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Study on Triangular Excitations for Accelerated SFRA of Power Transformers

Conference Paper · September 2019

DOI: 10.1109/ICPES47639.2019.9105567

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 Study on Triangular Excitations for Accelerated
SFRA of Power Transformers
K. L. I. M. Pramod B. Jayarathna, W. E. P. Sampath Ediriweera, R. Samarasinghe and J. R. Lucas
Department of Electrical Engineering,University of Moratuwa,
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
pramodjayarathna@gmail.com, sampath ediriweera@yahoo.com, {rasaras, lucas}@uom.lk
Abstract—The Sweep frequency response analysis, a non-
invasive condition monitoring technique, is widely used as a
diagnostic tool to assess mechanical integrity of power trans-
formers. Industrial frequency response analysers utilize a variable
frequency sinusoidal signal to determine frequency response of
power transformers at present. This work investigates the use
of triangular waveforms to determine frequency response of
power transformers with reduced measurement time. Initially,
practicality of using triangular waveforms of different shapes
are discussed using a harmonic analysis. The Simulation study
on lumped parameter circuit model of a power transformer
shows the feasibility of using triangular waveforms to reduce
measurement time of sweep frequency response analysis. Usage
of second and third harmonics along with the fundamental
of triangular waveforms bring down the measurement time
significantly in addition to the reduction of overall power analyser
cost.
Keywords—Power transformer, sweep frequency re-
sponse, triangular excitation, lumped parameter model, har-
monics, zero-crossing method
I. I NTRODUCTION
Power transformers are considered as one of the largest
and expensive assets in electrical networks [1]. The health
condition of these assets plays a major role in maintaining
the reliability and efficiency of the power supply [2]. As the
health conditions of these assets are monitored in regular basis,
low cost and fast measurement are necessary to bring down
the cost of testing and financial cost of not supplying power
due to interruptions.
Sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) is a novel
condition monitoring technique used to assess the mechanical
integrity of power transformers [3], [4]. Under this test, a
sinusoidal signal generated by a variable frequency power
source in 20 Hz to 2 MHz range, is applied to the windings of
power transformer to derive its frequency response [3]. Typ-
ically, sufficient amount of data points (amplitude and phase
measurements at least 500 logarithmically spaced data points)
are required to a obtain accurate frequency response within the
considered frequency range. Hence, overall time to perform
SFRA could take few minutes depending on the number of
data points collected [5], [6]. Moreover, the generation of
pure sinusoidal waveforms by frequency response analysers
involves sophisticated and expensive devices. This encourages
Authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by
the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka under the senate research grant
SRC/LT/2017/26.
industry and researchers to discover alternative methods to
reduce time and cost of performing SFRA.
From the above perspective, feasibility of using triangular
waveforms to reduce time and cost is discussed in this paper.
Existing literature that studies the use of triangular waveforms
instead of sinusoidal waveforms in frequency domain spec-
troscopy (FDS) inspires objective of using triangular wave-
shapes in SARA [7], [8], [9].
It is shown that harmonic content can be varied by changing
the slope of triangular waveform [7]. In addition, they are
equally spaced [10]. Therefore, the number of SFRA data
points required to measure directly can be reduced, as each
triangular waveform consists certain amount of frequency mul-
tiples which should be measured by the analyser otherwise. In
other words, frequency response at a higher frequency can be
derived using a selected harmonic of low frequency triangular
signal. Thus, deriving frequency response collectively using
harmonics conserves time spent for the entire test. In particular,
time saved from the lower frequency range is significant as
SFRA measurements run slower at low frequencies [6]. .
Triangular waveforms with different slopes are considered
as harmonic content fluctuates with the shape of triangular
waveform. In order to get the best use of this method, maxi-
mum number of harmonics with adequate amplitude should be
selected. In fact, as the magnitudes of harmonics are getting
smaller as the harmonic order increases, suitable slope for
the triangular waveform should be selected which provides
a sufficient intensity for the considered harmonics. Otherwise,
output signal turns into infinitesimal at particular frequencies
as a result of the nature of power transformer frequency
response. Along with the sinusoidal waveforms, triangular
waveform with highest amount of harmonic content is used
in the comparative assessments. Amplitude and the frequency
of triangular waveform are kept same with the peak value and
the frequency of the sinusoidal signal. Fast fourier transform
(FFT) is used to extract Fundamental and harmonics in the
input and output responses of power transformer. Amplitude
of harmonic content can be found by the magnitudes of FFT
results whereas phase angle can be derived by zero-crossing
method in time domain [11].
This paper presents an intuitive method to derive frequency
response of power transformers using triangular signals incor-
porating harmonics of certain degree, which downsizes the cost
of frequency analysers and reduces interruption time during
SFRA. An insight of conventional SFRA and proposed SFRA
using triangular excitations is provided in section II . Section
III discusses the selection criterion that should be considered
choosing a wave shape of triangular excitation. Section IV
presents the lumped parameter network model used for the
simulations whereas simulation and results are presented in
section V. Section VI concludes the paper.

