Mechanism and Machine Theory Vol. 20, No, 4, pp. 351-360. 1985 11094-114X/85 $3.00 + .

00
Printed in the U.S.A, Pergamon Press Lid.

COMPUTER MODELING OF RACK-GENERATED SPUR

GEARS
BAI H E F E N G
Wuhan Institute of Building Materials, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
M I C H A E L S A V A G E and R A Y M O N D J A M E S K N O R R
The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.

Abstract--A general method is presented for describing external involute spur gears produced from
the basic rack form. The resulting description is a computer graphic drawing of the cut tooth as an
individual tooth, several teeth in a segment or a complete gear. It is established that the surface normal
vector at the cutting point must pass through the instant center. Equations describing the tooth root,
fillet, involute and top land are derived based on this fact. The points of demarcation between these
tooth sections are also found. The tooth description is based on the tooth addendum and dedendum,
the number of teeth on the gear, the rack pressure angle, the diametral pitch and the rack tip radius.
The effect of tool shift on the cut tooth is included. The importance of the rack form addendum on
involute interference is also presented.

INTRODUCTION In this paper a Fortran IV subroutine is de-

scribed which produces a graphic display of a single
Fairly complete descriptions of standard and non-
gear tooth or several gear teeth, in a segment or an
standard involute teeth are available in kinematics
entire gear based on the cutting parameters of the
texts, such as Mabie and Ocvirk[I], in machine de-
rack form used in generating external spur gears. It
sign texts, such as Spotts[2], and in gearing hand-
is established that the common normal to the sur-
books, suchas Dudley[3]. These descriptions are
face of the rack form and the gear tooth at the cut-
complete in the aspects of involute action, contact
ting point must pass through the fixed mesh pitch
ratio, standard proportions and the effects of shift-
point. The equations used to describe the tooth
hag the cutting tool towards or away from the gear
root, fillet, involute and top land are derived from
center. Due to space limitations they concentrate
this fact, as are the locations of the points of de-
on the 20° full-depth system and only consider the
marcation between these different sections of the
standard AGMA tool tip radius of 0.3/Pa in rating
gear tooth. The description of the tooth is based on
the bending strength of the gear teeth. In addition,
the rack form diametral pitch, pressure angle and
the presence or absence of involute undercutting is
tip radius as well as the produced tooth's adden-
based primarily on the meshing geometry with the
dum, dedendum and the number of teeth on the cut
mating gear rather than on the cutter parameters
gear, The effects of too] shift are also included. All
necessary to produce the gears.
the above parameters are inputs to the subroutine.
More complete analyses are available for the ef-
If the tooth cannot be manufactured with the given
fect of the tool geometry on the cut gear in the clas-
specifications, appropriate warnings are returned to
sical works of Buckingham[4] and Merritt[5]. These
works identify significant manufacturing problems the user by the subroutine, indicating why the tooth
cannot be drawn. These plots should be useful to
and describe them in detail. The methods are graph-
the designer in investigating variations on the stan-
ical with analytical verification. More recently,
Mitchner and Mabie[6, 7J have applied analytical dard tooth form and the effects of changing tool
parameters on the produced tooth form.
and computer techniques to describe the effects of
rack form parameters on the bending strength and
possible involute interference of spur gear teeth.
Computer design programs have been reported by TREORY
Cooley[8] and Hughston[9]. which include com- The relative motion of the rack form with respect
puter graphic displays of the designed teeth. to the gear blank in the plane of the spur gear is
Cooley[8] obtained the tooth profile for an inter- defined by the centrode motion of the pitch line of
actively generated rack form by numerically finding the rack and the pitch circle of the gear[l]. This
the envelope of successive rack positions. Hughs- relative motion is produced by rolling the pitch line
toni9] shows drawings of teeth which are crudely of the basic rack form on the pitch circle of the gear.
drawn with rounded tips and mismatched flanks, The cut tooth is the envelope of the successive po-
but he does not describe the methods used to gen- sitions of the rack form as this motion is produced.
erate the tooth form. From the theory of envelopes in differential ge-

