Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426
DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1236-x
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Slope instability mechanisms in dipping conglomerates
over weathered marls: Bol landslide, Croatia
P. Miščević Æ D. Števanić Æ N. Štambuk-Cvitanović
Received: 12 September 2007 / Accepted: 3 February 2008 / Published online: 19 February 2008
Ó Springer-Verlag 2008
Abstract In February 2005, a landslide of significant
dimensions occurred at Bol on the Island of Brač, in Croatia.
The location of the landslide was in a geological structure of
weakly bounded conglomerates lying above a flysch, in an
area where numerous slides have been previously reported.
In the paper the results of a geological engineering investi-
gation of the Bol landslide are presented. The investigation
results show that the landslide was triggered by a combina-
tion of improperly started earthworks, an increase in air
temperature in days preceding landslide that caused snow
melt, and abundant rainfall, but the primary cause of the
landslide was weathering of the flysch. In other words,
despite the fact that contact between the flysch and the
conglomerates slopes is in approximate correspondence with
the slope of the hillside, the landslide surface was not in
contact between the conglomerates and marl, but deeper in
the flysch, provoked by the penetration of the weathering
front into the flysch. Numerical modelling results were able
to reproduce this mechanism by incorporating strength
degradation into the weathered zone, determined by field
investigation. The results of the research can be used to
predict potential slides not only in the area under study.
Keywords Rockslide mechanisms
Weathering

