JUVENI

LEDELI
NQUENCY:THEPRI
MARYCAUSESONWHYCHI
LDRENARE

BECOMI
NGCRI
MINALLYLI
ABLE

CHAPTER1

THEPROBLEM ANDI
TSSCOPE

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Rat
ional
e

Chi
l
drenhav
ebeenengagi
ngi
ncr
imi
nalact
ivi
ti
esandi
snow r
ampanti
nthe

Phi
l
ippi
nes.Thi
shasbecomeaser
iouspr
obl
em andl
awmaker
sar
ehopi
ngt
omake

chi
l
drenasy
oungasni
necr
imi
nal
l
yli
abl
e.Chi
l
dren,
someasy
oungasf
ivey
ear
sol
d,

ar
ecommi
tt
ingsomeoft
hemostbr
azencr
imesi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes,f
rom r
unni
ng

dr
ugdenst
osexual
assaul
t.Andmanyar
eget
ti
ngof
fscot
-f
ree.

Of
fender
sagedbel
ow15ar
espar
edt
ri
alandj
aili
nthi
scount
ry.Andsomesay

t
hisl
eni
encyoft
hel
aw i
smaki
ngsomemi
nor
sbol
dert
hanev
er.Becauseoft
he

j
uveni
l
ecr
imepr
obl
em,t
hegov
ernmenthasanew t
argetf
ori
tswaroncr
ime:To

det
ain of
fender
sasy
oung asni
neand maket
hem cr
imi
nal
l
yli
abl
ewhi
ch has

spar
ked a debat
e aboutwhet
hert
hati
sthe sol
uti
on.The numberofj
uveni
l
e

del
i
nquent
sint
hePhi
l
ippi
nesi
ncr
easedf
rom 10,
388i
n2017t
o11,
228l
asty
ear
,wi
th

phy
sicali
njur
ythemostcommi
tt
edcr
imebymi
nor
s,t
hePhi
l
ippi
neNat
ionalPol
i
ce–

WomenandChi
l
drenPr
otect
ionCent
rer
epor
tedi
nJanuar
y.I
nthepast
,chi
l
dren

woul
d hav
e been j
ail
ed al
ongsi
de adul
ts,exposed t
o gr
avercr
imes and mor
e

way
war
dbehav
ior
.Butt
hepubl
i
cpet
it
ionedf
orl
egi
slat
iver
efor
msaf
tert
he2005

awar
d-wi
nni
ngdocument
ary
,Bunso(
TheYoungest
),hi
ghl
i
ght
edt
hepl
i
ghtofy
out
h

of
fender
sinanov
ercr
owdedpr
isoni
nCebu.TheUni
tedNat
ionsChi
l
dren’
sFundand

t
heConsuel
oFoundat
ion— whi
chhel
pst
hosei
nneed,par
ti
cul
arl
ychi
l
dren,women
andf
ami
l
iesi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes— subsequent
lypushedf
oranew l
aw ai
medat

sol
vi
ngt
hey
out
hcr
imepr
obl
em.Buti
nst
eadofr
ecei
vi
ngi
nter
vent
ionast
hel
aw

di
ctat
es,manyy
oungof
fender
sar
econt
inui
ngt
hei
rcr
imespr
ee(
NgandLachi
ca,

2019)
.

Chi
l
drenar
enowev
enscar
iert
hanadul
tsbecauseaut
hor
it
iescannoti
mpr
ison

t
hem becausecompl
ainant
scannotf
il
echar
gesagai
nst15y
ear
sol
dbel
ow.Some

commoncr
imescommi
tt
edbychi
l
drenandt
eensar
erobber
yandgangr
iot
sor

wor
set
hatki
l
ledandi
nvol
vedi
nnocentpasser
by.

Theor
eti
cal
Backgr
ound

Thi
sst
udyi
sanchor
ed i
nthef
oll
owi
ng t
heor
ies,namel
y:posi
ti
vi
stt
heor
y,

f
ounded by Cesar
e Lambr
oso,and di
ff
erent
ialassoci
ati
on t
heor
y of Edwi
n

Sut
her
land.