351
352
ometry[10], both the rack form and the resulting
gear form are tangent to each other at the cutting
points which generate the gear shape from the rack
shape. The cutting points are those coincident
points on the rack form and gear blank for which
the relative velocity of the coincident points is tan-
gent to the rack surface. This relative velocity is
also tangent to the tooth surface at the same point.
This can be expressed as a dot product relationship
between the unit surface normal of the rack form
and the coincident point relative velocity:
n . V u = 0,
where n is the unit normal vector of the rack surface
at a given point, and Vu is the relative velocity be-
tween that point on the rack and the coincident
point on the gear blank.
Equation (1) is used with three separate coor-
dinate systems to obtain the equations of the gear
tooth and fillet relative to the gear blank from the
equation of the rack form relative to itself. One of
these coordinate frames is fixed in space. The fixed
frame (Xo:, Yo:) is fixed in space at the gear blank
center, Oz.
As shown in Fig. 1, Xo= is directed'from 02 to
the instant center or pitch point, O, in the radial
gear blank direction, and Yo~.is directed in the tan-
gential direction parallel to the rack centrode.
The moving coordinate attached to the rack form
(X~, Y1) is attached to the rack at the intersection
of the rack face with the rack centrode or pitch line.
O1. This is the point on the rack which is initially
-- Re z
x\
yo,
Fig. 1. Gear cutting coordinate frames.
B. HEFENG et al.
coincident with O. The directions of X and Y are
parallel to those of X02 and Y02. The third coor-
dinate frame (,1"2, Y2) is attached to the gear blank
at 02 and rotates with the gear blank. In the initial
position this coordinate frame is coincident with
(Xm, Y02). Due to the rolling motion of the cen-
trodes, as (,1"2, }'2) rotates through the angle 0=, (X~,
}'1) translates through the distance R02 as shown in
Fig. 1. Here, R is the pitch radius of the gear.
Since the coordinate frame (.t"2, }2) on the gear
blank has a radial direction X2 which crosses the
involute surface at the pitch circle, a fourth coor-
(1) dinate frame will be utilized for the final tooth and
fdlet description. This coordinate frame (X3, Y3),
which is not shown in Fig. 1, has its radial direction,
,t"3, aligned through the tooth centerline.
The unit common normal vector, n, has the same
description in the fixed coordinate frame as it does
in the rack coordinate frame (Xj, Y]) in which it is
initially defined, because it is a free vector.
Since the relative velocity vector for two coin-
cident points is normal to the line from the instant
center of the two bodies, O. to the coincident point.
P, eqn (1) is satisified by those points on the rack
surface for which the surface normal passes through
the mesh pitch point, O. This basic condition is used
to develop the gear tooth form.
The vector location of the cutting surface nor-
mal, n, is now used to determine the location of the
cutting points, P and Q, on the rack form as a func-
tion of the gear blank rotation, 02. The locations of
these cutting points in the gear blank coordinate
frame are then found by a coordinate transforma-
----->
Ax02
x_i -
 Rack-generated spur gears 353

tion. The locus of these cutting points define the
gear tooth and fillet shape.
INVOLUTE GENERATION
The section of the rack form which generates the
involute portion of the tooth is the straight side [5].
As shown in Fig. 2, this cutting point will lie on the
line of action of the involute mesh between the rack
form and the gear. As seen in Fig. 2, the involute is
cut for both positive and negative rotations of the
gear blank from the initial position. The normal to
the rack surface, n, is directed along this line of
action and can be expressed as
n = - s i n 611 + cos 6.1, (2)
in the rack coordinate frame, where ¢b is the pitch
circle pressure angle of the tooth. The location of
the cutting point, P, on the rack surface, as shown

4,"
xt & Ax't

Y2
Fig. 2. Involute generation.

