & biotechnology, hospitals, health
technology & information providers.
 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN GENDER
RELATED ISSUES
 The report, ‘Infrastructure for gender equality and the
empowerment of women’ examines the numerous barriers
women and girls face when trying to access basic services –
such as education and healthcare – or economic
opportunities.

 Around the world, too many women and girls miss out on
opportunities to improve their lives for a simple reason:
because the infrastructure around them isn’t built with
their needs in mind.
 CONT…
 Many infrastructure projects and programs are gender blind. It is
assumed that women and men will automatically benefit from new
infrastructure, without due acknowledgement to the full range of social
and economic impacts, both beneficial and negative.

 Infrastructure projects should be designed to:

• Increase women’s economic opportunities.
• Provide appropriate services to women.
• Actively involve and empower women.
• Encourage women to take up decision making and leadership
roles.
• Improve girls and women’s access to education and health care.
• Eliminate discrimination against girls and women.
 ENERGY
 More than 60% of Indian households depend on traditional
sources of energy for meeting their regular cooking and
heating needs.
COMMERCIAL
(Coal, Petroleum & Electricity)
CONVENTIONAL

NON COMMERCIAL
SOURCE OF
(Fire wood, Dried dung &
ENERGY
NON CONVENTIONAL Agriculture waste)
(solar energy, wind energy &
Tidal energy)
 CONSUMPTION PATTERN OF ENERGY IN
INDIA
 Commercial energy consumption makes up about 74% of the
total energy consumed in India. It includes coal having share
54%, oil at 32%, natural gas at 10% and hydro energy at 2%.

 Non Commercial energy sources consisting of firewood, cow

dung and agricultural wastes account for over 26% of the
total energy consumption.

 The critical feature of India’s energy sector is that India has

to depend on import of crude & petroleum products.
Measure to solve the energy
crisis
 Increase in plant load factor.
 Increase in supply of electricity.
 Check on transmission and distribution losses.
 Increase in investment
 Exploration of renewable sources
 Improve the performance of state Electricity Boards.
 Transport
DEVELOPMENT IN RAILWAYS

 Indian Railway Network is a key component of the Country’s Transport

System. Transporting goods and passenger on a massive scale, the
Indian Railways plays a critical role in India’s economic as well as
social fabric

 Today Indian railway is the third largest network in world under single
management with 7500 railway station, 9549 locomotives and 55,339
passenger coaches and 65,436 km route.

 Rail density in India is the third highest in Asia after japan and south
Korea.
 DEVELOPMENT IN ROADS

 An important component of transport infrastructure is

road transport. The Indian road network, The Indian road
network, compromising of National Highways,
Expressways, State Highways, Major District Roads,
Other District Roads and Village Roads.

 The development of roads got a big boost with the

launching of the National Highways Development Project.
(NHDP) and the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY).
 DEVELOPMENT IN AVIATION & PORTS.

 The aviation sector is playing an increasingly pivotal role in the fast

growing needs of this vast country. The Indian aviation industry is
one of the fastest growing aviation industries in the world with
private airlines accounting for more than 75% of the domestic
aviation market.

 The country has 454 airports and airstrips, of which 17 are

designated as international airports.

 India has an extensive coastline of 7517 kms, excluding the

Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Indian Ports handle around 95% of the
total volume of country’s trade and about 65% in term of value has
12 major ports and 200 non major ports.
CONCLUSION
 Infrastructure inadequacies in both rural and urban
areas are a major factor constraining India’s growth.

 India needs a lot more infrastructure to meet its

needs.

 The government is focusing on this and has created a

set of programs and reforms aimed at addressing
this issue.
THE
END…
-BY AAKANSHA PAL