II. S WEEP FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS (SFRA)

A. Conventional SFRA
The main objective of performing SFRA on power trans-
formers is to determine the behavior of its impedance over a
specified frequency range [6]. This Impedance can be repre-
sented by a combination of resistors, inductors and capacitors Fig. 2: The simplified one port network test arrangement of
which are passive in nature. Hence, the frequency dependant SFRA setup
properties of these passive components result the variation of
impedence with respect to the frequency.
The frequency response of power transformers are mea- The transfer function can be decomposed into magnitude
sured by frequency response analyser according to IEEE Std and phase relationship using (2) and (3). Outcome of SFRA is
C57.149 standard or IEC 60076-18 standard [12], [13]. Test depicted using Bode plot which is a combination of magnitude
setup arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 1. and phase response plots in frequency domain. .
  
 Vout (s) 
|G (s) | = 20log10
 (2)
Fig. 1: Test setup of used in SFRA
The test device basically consists of three ports, namely
“Source”, “Reference Channel” and “Measurement Channel”.
The excitation source generates a sinusoidal input signal of
20 Hz -2 MHz connected to the port named ”Source” . The
reference Channel is used to measure the input given by source
to the transformer terminals. Measurement Channel is used to
measure output response of the transformer (across a 50 Ω
standard resistor).
The power transformer connected for SFRA testing can be
simplified into one port network as shown in Fig. 2.
Transfer function G (s) is the ratio of output voltage to
input response shown by (1), which can be represented either
in the time domain or frequency domain.
Vout (s)
G (s) = (1)
Vin (s)
50
=
50 + ZT (s)
where s is Laplace Operator .
Vin (s) 
 
Vout (s)
]G (s) = tan−1 (3)
Vin (s)
B. Proposed SFRA using traingular waveforms
The proposed method also utilizes same measurement
procedures where a signal generated by the variable frequency
triangular waveform generator is employed as the excitation
source. voltages are measured across 50 Ω standard resistors
and converted into digital form using digitizers. Number of
selected data points for each frequency step can be maintained
at a pre-set value by changing the sample time with respect to
the input signal frequency.
It should be noted that a transient voltage occurs at each
step of switching between frequencies. This introduces un-
wanted harmonics to the measured signals. Therefore a settling
time should be specified in the measurement system to record
data for the further processing. Use of data measured after
settling time improves the accuracy of identifying harmonic
content.
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) implemented in a digital
processor with sufficient processing power is used to extricate
selected harmonics. Extracted FFT data are assembled to
produce data points corresponds to sinusoidal time domain
signal of different harmonics. Magnitude and phase angle
can be estimated by peak value and the zero crossing points
respectively [11]. Magnitude and phase angle calculations of
input and output signals are stored with their frequency values
which are used to sketch bode plot at the end of measurements.
III. S ELECTION OF TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM FOR THE
ACCELERATED SFRA
Time reduction of SFRA test while maintaining the accu-
racy of results is the objective of present work. The amplitude
of input signal should be high enough to produce adequate
TABLE I: Simulated triangular waveforms used for the har- IV. S IMULATION MODEL OF POWER TRANSFORMER
monic analysis Lumped parameter modelling approach is used to model
power transformer in this study. This model analogous to
Rising time
Triangular
in terms of
the physical configuration of power transformer which is
excitation convenient in interpreting modelled components practically. A
t/T
T0 0 number of methods to the model lumped parameter network
T0.05 0.05
T0.10 0.10
have been proposed in recent years [14], [15], [16]. Most
T0.15 0.15 of the proposed models have been derived for prototypes
T0.20 0.20 in laboratory conditions using complex synthesis methods.
T0.25 0.25 A modelling method that uses measured SFRA to construct
T0.30 0.30
T0.35 0.35 lumped parameter network of power transformer under op-
T0.40 0.40 erating condition has been proposed by the authors [17].
T0.45 0.45 The model integrates Artificial neural network and Genetic
T0.50 0.50
algorithm to estimate model parameters of power transformer.
Structure of lumped parameter network used is shown in Fig.
4.
output response that is detectable by measuring devices. This
is a very critical factor of selecting suitable input signal, as the
frequency response of power transformer fluctuates over a wide
frequency range. In general, output signal attenuates in the
initial frequency ranges where transformer core characteristics
dominate. This results the output signals of low magnitude
input signals to falling in the region of noise and interferences.
Therefore, the shape of triangular waveform selected as the
excitation source should produce a fair amount of higher order
harmonics with substantial magnitudes.
Fig. 3 shows triangular excitations considered for the
analysis of harmonics. Peak value of signal is set at 1000 V, Fig. 4: Structure of lumped parameter network used to model
as same as sinusoidal excitations used in the standards. Details the power transformer
of the slopes of triangular waveforms are shown in table I.