xlLR 8z

~tYl Oi

\.'~ I x02
X|

Yz
Fig. 3. Geometry of involute generation.
354
in Fig. 3, can be written as
rl = - u cos &il - u sin dPjl,
where u is the distance along the rack surface from
the pitch point, O~, to P. It is positive in the di-
rection shown in Fig. 3. Since O is the instant center
for the relative cutting action of the rack with re-
spect to the gear, the value of u which causes n to
pass through the pitch point, O, locates the cutting
point, P. Thus
u = R02 sin 6,
and the location of P in the fixed coordinate frame
at the gear blank center is given by
r2 = {R - R02 cos d~ sin d~}io2
+ {R0., - R02 sin" (b}jo.,.
By rotating the r., vector from the fixed coordinate
frame to the rotating frame attached to the gear
blank, one obtains the expression for the involute
on the gear blank as a function of the gear blank
rotation from the pitch point mesh:
{;;}= rco~ 0~ sin 021
or
r: = {R cos 0: + R0: sin 02
- R02 sin (b cos(02 - O)}iz + { - R sin 02
+ R0,_ cos 02 + R0., sin d) sin(0, - (b)}j2.
Equation (7) describes the involute profile for both
positive and negative rotations of the gear blank
from the pitch point mesh position. The top face of
the tooth is generated for negative values of 02, and
the involute portion of the tooth flank is generated
for positive values of 0,.
RACK FORM TIP GEOMETRY
The generation of the gear tooth fillet is pro-
duced by the rack form tip. This tip can take on a
,c - W _ . J _ _ _ _ A ~ ~
(a)
Fig. 4. Rack tip forms.
B. HEFENG et al.
sequence of different shapes for the same gear de-
dendum, as shown in Fig. 4. The maximum deden-
(3) dum that can be produced would be made by a
pointed rack form tooth and would have the value
d = pc/(4 tan 6) = ~r/(4Pd tan d~), (8)
where Pc is the circular pitch in inches and Pd is the
diametral pitch in i n c h - ~ of the teeth. For a pres-
sure angle of 20 °, the maximum dedendum possible
is 2.158/Pd. F o r dedenda less than this, one has a
choice of three rack form tip shapes. The basic
(4) shape is shown in Fig. 4(b) with two rounded cor-
ners and a small bottom land. The two limits of this
shape are shown in Fig. 4(a) with a full radius tip,
which has the maximum possible tip radius for the
given dedendum, and in Fig. 4(c) with the maximum
tip bottom land. F o r this family of rack form tips
the cutter tip radius, rack form addendum and gear
(5) dedendum are related as shown in Fig. 5. Note that
the rack form addendum is not normally the same
as the gear addendum. It should be equal to or
greater than the gear addendum to produce a truly
interchangeable gear with a full active involute.
This cutter addendum is
ac = d - rc(l - sin (b).
F o r standard A G M A 20 ~ full-depth teeth, d
(9)
= 1.25/
Pd, rc = 0.3/Pd and ac = 1.053/Pdma value slightly
higher than the gear addendum of 1.0/Pd.
A further limit on the cutter tip geometry is given
by the bottom land, 5. This distance cannot be neg-
(7) ative. It is given by
= p,./2 - 2a, tan d) - 2r, cos 6. (10)
The maximum value that r, can have is found by
combining eqns (9) and (10) with a zero length bot-
tom land. ~5:
p,./4 - d tan (b
(re)max = (1 ])
(sin(b - 1) t a n 6 + cos6
For a dedendum of 1.25/Pa and a pressure angle of
20 °, this maximum radius is r, = 0.472/Pd. Unfor-
tunately, this tip radius will produce a cutter ad-
.'L_.Y
(b) (c)
 Rack-generated spur gears
PITCH
LINE
° i
rc
Fig. 5. Rack tip cutting geometry.
dendum of 0.939/Pa for the standard dedendum of
1.25/Pd. Since this addendum is less than the stan-
dard 1.O/Pa. gears cut with a full tip radius cutter
cannot mesh with a standard rack.
FILLET GENERATION
Since the cutter tip forms of Figs. 4(a) and 4(c)
are limits of the cutter tip with both a bottom land
and a tip radius, generation of gear tooth fillets by
these two cutters is not treated separately from the
generation of a gear tooth fillet by the rack form tip
of Fig. 4(b).
For a cutter of this form the tip has two distinct
surface normals: one for the bottom land. and one
for the tip radius.
For the bottom land the surface normal is
n = -i)
and is only normal to the coincident point relative
velocity between the rack form and the gear blank
on the line of centers between points O and O:.
Thus, an arc of radius
r:=R-d
is cut at the center of the tooth root by the rack tip
land, as shown in Fig. 5. For plotting purposes the
tooth is constructed from the center of its right side
root to the center of its left side root. Thus, the gear
blank rotation angle, 02, has the limits
pfl4 - hi2 < 02 < p--~
R 4R '
355
Pc/2---~,
)1
.-.-/
F2
and the tooth root base has the values
r_, = (R - d) cos0.,i_~ - (R - d) sin0,,j.~ (15)
for the start of the right side root.
The second tip surface normal is for the section
of tip produced by the radius, r,. This normal passes
through the arc center, C, as shown in Fig. 6. As
the gear blank rotation angle. 0,,, decreases past
R-I(Pc/4 - ~/2), the angle that this normal vector
makes with the Y, direction. 13, decreases from
~/2 to the pitch line pressure angle. ,b. For no cut-
ting interference the fillet cutting point, Q, will meet
the involute cutting point, P, when 13 equals ~ and
the gear blank rotation angle becomes
02 = a J ( R cos ,b sin ,b). (16)
(12) If there is involute interference, the trochoid
traced out by Q will cross the involute of P before
the surface normal direction, angle 13, drops to the
value of the pitch line pressure angle, 4. The de-
termination of the fillet trochoid for values of 0:
between pc/4R and that given by eqn (16) will com-
plete the information required to describe the tooth
(13) fillet. For this trochoid the surface normal is
n = - s i n 13il + cos 13jj. (17)
As shown in Fig. 6, the angle 13, which causes n to
pa_._~ssthrough the pitch point, is defined by line
OC. The equation for the slope of this line is
(14) tan 13 = ac - rc s i n ~ (18)
R02 - ac tan ~ - r, cos ¢b
356 B. HEFENG el al,