Theposi
ti
vi
stper
spect
ivei
ncr
imi
nol
ogyl
ookst
oint
ernalorext
ernali
nfl
uences

oni
ndi
vi
dual
sast
hepr
imar
ycauseofcr
imi
nalbehav
ior
.Mostat
tempt
stoexpl
ain

cr
imeov
ert
hel
astcent
uryhav
eexami
nedsoci
alf
act
orsascauses.Theassumpt
ion

oft
heseef
for
tsi
sthatchangi
ngunder
lyi
ngsoci
alcondi
ti
onswi
l
lreduceorpr
event

cr
imi
nalbehav
ior(
Aker
s,Sel
l
ers,Jenni
ngs,2016;Mat
thew and Dul
i
sse,2014;

Wi
l
li
amsI
IIandMcShane,
2017)
.

Thi
sexpl
anat
ion,basedonoppor
tuni
tyst
ruct
ures,posi
tst
hatcr
imer
esul
ts

f
rom al
ackofaccesst
olegi
ti
mat
emeans(
i.
e.,"
blockedoppor
tuni
ty"
)forachi
evi
ng

soci
algoal
s(e.
g.,hav
ingagoodj
ob,orgener
all
yachi
evi
ngeconomi
csuccess)

(
Clowar
dandOhl
i
n,1960)
.Ther
efor
e,somenei
ghbor
hoodsatt
hepoor
erendsof

soci
alandeconomi
ccondi
ti
onspr
ovi
degr
eat
eroppor
tuni
tyf
ori
l
li
citact
ivi
tyt
han

ot
her
s.
 Thr
eet
ypesofcr
imi
nalsubcul
tur
esdev
elop when y
oung peopl
ewi
thdr
aw

l
egi
ti
macyf
rom accept
edsoci
algoal
sbecauset
heyl
ackt
hemeanst
oachi
evet
hem

(
e.g.
,unequalempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
es ort
he i
nabi
l
ityt
o obt
ain adv
anced

educat
ionort
rai
ning)
.Thet
hreesubcul
tur
esar
e:cr
imi
nal
,conf
li
ct,andr
etr
eat
ist
.

Thecr
imi
nalsubcul
tur
eoccur
swhent
hesey
oungpeopl
eassoci
ateandbecome

accept
edasadul
tcr
imi
nal
s.Theconf
li
ctsubcul
tur
einv
olv
esv
iol
entgangsi
nwhi
ch

st
atusi
sobt
ainedt
hroughi
nti
midat
ionand bat
tl
esov
ert
err
it
ory
.Ther
etr
eat
ist

subcul
tur
eiscompr
isedoft
hosewhol
ackei
thert
heoppor
tuni
tyort
heabi
l
iti
est
o

gai
n accept
ance i
nthe cr
imi
nalorconf
li
ctsubcul
tur
es;t
hese i
ndi
vi
dual
s may

becomedr
op-
out
sordr
ugaddi
cts.

Thecr
imi
nalsubcul
tur
ehast
hecl
ear
estconnect
iont
oor
gani
zedcr
ime.I
n

t
hesesi
tuat
ions,ay
oungper
sonbecomesanappr
ent
icecr
imi
nalwhodev
elops

r
elat
ionshi
pswi
th car
eercr
imi
nal
sand member
sofor
gani
zed cr
imi
nalgr
oups.

Accor
ding t
othi
stheor
y,par
ti
cipat
ion i
n an or
gani
zed cr
imi
nalgr
oup i
sthus

pr
ompt
edbybl
ockedoppor
tuni
ti
esf
orsuccessi
nlegi
ti
mat
esoci
ety
.

Ashor
tcomi
ngofposi
ti
vi
stexpl
anat
ionsofor
gani
zedcr
imei
sthatt
heyf
ocus

onext
ernal(
orpsy
chol
ogi
cal
)inf
luencesonbehav
ior
.Despi
teal
linf
luencesi
na

per
son'
sli
fe,
andoppor
tuni
ti
est
ocommi
tacr
ime,
thei
ndi
vi
dual
sti
l
lhast
omaket
he

ul
ti
mat
edeci
siont
ovi
olat
ethel
aw.Badnei
ghbor
hoods,
poorf
ami
l
ysuppor
tandt
he

pr
esenceofor
gani
zedcr
imi
nalgr
oupsmakei
tdi
ff
icul
ttobecomeal
aw-
abi
ding