1000 T0 T0.30 where Ri , Li , Csi ,Cgi , Rcsi and Mij corresponds to

T0.05 T0.35
T0.10 T0.40 Winding resistance of ith section , Winding self-inductance of
ith section, series winding capacitance of ith section, Ground
Voltage (V)

500
T0.15 T0.45
T0.20 T0.50
T0.25 capacitance of ith section, Parallel insulation resistance of ith
0 section and Mutual inductance between of ith and j th sections
respectively.
-500

parameter values of 31.5 MVA, 132/33 kV, YNd1, 3 phase

-1000 power transformer estimated using the method is shown in
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 the table III and matrix M (Mij corresponds to mutual
Time (t/T) inductance between ith and j th windings). Estimated response
and measured response is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 3: Triangular voltage waveforms considered for harmonic
analysis 50
Phase (deg) Magnitude (dB)

Measured SFRA using frequency analyser

Frequency response of Lumped parameter
0 network model
Details including amplitude and phase of harmonic content
available in triangular waveforms are expressed in table II. -50

It can be observed that the magnitude of harmonics reduces

when the rising time and falling time of the waveforms are -100

90
getting closer to each other. In other words, harmonic compo-
45
nents become significant in asymmetric triangular waveforms. 0
However, fundamental component behave oppositely where -45
the largest fundamental amplitude is recorded in the signal -90

of symmetrical waveshape (T0.25 ). 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6

Frequency (HZ)
Considering all these facts, a triangular waveform with
small rising time or large rising time closer to half cycle Fig. 5: Frequency response measured using existing frequency
time should be adopted as the excitation source in order to analyser and frequency response of modelled lumped param-
obtain sufficient harmonic magnitudes as well as significant eter network
fundamentals.
TABLE III: parameter values estimated for Lumped parameter
network
Ri (Ω) Li (H) Csi (F ) Cgi (F ) Rcsi (Ω)
Section 1 37.6295 0.0397 2.29E-09 1.32E-10 1.45E+05
Section 2 95.98029 0.0275 2.32E-10 1.68E-10 1.45E+05 Triangular
Signal
Section 3 19.02851 0.0350 1.42E-10 7.27E-10 6.31E+04
Section 4 68.27348 0.0176 1.07E-09 2.21E-10 8.96E+04 Subsystem-TF