.,,---------- R#2

PITCH LliE

i
j t~

oc
,0I
t tO

x2

02

02
Y~

Fig. 6. Tip radius cutting.

as a direct function of the gear blank rotation angle
0:. The position vector from O_, to the cutting point.
Q, expressed in the fixed coordinate frame at the
gear blank center is given by
r: = {R - a~ + rc sin 6 - r, sin 13}1o2 + {R0:
- ac tan 6 - r, cos 6 + r, cos 13}jo:.
(19)
Rotating this description of the fillet cutting point
to the (X:, 1'~) coordinate frame yields the following
expression for the trochoid on the gear blank
r., = {R cos 02 + R02 sin 0_-
cos(0: - 6)
at rc sin(0: - 6)
cos 6
+ rc sin(0: - 13)}i: + { - R sin 0: (20)
sin(0z - 6)
+ R02 cos 02 + a t
cos 6
- rt cos(0; - 6) + rc cos(0z - 13)}j2.
Even in the case of Fig. 4(c) with a zero value point of demarcation the radius vector of eqn (7)
for re, eqn (20) describes the trochoid portion of the equals the radius vector of eqn (20). The values of
tooth flank which blends the bottom land arc into 0: in the two equations differ, however. In eqn (7).
the bottom of the tooth's involute profile.
GEAR TOOTH UNDERCUTTING
The presence of undercutting on the gear tooth
can be determined by comparing the rack form ad-
dendum to the location of the tangent point, B, be-
tween the gear's base circle and the line of action,
BO, of the cutting mesh. If the perpendicular dis.
tance from the rack's pitch line to point B is greater
than the addendum on the rack form, then no in-
volute interference will occur. This condition is
shown in Fig. 7. This inequality can be expressed
as
a, <~ R sin-" 6 (21)
for no involute interference. If this relation is sat-
isfied, the full filet is cut with 13 sweeping from ~r/2
to 6 and the fillet and involute curves tangent at
the position where 13 equals ~b.
If relation (21) is not satisfied, involute interfer-
ence exists and the trochoid will cross the involute
above the base circle with 13 greater than 6 at the
point of intersection. The determination of this
point of demarcation between the fillet and the in-
volute is best found by a double iteration, At this
0: defines the location of the rack form when the
 Rack-generated spur gears 357