adul
t,y
etmanypeopl
ewhogr
ewupi
nthesecont
ext
sar
e.Ther
ear
emanyf
act
ors

i
nfl
uenci
ngt
hechoi
ceofpeopl
etocommi
tcr
imes,butt
hesei
nfl
uencesdonot

det
ermi
net
hedeci
siont
oexpl
oitoppor
tuni
ti
esi
ncr
imi
nalway
s.I
nconcl
usi
on,t
he

posi
ti
vi
stt
heor
yil
l
ust
rat
eswhi
chcondi
ti
onsmakeacr
imi
nal
li
fest
yleaneasychoi
ce,
butt
heydo notexpl
ainwhymanypeopl
esucceed agai
nstt
heoddsand t
hei
r

env
ironment
.

Di
ff
erent
ialassoci
ati
ont
heor
ythr
oughi
nter
act
ionwi
thot
her
s,i
ndi
vi
dual
slear
n

t
hev
alues,at
ti
tudes,t
echni
ques,andmot
ivesf
orcr
imi
nalbehav
ior
.Thedi
ff
erent
ial

associ
ati
ont
heor
yist
hemostt
alkedaboutoft
hel
ear
ningt
heor
iesofdev
iance.Thi
s

t
heor
yfocusesonhowi
ndi
vi
dual
slear
ntobecomecr
imi
nal
s,butdoesnotconcer
n

i
tsel
fwi
thwhyt
heybecomecr
imi
nal
s.Di
ff
erent
ialassoci
ati
onpr
edi
ctst
hatan

i
ndi
vi
dualwi
l
lchooset
hecr
imi
nalpat
hwhent
hebal
anceofdef
ini
ti
onsf
orl
aw-

br
eaki
ngexceedst
hosef
orl
aw-
abi
ding.Thi
stendencywi
l
lber
einf
orcedi
fsoci
al

associ
ati
onpr
ovi
desact
ivepeopl
eint
heper
son'
sli
fe.Ear
li
eri
nli
fet
hei
ndi
vi
dual

comesundert
hei
nfl
uenceoft
hoseofhi
ghst
atuswi
thi
nthatgr
oup,t
hemor
eli
kel
y

t
hei
ndi
vi
dualt
ofol
l
ow i
nthei
rfoot
steps.Thi
sdoesnotdenyt
hatt
her
emaybe

pr
act
icalmot
ives f
orcr
ime.I
fa per
son f
eel
s hungr
ybuthas no money
,the

t
empt
ati
ont
ost
ealwi
l
lbecomepr
esent
.But
,theuseof"
needs"and"
val
ues"i
s

equi
vocal
.Toagr
eat
erorl
esserext
ent
,bot
hnon-
cri
minalandcr
imi
nali
ndi
vi
dual
s

ar
emot
ivat
edbyt
heneedf
ormoneyandsoci
algai
n(wi
ki
pedi
a).

Anex
ampl
etoexpl
ainhow di
ff
erent
ialassoci
ati
ont
heor
ywor
ks. Achi
l
dhas

par
ent
swhoar
epr
ofessi
onalar
tthi
eves.Underdi
ff
erent
ialassoci
ati
ont
heor
y,t
he

chi
l
dwi
l
lli
kel
ylear
nhow t
ost
ealar
t.I
naddi
ti
on,t
heywi
l
llear
ntechni
quesf
orar
t

t
hiev
eryf
rom t
hepar
ent
sanddev
elopanat
ti
tudeofaccept
ancet
owar
dst
hiev
ery
.

Chi
l
dren nowaday
sar
enotscar
edofcommi
tt
ingcr
imesbecauset
heyt
hink

t
hatt
heycangetawaywi
thi
t.Thef
oll
owi
ngt
heor
iesment
ionedabov
ecanbeused

i
nknowi
ngwhatf
act
orsaf
fect
edt
hei
rwayofl
i
vingandwhyt
heyengagei
ncr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ti
esatay
oungage.Thef
ir
st t
heor
yex
plai
nst
hatchi
l
drencommi
tcr
imes

becauseoft
hei
renv
ironment
,thatt
heyhadnoot
herchoi
cebutt
ocommi
tcr
imesf
or

t
he sake oft
hei
rsur
viv
al.They choose t
o di
sregar
dthe consequences and

puni
shmenti
nor
dert
osur
viv
e.Exampl
e,l
i
keMi
chaelwhoi
s11y
ear
sol
d,j
umps

ont
ocar
got
rucks,somet
imesmov
ing,t
ost
ealgoodsandmakeof
fwi
thhi
slootor

14y
earol
dRaywhost
eal
schi
ckenandmot
orbi
kebecauseher
anawayf
rom home

andwhencaught
,hewasj
ustr
eleased,
andaf
tert
hathewascaughtagai
nbyr
api
ng

af
oury
earol
dgi
rl(
NgandLachi
ca,
2019)
.