Section 5 2723.457 50.0014 1.37E-09 5.00E-10 1.74E+06

Section 6 61.95872 0.2285 1.84E-09 1.00E-08 1.00E+03

3.97E-02 1.38E-04 3.03E-05 1.25E-06 3.61E-07 4.00E-08

 
1.38E-04 2.75E-02 1.84E-03 1.62E-03 1.80E-04 7.87E-05
3.03E-05 1.84E-03 3.50E-02 2.37E-03 9.61E-04 7.29E-04
 
M =
1.25E-06 1.62E-03 2.37E-03 1.76E-02 1.42E-02 7.59E-03

3.61E-07 1.80E-04 9.61E-04 1.42E-02 5.00E+01 1.13E-02 (a) Test setup modelled using Matlab Simulink
4.00E-08 7.87E-05 7.29E-04 7.59E-03 1.13E-02 2.28E-01

V. PERFORMANCE OF SFRA USING TRIANGULAR

WAVEFORM

Fig. 6 shows the test arrangement including power trans-

former lumped parameter model, implemented in Matlab
Simulink. Results of simulations are transferred to Matlab
where harmonic analysis using FFT is performed.

A. Error using fundamental and harmonics and usability of
harmonics to the SFRA test acceleration
As discussed under III, T0.05 waveform is selected as
both fundamental component as well as harmonic components,
possess high magnitudes. In fact, harmonics upto 3rd have
magnitudes greater than 200V.
Initially, 500 logarithmically spaced data points are se-
lected. Triangular exitation of these frequencies are given
to the transformer model. At each occasion, harmonics are
determined using FFT. Amplitide and phase angle variation
upto 7th harmonic are shown in Fig. 7.
It is evident that error of FFT is almost zero at all
frequencies. Minor variations can be observed at the resonance
points of bode plots. This is caused by insufficient data points
in the considered region to plot SFRA accurately. Number of
data points within measuring bandwidth(20 Hz -2 MHz) can
be increased to avoid this phenomenon. Increasing data points
two times nearly doubles the SFRA measuring time which is
undesirable.
However, a limitation for the use of higher order harmonics
in triangular waveforms arises due to accuracy and tolerances
(b) Subsystem TF- Lumped parameter network model
Fig. 6: Test setup modelled in Matlab Simulink including the
lumped parameter network
of measuring devices. It inevitable that measuring devices of
high ranges such as ones used in SFRA have tolerances that
results in measuring errors at small measurements. Addition-
ally, higher the harmonics to be extracted, higher the sampling
time is required. However, use of high order harmonics unnec-
essarily demands digital processors and digitizers (digital to
analog converters(DAC)) with high processing power. There-
fore, despite the fact that the error of FFT is very small, very
high order harmonics cannot be incorporated in the proposed
method to reduce SFRA time. Thus harmonics upto 3rd order
are considered in the time reduction process.
B. Accelerating SFRA using harmonics of SFRA
Total time duration to obtain frequency response of 500
data points is calculated by (4) without parallel processing of

TABLE II: Amplitude and phase details of triangular waveforms of different slopes