Marls
Strength degradation
P. Miščević (&)
D. Števanić
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture,
University of Split, Matice hrvatske 15,
21000 Split, Croatia
e-mail: predrag.miscevic@gradst.hr
N. Štambuk-Cvitanović
Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia, Business Centre Split,
Matice hrvatske 15, 21000 Split, Croatia
Introduction
According to written and non-written records of local
inhabitants, a section of the area above the coastal belt in
Bol (Fig. 1) on the Island of Brač in Croatia, is well known
for numerous landslides of varying size. The zone along the
coast has been inhabited for centuries, while the area above
it, at the bottom of the mountain, has been used only for
agriculture. As a consequence of a series of landslides
during the exploitation of the location as an agricultural
area, the local inhabitants have named it Blato (the Cro-
atian term for mud). This expression is a good description
of the local inhabitant’s experience of the site. In exploi-
tation of the site for agriculture, and in order to reclaim the
site after the occurrence of each slide, the slope has been
terraced with dry stonewalls.
As time has passed, as a result of the tourist develop-
ment of Bol, the construction of residential buildings has
reached the boundaries of this location. At the end of 2004,
the earthworks were started at the bottom of the hillside.
The volume of the earthworks was not particularly size-
able, but combined with rainfall and air temperature
changes during the period preceded, triggered a landslide in
the area immediately above the construction site. At the
time when the investigation was performed, the length of
the slide from the head of the scarp to the toe was
approximately 150 m, with a width in centre of approxi-
mately 80 m. A map of the Bol slide area is presented in
Fig. 2, while Fig. 3 presents a photograph of the slide.
According to local witnesses, the landslide was not
instantaneous. The mass moved with a velocity of
approximately 1.0 m/h over the course of 1 day. At the
bottom of the landslide area, the deposited material threa-
tened to block the local road. In addition, propagation of
the slide could have resulted in the destruction of the
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1418
Fig. 1 Location of the Bol
slide, Island of Brač, Croatia
nearby residential area. However, by quick intervention
with machinery from the construction site, the material was
removed from the road, and temporary reclamation mea-
sures were undertaken with the gabion walls. In all, the
landslide caused more than €10,000,000 of direct damages
to surrounding structures, but fortunately without loss of
human life.
A geological engineering investigation of the ‘‘Bol’’
landslide was performed immediately after its occurrence.
This paper presents the results of that study, which include
mapping, field investigations and an analysis of the main
processes and mechanisms that contributed to the forma-
tion of the landslide. The aim of the paper is to analyse
slope instability mechanism occurred not in the superficial
material but in the weathered parent material.
Slides in this area occur in a zone of a flysch formation
covered with weakly bounded conglomerates on the sur-
face. The slope of contact between conglomerates and the
flysch approximately corresponds to the hillside slope.
However, in fact, landslides appear only in the upper zone
of weathered flysch lying beneath conglomerates, meaning
that landslides do not appear only over the contact between
conglomerates and flysch, or only in zone of weakly
bounded conglomerates.
Similar problems of landslide in mudstone, marl and/or
shale have been reported in other areas (Hutchinson et al.
1973; Christaras 1997; Bogaard et al. 2000; Gibo et al.
2002; Maquaire et al. 2003; Mugnozza et al. 2003; Eber-
hardt et al. 2005; Cevik and Ulusay 2005). Many of them
are characterized by slope-layering and/or weathering,
which are key factors in causing landslides in this type of
materials. These types of landslides do not imply only the
risk caused by weakly structured material found above
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Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426
layers of firm matter, but also the risk of a deeper landslide
surface because marls, as well as shales or mudstones, are
liable to a significant loss of shear strength due to
weathering.
Geological overview
The rock mass in the Bol area mainly consists of flysch
layers of the middle and upper Eocene. The upper zone of
this mass is covered by Quaternary alluvial layers in the
form of weathered flysch. In the zone of the analysed
landslide, the surface is covered with deposits of silt with a
heterogeneous content of gravel and blocks of limestone,
which have the form of weakly bounded conglomerates
(Šestanović 1998).
Figure 4 shows a geomorphological cross-section
through the central zone of the landslide with the disposi-
tion of layers determined from field investigations after the
landslide. The position of the cross-section is designated on
the map in Fig. 2. Reconstruction of the previous terrain
according to previous surveying records is also presented.
The Eocene flysch is constituted of layers of brown-grey
marl, with interlayers of disintegrated clayey marl, and
with some thin layers of sandstone. In addition, a folded
flysch zone has been found in the landslide area. These
folded zones were discovered mainly in the landslide zone,
and in close vicinity, while outside the landslide zone the
flysch have a more regular thinly layered structure.
In the folded flysch the interlayer joints within the marl
are mainly closed, or occasionally they have an aperture of
1–5 mm, filled with clay marls. The layers dip irregularly,
suggesting that similar landslides, as it is described in the
Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426
Fig. 2 Map of Bol slide area
introduction section for whole area, might have already
occurred even at the location under consideration.
In the zone of thin-layered flysch of a regular structure,
interlayer joints are mainly closed and are slightly rough.
The flysch layers dip approximately 40° northward,
whereas the hill’s slope dips southward.
Site hydrogeology
The area of Dalmatia, which includes island Brač where Bol
is located, is characterized by rainfalls of short duration and
high intensity. On the island there are no permanent surface
streams, but on the Bol area can be found some torrent
1419
stream beds, with gradients corresponding almost exactly to
hill slopes, meaning that the runoff water flows along the
shortest path towards the sea. These torrent flows are peri-
odical flows. After rainfall their outflow increases for a short
time, while during other periods they are dry. Due to the
steep slope of the torrent beds and the abundant outflow after
rainfall, water energy is sufficient to transport material down
the slopes. Two consequences of this process are the gravel
deposits along the seashore, and the pebble beaches along
the seacoast.
In the landslide area, the upper layer is formed of
weakly bounded conglomerates with a relatively high
permeability (coefficient of hydraulic conductivity is
about k = 10-2 cm/s measured on a laboratory sample).
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1420
Fig. 3 Photograph of the Bol slide. The terraced surface of the terrain
can be easily observed
Consequently, rainfall water relatively quickly infiltrates
down to the zone of contact with the flysch, which is
practically impermeable (coefficient of hydraulic conduc-
tivity of marl as a mean part of the flysch formation,
measured on a laboratory sample, is about k = 10-8 cm/s).
On the other side climate of Bol region is characterized
with a long dry periods without the rainfalls. In the area of
concern (the coastal zone in Croatia) the precipitation
regime is changeable, primarily owing to the influence of
orography. For example, the annual average rainfall mea-
sured in Dubrovnik (Croatia) is 1,220 mm (Bonacci 1995).
The rainfall regime during the year is typically Mediter-
ranean, with abundant rainfall (about 70% of the total
Fig. 4 Geomorphological cross-section through the central zone of
the landslide with the disposition of layers determined from field
investigations after the landslide. The upper layer is a weakly
123
Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426
annual rainfall) in the cold period of the year. Because of
the vicinity of the sea, warm wet masses and orography,
intensive convective precipitation of short duration occurs
during the entire year. Precipitation with an intensity of
10 mm/h occurs twice a year, on average.
In the zone under consideration the summers are very
hot with air temperature as high as 35°C, whilst the winters
are cold with temperatures as low as -10°C (Bonacci
1999). However, land surface temperatures (LST) on rock
mass facing south, without plants or any other vegetation
cover on its surface, during hot summers can be up to 20°C
higher than the air temperature measured 2 m above the
surface (Mildrexler et al. 2006). This leads to temperature
changes between day and night, on the rock surface, of up
to almost 50°C.
Desiccation in dry periods and quick infiltration after
rainfall leads to significant changes of marl moisture at the
contact with the upper weakly bounded conglomerate, from
almost dry to a saturated state.
The difference in the permeability between the surface
layer of weakly bounded conglomerates and the flysch, also
results in the formation of occasional springs along the
slope. Water that has reached the contact zone between
conglomerates and marls by infiltration, flows down the
slope along that contact, and springs appear at outcrops of
the contact zone. Some springs appear on the slope after
landslide occurrences, almost immediately after the next
rain. Their discharge is in accordance with the intensity of
a rainfall. The positions of these springs observed after
landslide are displayed in Fig. 2. Their locations are usu-
ally on the bottom of a stonewall (terrace) where the
thickness of a conglomerate is the least.
bounded conglomerate (M1), above the upper weathered zone of
flysch (M2). The major layer is unweathered flysch (M3)
Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426
History of earlier slide events
The analysed area has been used for agricultural cultivation
for the last few centuries. For this reason no significant
traces of former landslides can be observed along the slope.
The slope of the hill has been restructured after every
landslide by the construction of dry stone retaining walls.
However, the irregular positioning of walls on the location
around and on a landslide, and the experience of the older
inhabitants and their ancestors confirm the occurrence of
landslides, causing damage to vineyards and olive trees, in
recent centuries. Some positions of irregularly placed walls
on the landslide location are depicted in the map in Fig. 2.
The existence of gravel beaches formed along the coast
is also evidence of the movement of material along the
slope. Material has been transported partly by torrent
streams, and partly also with landslides. Without the con-
tinuous transportation of new material from fragmented
conglomerate layers on the surface of the hill slope, the
gravel beaches would have disappeared to sea erosion.
Urbanization, for example intensive construction of new
buildings in Bol, has made the problem more acute. During
the last 30 years a considerable number of residential
buildings and roads have been built along the coastal area.
All these constructions intersect the routes of torrent flows
and also stabilize potential landslides. The interruption of
material transported from the slopes has jeopardized the
existence of the pebble beaches.
The sheared and folded structure of flysch layers on
location, found in the upper zone of flysch (material M2 in
Fig. 4), can also confirm the occurrence of previous land-
slides. Figure 5 presents a sample from a core drilled through
the upper zone of flysch at the landslide area. A partial view
of sheared joint can be seen in the sample (the sheared joint is
outlined). The sample was easily separated at this joint,
meaning that material is already sheared across it.
Analyse of the slide
The slip surface of this landslide has been defined by
investigations, field observations and analysis of the slope
following the slide. Field exploration consisted of drilling
12 investigation holes, with sampling and execution of a
standard penetration test (SPT) in them. Boreholes were
positioned on and around the area of landslide. Positions of
the boreholes are shown on the Fig. 2. Analysis of the
samples and the results of the SPT were used to determine
the sliding zone. The zone of sliding is determined in the
upper zone of the flysch. In that zone the structure of
samples was disturbed, and there was a considerable
decrease in the SPT results. Figure 4 shows changes of the
SPT value with depth in investigation boreholes located on
1421
Fig. 5 Sample from a folded zone of flysch. The sheared joint is
outlined
the cross-section. The SPT value (number of blows per foot
penetration) in this zone is less than 50% of SPT value in
the dipper parts of flysch. The determined thickness of the
upper degraded zone of the flysch is between 0.5 and
1.5 m. This degraded layer is shown on the geomorpho-
logical cross-section in Fig. 4, as well as on the numerical
model of the slide in Fig. 7.
Besides the field investigation, the fact that the slide
debris has contained a large amount of marl mixed with
conglomerates, also indicated that the upper degraded zone
of marl or a part of this zone, is the zone along which the
slide surface was formed.
The triggering events for slide activation probably were
the improperly performed start of earthworks at the bottom
of the slope, combined with the quantity of rainfall and the
significant increase of the temperature after cold weather in
the period preceding the slide.
As it is stated in the introduction section, slide has
occurred after the start of earthworks at the bottom of the
slope. With the earthwork, part of the bottom of a slope
was removed without consideration of the slope stability.
But even in this condition the slope was stable roughly
2 months, until significant change of the climate condition
occurred. In the period before the slide, any deformations
of the slope were not observed. Data of the precipitation
and air temperatures of the period for the month before the
slide are presented in Fig. 6.
Beside temperature changes, as can be see in Fig. 6,
after a long dry period, several days of rainfall (with snow)
preceded the slide. At the same time during that period, the
ground surface temperatures were lower than 0°C during
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1422 Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426