Anot
hert
heor
ywoul
dbet
heDi
ff
erent
ial
Associ
ati
onTheor
ythatdescr
ibeswhy

peopl
ecommi
tcr
imes,orexhi
bitdev
iantbehav
ior
,andt
hatcr
imi
nalbehav
iori
s

l
ear
nedi
nthesamewayt
hatl
aw-
abi
dingv
aluesar
elear
ned,andt
hat
,thi
slear
ning

act
ivi
tyi
saccompl
i
shed,i
nint
eract
ionswi
thot
her
s,andt
hesi
tuat
ionaldef
ini
ti
ons

wepl
aceont
hev
alues.Teensi
nthePhi
l
ippi
neshav
ecommi
tt
edal
otofcr
imest
hat

t
he aut
hor
it
ies hav
e been negl
ect
ing because oft
he r
eason t
hatt
heycannot

i
mpr
isont
hem.Gangwar
shav
ebeenof
teni
nnewsbecauseoft
hei
rinv
olv
ementi
n

ki
l
li
ngi
nnocentpeopl
e.

Accor
dingt
oMani
l
apol
i
ce,t
wot
eenager
swhower
efounddeadi
nTondo

coul
dpossi
blyhav
ebeenv
ict
imsofagangwarper
iodgangwar
sthatwer
eledby

t
eenager
sandr
esul
tedt
othedeat
hoft
woi
nnocentv
ict
ims.

REPUBLI
CACTNo.9344.anactest
abl
i
shi
ngacompr
ehensi
vej
uveni
l
ejust
ice

andwel
far
esy
stem,cr
eat
ingt
hej
uveni
l
ejust
iceandwel
far
ecounci
lundert
he

depar
tmentofj
ust
ice,appr
opr
iat
ingf
undst
her
eforandf
orot
herpur
poses.Adopt
ed

on20May2006andamendedi
n2013,
RA9344ort
heJuv
eni
l
eJust
iceandWel
far
e
Act(
JJWA)pr
omot
est
hecr
eat
ionofachi
l
d-f
ri
endl
yjust
icesy
stem f
ocusedon

r
ehabi
l
itat
ionandr
est
orat
ionr
athert
hanpuni
shment
.Butt
hisactwasnev
eragood

sol
uti
oni
nkeepi
ngchi
l
drenandt
eensf
rom commi
tt
ingcr
imesagai
n.Dav
aoCi
ty

May
orRodr
igoDut
ert
ebl
amesf
ormersenat
orFr
anci
sPangi
l
inan,t
heaut
horof

Republ
i
cAct(
RA)9344ort
heJuv
eni
l
eJust
iceWel
far
eActof2006,
forembol
deni
ng

t
hey
out
htocommi
tcr
imes.Dut
ert
e,i
nar
ecenti
nter
view,expl
ainedt
hatwhi
l
ehe

r
ecogni
zest
hegoodi
ntent
ionoft
hel
aw,i
tal
somakeschi
l
drengr
ow upwi
thouta

senseofaccount
abi
l
itysi
ncet
heyar
enotpuni
shedf
orcr
imest
heycommi
t.Because

oft
hePangi
l
inanl
aw,Dut
ert
esai
d,chi
l
dreni
nvol
vedi
ncr
imesar
erel
easedf
rom j
ail

becausepol
i
cear
enotal
l
owedt
odet
aint
hem.

THEPROBLEM

St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em

Thi
sst
udyai
mst
odeeperknowt
hecausesoft
hechi
l
d’sbehav
iort
ocommi
t

cr
imesshamel
essl
y.

Speci
fi
cal
l
y,i
tseekst
oanswert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions:

1.Whatmadet
hesechi
l
drencommi
til
l
egal
act
satay
oungage?