l
a¢

Fig. 7. Involute interference limit.

involute is cut at the point of demarcation. In eqn
(20), 0_, defines the location of the rack form wh,en
the trochoid is cut at the point of demarcation.
TOOTH ARRAY TRANSFORMATIONS
At this point three separate arrays have been
generated to describe the right root bottom, eqn
(15): the right fillet, eqn (20): and the right side in-
volute portion of the tooth, eqn (7/. The exact
points of demarcation between the three curves are
also known. The description of this right side of the
tooth is in a coordinate frame on the gear blank with
its origin at the gear center and its X-axis projected
through the pitch point on the right side involute
surface. This axis makes an angle a with the tooth

TOP LAND li A

POINT

i Ro

Y2

Y~

Fig. 8. Gear tooth form.

358 B. HEFENGet al.

centerline. The angle a, as shown in Fig. 8, is re-
lated to the tooth thickness at the pitch circle by
Pc _ ~ = rays completely defines the profile of a single rack
a = 4R 4RPd 2"-N"
The description of the three tooth sections can now
be rotated through the angle a to produce the de-
scription of the section in the fourth coordinate
f r a m e - - r e l a t i v e to the tooth centerline:
The left side of the tooth can now be generated
by reversing the right array and changing the signs
of the Y array elements. The sum of these two ar-
(22) form generated involute tooth.
To draw more than one tooth, one can sequen-
tially rotate this array through an angle equal to the
circular pitch in radians:
= pc/R = 2rr/N. (28)

{X:} = [cosa sinc~ I (23)

The top of the involute is at point A, the inter-
section of the involute with the addendum circle.
This point has a pressure angle, d~, found from the
gear addendum radius, R~, to be
Sufficient duplication of this rotation and drawing
procedure then produces a drawing of a full gear.
Figure 9 shows one such drawing of a standard 20 °
pressure angle gear with 18 teeth which has been
cut by a rack form with a zero tip radius. Note that
this gear is undercut because the addendum on the
rack is a full 1.25/Pd since there is no tip radius.

cos +, = (R cos d~)/R,,. (24)

NONSTANDARD GEARS

Using the involute function to determine the central In addition to changes in the rack form to pro-
angle between the X.~ axis and a radial line through duce nonstandard addendum and dedendum gears,
point A, one has such as stub tooth gears, changes in pitch line pres-
sure angles and changes in the rack form tip radius,
= inv(+.) - inv(6). (25) one can also use a standard rack form cutter to pro-
duce nonstandard gears. This is done by pulling the
where rack form out of mesh radially with the gear blank
by a tool shift, e. This shift decreases the gear de-
inv(+) = tan 6 - ~. (26) dendum and increases both the gear addendum and
gear tooth width at the rack form pressure angle.
The location of point A can now be written as If the tool shift were reversed, the reverse effects
would be produced. This combination of a positive
ro = R~ cos(a - "y)i3 - R,, sinlc~ - ~')j3. (27) tool shift for the pinion generation and a negative