Fundamental 2nd Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 4th Harmonic 5th Harmonic 6th Harmonic 7th Harmonic
Excitation
Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase
Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg)
T0 636.6 0 318.3 0 212.2 0 159.2 0 127.3 0 106.1 0 90.9 0
T0.05 695.8 0 330.85 0 202.37 0 133.79 0 90.06 0 59.42 0 37.11 0
T0.10 744.45 0 301.09 0 133.78 0 46.46 0 0 180 20.73 180 24.62 180
T0.15 780.67 0 229.38 0 33.07 0 35.5 180 38.62 180 15.76 180 6.09 0
T0.20 803 0 124.01 0 55.2 180 50.21 180 0 - 22.3 0 10.11 0
T0.25 810.55 0 0 - 90.09 180 0 - 32.41 0 0 - 16.55 180
T0.30 803 0 124.01 180 55.2 180 50.21 0 0 - 22.3 180 10.11 0
T0.35 780.67 0 229.38 180 33.07 0 35.5 0 38.62 180 15.76 0 6.09 0
T0.40 744.45 0 301.09 180 133.78 0 46.46 180 0 0 20.73 0 24.62 180
T0.45 695.8 0 330.85 180 202.37 0 133.79 180 90.06 0 59.42 180 37.11 0
T0.50 636.6 0 318.3 180 212.2 0 159.2 180 127.3 0 106.1 180 90.9 0
 Fundamental 3rdHarmonic 5th Harmonic 7th Harmonic
2ndHarmonic 4thHarmonic 6th Harmonic
Fig. 7: Comparison of frequency response obtained using
different harmonics with Fundamental
measured data. Number of cycles (n) is set as 40 where last
20 cycles are used to store measured data allowing to settle
output responses.
Total S   in Fig. 8b. It is evident that same accuracy can be maintained in
X 1
measurement = × n + S × Hn × t
time i=1
Fi
where F is array of selected frequencies, S is number of
elements in F , Hn is highest order harmonic selected and t is
processing time of single calculation.
Processing time is constant for all frequencies deter-
mined by the processing power available. Simulation recorded
0.016513 seconds of average processing time for all events.
Total time required for SFRA (with default 500 points) using
sinusoidal excitation is calculated as 81.4479 seconds by (4).
Following two cases are considered in the study.
• Case 1: Use of fundamental and 2nd harmonic of
triangular signal to derive frequency response
• Case 2: Use of fundamental, 2nd and 3rd harmonics
of triangular signal to derive frequency response
The method of selecting frequencies is shown as follows
using (5).
Distance between
= log10 (Fk ) − log10 (H × Fi )
frequencies
where H is the harmonic under consideration.
If the frequency gap between k th frequency of F (i.e
Fk ) and H th harmonic of ith frequency (i.e Fi ) is less
than 1/50, then Fk is eliminated from considered frequency
array. Frequencies in logarithmic values are considered here
to maintain the uniformity of data points in bode plots.
Use of 2nd harmonic with the fundamental (case 1) re-
duces the number of data points to 259 whereas using up to
3rd harmonic (case 2), number of data points is reduced to
232. Corresponding test time reduces to 57.186034 seconds
and 58.575548 seconds respectively. Total time reduction for
both cases are 24.261866 seconds and 22.872352 seconds
(equivalent to 29.78 percent and 28.08 percent). It should be
noted
PSthat 1total time duration for the excitations (calculated
by i=1 Fi × n) are 73.1914, 48.6323 and 47.0825 for
sinusoidal excitation, case 1 and case 2 respectively. Even
though excitation time of case 1 is larger than case 2, total
measurement time becomes larger in case 2 due to processing
time of data points.
Note that, total measurement time durations are calculated
based on a system where parallel data processing is not
being used. Performing calculations corresponds to preceding
measurements in parallel with the excitation, reduces the
total measurement time (approximately to sum of excitation
times) eliminating separate processing time of measurements
from (4). Thus resultant total measurement time with parallel
processing for two cases can be approximated as 48.6323 and
47.0825. This reduces time for the tests by 24.5591 seconds
and 26.1089 seconds respectively (equivalent to 33.55 percent
and 35.67 percent). Major contribution for the time reduction
comes from unused low frequencies as large cycle time in low
frequencies sums up to a comparatively large excitation time.
Fig. 8a illustrates frequency response derived for the case 1
whereas frequency response derived for the case 2 is illustrated
bode plots for both cases as selected data points are uniformly
(4)
distributed in frequency axis.
VI. C ONCLUSION
This paper has investigated applicability of triangular ex-
citations to perform SFRA of power transformers to reduce
SFRA test duration. The study reveals that triangular wave-
forms with asymmetrical waveshapes are suitable for excitation
as they contain high harmonic contents compared to the
symmetrical triangular waveshape. A selected asymetircal tri-
angular waveform is used with the modelled lumped parameter
network to analyse results. FFT is used to extract harmonic
contents of waveforms along with zero crossing method to
find phase angle of signals. Use of second harmonic along
with fundamental can reduce total SFRA test duration to
24.26 percent in simulation whereas figures are 21.19 percents
using harmonics up to third. With parallel processing, SFRA
tests can be speeded-up to 33.55 percent and 35.67 percent
respectively. Results show that even if the excitation time can
be reduced by incorporating more harmonics, the total time
reduction of entire SFRA test is limited by the processor speed
(5) with non-parallel processing.
Generally, different frequency measurements are taken for
a transformer such as open circuit, short circuit, capacitive
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