2.Whywoul
dtheywantt
ocommi
tanot
hercr
imeaf
terbei
ngcaught
?

3.Whatt
ypeofcr
imeshav
etheycommi
tt
ed?

4.Howol
dwer
ethesechi
l
drenwhent
heyf
ir
stst
art
edcommi
tt
ingcr
imes?

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy

Ther
esear
cherwi
l
lconsi
dert
hisst
udyt
obeav
aluebecauset
hisf
all
swi
thi
n

t
hef
iel
doft
her
esear
cherbei
ngacr
imi
nol
ogyst
udent
.Thi
swi
l
lli
kewi
sebenef
itt
he

f
oll
owi
ng:
 Chi
ldr
en.Theycanbegui
dedatay
oungaget
hatcommi
tt
ingacr
imei
snotan

opt
ion.

Chi
ldr
enwhocommi
tt
edi
l
legalact
ivi
ti
es.Theywoul
dbecomeawar
eoft
he

wr
ongact
ionst
heyhav
ecommi
tt
edandwoul
dknowt
hatt
hei
ract
ionswoul
dmakea

badi
mpactt
othecommuni
tyorsoci
ety
.

Communi
ty.Theywoul
dbecomeawar
eoft
her
easonsorcausesonwhy

t
hesechi
l
drencommi
tt
edal
otofcr
imesatay
oungage.

Par
ent
s.Theycangui
deandadv
iset
hei
rchi
l
drenandot
herchi
l
drennott
o

commi
tcr
imesandnott
ogeti
nvol
vedi
nanybadorwr
ongdoi
ngs.Theymayal
so

encour
aget
hosey
oungdel
i
nquent
stost
opwhatt
hey
’redoi
ngandchooset
oli
vea

cr
imef
reel
i
fe.

Phi
li
ppi
neNat
ionalPol
ice(
PNP)
.Thi
swoul
dpr
ovi
det
hem somedat
aand

i
nfor
mat
ionwhet
hert
oref
ery
oungof
fender
stoj
uveni
l
ecour
tort
orout
ethi
scases

outoft
hej
ust
icesy
stem.Theywoul
dal
sohav
eani
deaonwhatmost
lycausedt
his

behav
iorandendupcommi
tt
ingt
hesecr
imes.

Gov
ernment
.Theywoul
dbepr
ovi
dedi
deasonhow t
odet
ainchi
l
drenand

maki
ngpr
ogr
amst
ost
opt
hem f
rom becomi
ngcr
imi
nal
satay
oungage.

Juv
eni
leDet
ent
ionCent
ers.Theywoul
dbepr
ovi
deddat
aandi
nfor
mat
ionon

how t
otr
eatchi
l
drenbasedont
hecr
imest
heyhav
ecommi
tt
ed.Di
ff
erentchi
l
dren

comeandgoi
naf
aci
l
ityorcent
erandt
heyhav
edi
ff
erentcr
imescommi
tt
ed.Soi
f

t
heywoul
dknow whyt
hischi
l
drencommi
tt
edsmal
lorbr
azencr
imes,t
heywoul
d

knowhowt
ohandl
ethesechi
l
dren.Theyneedt
odeepl
yunder
standt
hei
rpast
.

Resear
cher
. The r
esear
cherwi
l
lbecome knowl
edgeabl
eregar
ding t
he
r
easonswhychi
l
drencommi
tcr
imesatay
oungageandwoul
dknowwhatsol
uti
ons

shoul
dbei
mpl
ement
edt
ost
opt
hem f
rom becomi
ngcr
imi
nal
sandal
sot
ost
op

t
hem f
rom becomi
ngat
hreatt
othecommuni
tyorsoci
ety
.

Fut
ureResear
cher
s.Theycanuset
hisst
udyasr
efer
encemat
eri
alsf
ort
hei
r

st
udi
esandr
esear
cher
scani
mpr
ovet
hei
rresear
chr
egar
dingchi
l
drenengagi
ngi
n

cr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ti
es.

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

Resear
chDesi
gn

The r
esear
cher wi
l
l use qual
i
tat
ive met
hod of r
esear
ch ut
il
izi
ng

phenomenol
ogi
calappr
oachi
nthi
sst
udy
.Theai
dst
hatt
her
esear
cherwi
l
lusewi
l
l

bequest
ionnai
res,
int
erv
iewsandr
ecor
dingsi
ngat
her
ingdat
aandi
nfor
mat
ion.