With this point of demarcation established between o 0

the involute and the top land of the tooth, points -"V"~/--~
on the top land can be generated by replacing the
angle a - -~ with an angle which drops in value
from c~ - ~, to zero in eqn (27).
a

e • ÷O.3/P
t~
~, o.o/p~ ,,-o.s/%

Fig. 9. 18-tooth gear with 20c pressure angle, cut with a

+ ÷ +
zero tip radius cutter. Fig. 10. Nonstandard involute teeth.
 Rack-generated spur gears
tool shift for the gear generation is used to produce
long and short addendum gearing. Figure 10 shows
a standard tooth on a 30-tooth gear cut with a pres-
sure angle of 20 ° and a rack form tip radius of 0.3/
Pd. It also shows a pinion tooth produced by a pos-
itive tool shift of 0.3/Pa to its left and a gear tooth
produced by a tool shift of - 0.3/Pa to its right. Both
nonstandard teeth have the same 20* pressure angle
and 2.25/Pd whole depth as the standard tooth.
To draw these teeth one needs to alter the gear
addendum and dedendum by the tool shift, e:
a = a + e, d = d- e.
The cutter addendum wiU be properly adjusted by
eqn (9) in response to these changes. The tooth
width change is modeled by changing the angle a
from that of eqn (22) to
p~ e tan 6 7r 2ePe tan 6
a = ~ + ~ - 2N + N (30)
With these three changes the same program can be
used to draw nonstandard gears as well as standard
gears.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
In this paper a method for computer generation
of involute spur gears has been developed. This
method is for gears which are manufactured with
rack form shapers. A necessary and sufficient con-
dition to describe the cutting point is identified. The
surface normal to the rack at the cutting point must
pass through the fixed mesh pitch point. Equations
for the four separate sections of the tooth f o r m - -
root, fillet trochoid, involute and top l a n d m a r e de-
veloped for a family of rack form geometries from
this condition. The points of demarcation between
these sections are also determined. The effect of
tool shift on the tooth shape is also included. The
program has the ability to d r a ~ individual teeth, as
shown in Fig. 11 for an 18-tooth gear with three
separate hob tip radii. It can also dra~' an entire
gear, as shown in Fig. 9. By positioning the centers
d
r =0.417/P
c a
+ + + P,t diametral pitch tin- ~)
Fig. ! 1. Individual teeth for a 20° pressure angle- 18-tooth
standard gear.
359
20 TEETH
(29)
Fig. 12.3:1 gear ratio with a 20-tooth pinion.
of two gears correctly and establishing the correct
relative rotations of the two gears, a pair of gears
in mesh can also be drawn, using this subroutine
twice, as shown in Fig. 12. This figure shows a 20-
tooth pinion in mesh with a 60-tooth gear. These
plots should be extremely helpful to the gear design
engineer by increasing his visualization of the ef-
fects of the rack form parameters on the gear shape
and the effects of his chosen gear design parameters
on the produced gear before it is manufactured. The
program is written as a 1966 A N S I Standard Fortran
IV subroutine with Calcomp plotting calls and is
available in listing form on request from the second
author at no charge.
NOMENCLATURE
a gear addendum (in)
ac cutter addendum (in)
A point of intersection of involute and top land
B point of tangency of line of action with gear base
circle
C center of cu~'ature of cutter tip radius
d gear dedendum (in)
e tool shift (in)
i unit vector in x direction
j unit vector in .v direction
n unit normal vector to rack form surface
N number of teeth on gear
0 pitch point for generation mesh fixed in space
O~ pitch point on rack form surface
0., center of gear blank
p~ circular pitch tin)
P involute cutting point
Q fillet cutting point
r~ position vector from rack pitch point. 0~. to cutting
point. P tin)
360 B. HEFENG et al.