Resear
chEnv
ironment

Thi
sst
udywi
l
lbeconduct
edi
nthebar
angay
soft
hemuni
cipal
i
tyofPl
ari
del

namel
y:Laopr
oper
,Loocpr
operandPanal
sal
an,
andf
ocusonl
yont
hechi
l
drenwho

commi
tt
edi
l
legal
act
ivi
ti
es.

Muni
cipal
i
tyofPl
ari
deli
sat
hir
dcl
assmuni
cipal
i
tyi
nthePr
ovi
nceofMi
sami
s

Occi
dent
al,Phi
l
ippi
nes.Accor
dingt
othe2020census,i
thasapopul
ati
onof39,
840

peopl
e wi
tht
he l
and ar
ea of80.
00 ki
l
omet
ersquar
e.Ther
e ar
e 33 bar
angay
s

compr
isi
ngi
nthemuni
cipal
i
tyofPl
ari
del
.

Laopr
operi
sa bar
angayi
ntheMuni
cipal
i
tyofPl
ari
del
,int
hePr
ovi
nceof

Mi
sami
sOcci
dent
al.I
tspopul
ati
onasdet
ermi
nedbyt
he2020censuswas1,
008.

Thi
srepr
esent
ed2.
53%oft
het
otal
popul
ati
onofPl
ari
del
.
 Lookpr
operi
sabar
angayi
ntheMuni
cipal
i
tyofPl
ari
del
,int
hePr
ovi
nceof

Mi
sami
sOcci
dent
al.I
tspopul
ati
oni
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
he2020censuswas1,
909.

Thi
srepr
esent
ed4.
79%oft
het
otal
popul
ati
onofPl
ari
del
.

Resear
chI
nfor
mant
s

Thei
nfor
mant
soft
hisr
esear
chwi
l
lbe10chi
l
dren,3f
rom bar
angayLao

pr
oper
,anot
her3f
rom bar
angayPanal
sal
anand4f
rom bar
angayLoocpr
oper
.

Resear
chI
nst
rument

Ther
esear
cherwi
l
lut
il
izeani
nter
viewt
hati
stobev
ali
dat
edbyt
hemember
s

oft
hepanel
.Quest
ionnai
reswi
l
lal
sobeusedi
ngat
her
ingdat
aandi
nfor
mat
ion.The

i
nter
viewwi
l
lconsi
stofper
sonal
quest
ionsaswel
last
hequest
ionnai
redeal
wit
hthe

f
oll
owi
ngaspect
;per
sonalci
rcumst
ancesoft
hei
nfor
mant
s;posi
ti
veef
fect
sont
hei
r

l
i
ves whi
l
e doi
ng i
l
legalact
ivi
ti
es;negat
ive ef
fect
s on l
i
ves whi
l
e doi
ng i
l
legal

act
ivi
ti
es.Thei
nter
view wi
l
lbeconduct
edand suppl
ement
edav
oicer
ecor
dert
o

accur
atel
ydocumentt
her
esponsesoft
hei
nfor
mant
s.

Resear
chPr
ocedur
es

Dat
aCol
lect
ion.Bef
oreconduct
ingani
nter
viewal
ett
ermustbesentf
ir
stt
o

t
heof
fi
ceofev
erybar
angayf
orappr
ovali
nor
dert
ogeti
ntouchwi
tht
hechi
l
dren

whohav
ebeenr
ecor
dedi
nthebar
angayf
ordoi
ngi
l
legal
act
ivi
ti
es.

Dat
aAnal
ysi
s.Thei
nfor
mat
iont
hatwi
l
lbegat
her
edf
rom t
hei
nfor
mant
s

i
nter
view andanswer
sthequest
ionnai
rewhi
chl
ocaldi
alectwi
l
lbespokenand

wr
it
tenwi
l
lbet
ransl
atedi
ntoEngl
i
shf
orgener
alunder
standi
ng.Ther
esear
cherwi
l
l

ut
il
izet
hecol
aizzi
’
smet
hodaphenomenol
ogi
calanal
ysi
spr
ocedur
einanal
yzi
ngt
he

t
ranscr
ipti
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
her
esponsesoft
hei
nfor
mantdur
ingt
heconductof

i
nter
viewandt
heanswer
sint
hequest
ionnai
resaswel
l
.
 Thef
oll
owi
ngst
epswi
l
lbeusedi
nanal
yzi
ngt
hedat
a.

Thef
ir
stst
epi
sthet
ranscr
ipt
ionoft
her
esponsesoft
hei
nfor
mant
sfr
om t
he

r
ecor
dedv
oicei
ntoapaperscr
iptf
orm.Af
terbei
ngt
ranscr
ibed,
itwi
l
lbet
ranscr
ibed

agai
nint
oal
i
nef
ormatt
o codeev
eryl
i
ne.Anal
ysi
sand i
nter
pret
ati
on oft
he

r
esponsesi
n sel
ect
ing t
hesi
gni
fi
cantst
atementr
elat
ed t
othemaj
orand sub-

pr
obl
em oft
hisst
udyf
oll
owed.Dur
ingt
hispr
ocess,col
l
ect
eddat
aont
het
ranscr
ipt

i
nter
viewi
ncl
udi
ngt
hef
iel
dnot
eswi
l
lbe col
l
ect
edt
ofor
m acl
earunder
standi
ngof

t
hei
nfor
mat
ion.Af
teral
lsi
gni
fi
cantst
atement
sitwi
l
lbe t
ransl
atedt
oEngl
i
shf
or

gener
alunder
standi
ng.Af
tert
hatal
lfor
mul
atedmeani
ngsar
egr
oupedi
nor
dert
o

dev
elopcl
ust
ert
hemes.Fi
nal
l
ycl
ust
ert
hemeswi
l
lber
e-gr
oupedandaccor
dingl
y,an

emer
gentt
hemewascr
eat
edwhi
chdef
ini
tel
yexpl
ainanddescr
ibet
her
easonswhy

chi
l
drencommi
til
l
egal
act
ivi
ti
esandcr
imesatay
oungage.

Et
hicalConsi
der
ati
on.To ensur
ethatt
he et
hicalconsi
der
ati
on wi
l
lbe

pr
oper
lyaddr
essed,t
hepaperwi
l
lbesubmi
tt
edf
oret
hicsr
evi
ewori
nter
viewgui
de

v
ali
dat
iont
othepaneloft
hisst
udy
.Thi
sist
omakesur
ethatt
hei
nfor
mat
ion

gat
her
edandt
her
espondent
sinv
olv
edar
etr
eat
edwi
thut
mostconf
ident
ial
i
ty.The

r
esear
cherwi
l
lal
soobser
veconsi
der
abl
ecour
tesyandr
appor
tindeal
i
ngwi
tht
he

i
nvol
vedof
fi
cesandt
hei
nfor
mant
sbypr
ovi
dingal
lthenecessar
ydocument
sfor

t
hei
rref
erences.Consi
der
ingt
hef
actt
hatt
hei
nfor
mant
sar
echi
l
drenandst
il
lneeds

assi
stance.

Thi
sst
udywi
l
lconsi
derwi
thout
mostconf
ident
ial
i
tyoft
her
espondent
’s

r
esponses.Al
linf
ormat
iongat
her
edmustonl
ybeusedwi
thi
nthi
sst
udy
.Itwi
l
lal
so

bedi
scussedwi
tht
hei
nfor
mant
sbef
oret
hei
nter
viewconduct
edt
hatt
heyhav
ethe

r
ightt
owi
thdr
awordecl
i
net
hei
nter
vieworansweranyquest
ions.
 Tr
ust
wor
thi
nessofResear
ch.Cr
edi
bil
i
tyoft
hest
udyi
sthet
oppr
ior
it
yoft
he

r
esear
ch.Ther
esear
cherwi
l
lper
sonal
l
yconductt
hei
nter
view wi
tht
heut
most

r
espectt
othei
nfor
mant
s.I
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
hei
nter
view andobser
vat
ionsessi
on

wi
l
lbekeptconf
ident
ialatal
lti
mesandbeusedonl
yfort
heat
tai
nmentont
hemai
n

pur
poseoft
hisst
udy
.