r: position vector from gear center, O:, to cutting ~/ rotation angle of one tooth--the circular pitch in ra-
point, P or Q (in) dians
ro radial vector on gear blank from O2 to outside radius
(in) REFERENCES
rc cutter tip radius (in)
R pitch radius of gear (in) 1. H. H. Mabie and F. W. Ocvirk, Mechanisms and Dy.
Ra addendum radius of gear (in) namics of Machinery, 3rd ed. John Wiley, New York
Rb base radius of gear (in) (1975).
u distance on rack from O~ to cutting point, P fin) 2. M. F. Spotts, Design of Machine Elements, 5th Ed.
VU relative velocity vector between rack surface point Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (1978).
and coincident point on gear blank (in/sec) 3. P. M. Dean. Jr., Gear tooth proportions. In Gear
Xo2 fDted gear center radial coordinate (in) Handbook (Edited by D. Dudley), Chap. 5. McGraw-
X~ moving rack radial coordinate (in) Hill, New York (1962).
X: rotating gear blank radial coordinate (in) 4. E. Buckingham, Analytical Mechanics of Gears.
X3 rotating tooth centerline radial coordinate (in) Dover, New York (1963).
Yo2 fixed gear center tangential coordinate (in) 5. H. E. Merritt. Gear Engineering. Pitman, London
Y~ moving rack tangential coordinate (in) (1971).
Y: rotating gear blank tangential coordinate (in) 6. R. G. Mitchner and H. H. Mabie, ASME J. Mech.
Y3 rotating tooth centerline tangential coordinate (in) Design 104, 148 (1982).
ct angle between tooth centerline, X3-axis, and the X:- 7. R. G. Mitchner, H. H. Mabie and H. Moosani-Rod,
axis on the gear blank (radians) ASME J. Mech., Trans. & Automation in Design 105,
t3 angle between Y~ direction and direction of normal 122-128 (1983).
vector to tool tip radius surface (radians) 8. P. Cooley, Computer Aided Design 11,353 (1979).
~, gear blank central angle between radial lines through 9. D. Hughson, GODA5 (Gear Optimization and Design
involute pitch point on gear and addendum point A Analayses 5). SAE Technical Paper 801026, Interna-
(radians) tional Off-Highway Meeting and Exposition.
length of cutter tip bottom land iin) MECCA, Milwaukee, Sept. (1980).
0: rotation angle of gear blank (radians) 10. L. P. Eisenhart. A Treatise on the Differential Ge-
d~ pressure angle at the pitch circle (radians) ometo' o.f Curves and Surfaces. Dover, New York
~a pressure angle at the addendum circle (radians) (1960).

ENTWERFEN VON MITTELS ZAHNSTANGE HERZUSTELLENDEN GERADVERZAHNTEN

STIRNRADERN MIT DEM COMPUTER

Kurzfassung--Vorgestellt wird ein allgemeines Verfahren zur Darstellung von geradverzahnten Stirnr~idern
mit Evolventen-AuBenverzahnung, die mit der Grundform der Zahnstange als Bezugsprofil erzeugt werden.
Die resultierende Beschreibung ist eine yore Computer ausgegebene graphische Darstellung des spanend bear-
beiteten Zahnes entweder als einzelner Zahn, ats mehrere Zahne in einem Segment oder als genzes Zahnrad.
Es ist bekannt, dab die Flachennormale im Zerspanungspunkt durch den Momentanpol verlaufen muB. Bas-
ierend auf dieser Tatsache werden Gleichungen abgeleitet, die Zahngrund, -fuB, -Evolvente und -Obeneil
beschreiben. Die LJbergangspunkte zwischen diesen Zahnabschnitten werden auch ermittelt. Die Zahnbes-
chreibung basien auf Zahnkopf- und ZahnfuBh6he, Z~ihnezahl. Teilkreisdurchmesser, Eingriffswinkel und Ra-
dius des Grundes der Zahnstange. Der EinfluB der Werkzeugverschiebung auf den gefenigten Zahn wird
berficksichtigt. Die Bedeutung der Zahnstangenkopfhohe for die Eingriffsverh~lmisse wird ebenfalls dargestellt.