Conf
ormabi
l
ityoft
hisst
udyi
sbyseeki
ngappr
ovalf
rom t
heOf
fi
ceoft
he

t
hreebar
angay
sment
ionedi
nfor
mingt
hebar
angaycapt
ainoft
heconductoft
he

st
udy
.Iti
ncl
udes t
he f
ullconsentofeach par
ti
cipantas t
heywer
e pr
ovi
ded

i
ndi
vi
dual
l
yanI
nfor
medConsentFor
m.Thei
rguar
dianswi
l
lal
sobeseekedf
ort
hei
r

appr
ovali
nor
dert
omaket
heconductoft
hei
nter
viewv
ali
dat
edandappr
oved.The

i
nter
view gui
de wi
l
lbe expl
ained and nar
rat
ed i
nthei
rspoken di
alecti
nful
l

descr
ipt
ionf
orabet
terunder
standi
ngt
oev
eryi
nfor
mantont
hedi
ff
erentquest
ions

t
hatwhi
chanswert
othemai
npur
poseoft
her
esear
ch

I
nor
dert
oaddr
esst
hedependabi
l
ityi
ssuemor
edi
rect
ly,t
hepr
ocesses

wi
thi
nthest
udyshoul
dber
epor
tedi
ndet
ail
,ther
ebyenabl
i
ngaf
utur
eresear
chert
o

r
epeatt
hewor
k,i
fnotnecessar
il
ytogai
nthesamer
esul
ts.Thus,t
her
esear
ch

desi
gnmaybev
iewedasanexampl
e.Suchi
n-dept
hcov
erageal
soal
l
owst
her
eader

t
oassesst
heext
entt
owhi
chpr
operr
esear
chpr
act
iceshav
ebeenf
oll
owed.Soast
o

enabl
ereader
soft
her
esear
chr
epor
ttodev
elopat
hor
oughunder
standi
ngoft
he

met
hodsandt
hei
ref
fect
iveness,t
het
extshoul
dincl
udesect
ionsdev
otedt
othe

r
esear
ch desi
gn and i
tsi
mpl
ement
ati
on,descr
ibi
ng whatwi
l
lbe pl
anned and

execut
edonast
rat
egi
clev
el.
 Tr
ansf
erabi
l
ityoft
hisr
esear
chi
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
her
esear
cheral
l
owi
ngt
he

r
eader
sto whet
herornott
his st
udy coul
d be t
ransf
err
ed t
othe cont
extor

ci
rcumst
ances–bypr
ovi
dingcopi
esoft
hei
nter
viewgui
det
othepanel
forv
ali
dit
y.

Toensur
ethet
rust
wor
thi
nessandt
hev
eraci
tyoft
hedat
aoft
her
esear
ch

endeav
or,t
hest
udyunder
gonet
hev
ali
dit
yandr
eli
abi
l
ityar
erel
ati
vel
yfor
eignt
othe

f
iel
dofqual
i
tat
iver
esear
ch.Thei
nfor
mat
iongat
her
eddur
ingt
hei
nter
view wi
l
lbe

r
ecor
dedconf
ident
ial
l
yandnooneel
secanaccesst
othei
nfor
mat
iont
hatbei
ng

document
ed.Thewhol
epr
ocessesoft
hei
nter
viewwi
l
lbev
oice-
recor
dedbutnoone

wi
l
lbei
dent
if
iedbyanynamesoft
hei
nfor
mantont
ape.Thedocument
edv
oiceand

puti
nto compactdi
scwi
l
lbekepti
ntheGr
aduat
eSchoolof
fi
ceoft
heJose

Memor
ialSt
ateUni
ver
sit
y campusandonl
ytheChai
rmanoft
her
esear
chwi
l
lhav
e

anaccesst
othedi
sc.Thedi
scwi
l
lbedest
roy
edaf
tert
hest
udyhasbeenaccept
ed.

DEFI
NITI
ONOFTERMS

Thef
oll
owi
ngwor
dsbel
ow ar
edef
inedoper
ati
onal
l
yandi
nal
phabet
ical

or
dert
ocompr
ehendt
het
ermsandf
orbet
terunder
standi
ngoft
hecont
extoft
his

st
udy
.

Del
inquent
.Achi
l
dory
oungper
sonwhocommi
tcr
imesanddoesi
l
legal
act
ivi
ti
es

Juv
eni
le.Ref
erst
oay
oungper
sonorsomeonewhoi
sst
il
lachi
l
d.