Fig. 6 Daily temperature (a)

and precipitation records (b) for
the Bol region. Note that the
slide occurred third February,
following a period of
temperature increase

the night, so the snow cower has survived. The diagram in
Fig. 6 also shows an increase in the temperature for the
days preceding the day of the slide. An increase in tem-
perature resulted in a thawing of snow on the slope surface.
The water from rainfall and thawed snow infiltrated in the
conglomerate layer and increased the pore pressure in the
upper degraded zone of marls.
Upper weathered zone of flysch
The flysch weathering includes both physical and chemical
degradation. This process is investigated in many resear-
ches (Maekawa et al. 1991; Chandler 1969; Hoek et al.
2005; Miščević 1997, 1998). The physical degradation
includes degradation of the material strength during wet-
ting–drying cycles, freezing–thawing cycles, swelling, etc.
Swelling is a consequence of swelling of clay minerals in
the marl, as well as the chemical processes resulting for
example in the creation of gypsum inside the joints and
fissures in the marl (see Miščević 1998). The most com-
monly found clay minerals in analysed Eocene flysch are
illite, chlorite and smectite.
The effect of the drying–wetting process is particularly
emphasised at the upper part of flysch layer. As it is
described in the ‘‘Site hydrogeology’’ section as a conse-
quence of the layers characteristics and characteristics of
the climate, thought the time there is significant change in
moisture of upper part of flysch. Wetting and drying cycles
are the main cause of weathering in marly deposits (in this

Fig. 7 Model geometry and

modelled material zones with a
finite element mesh. The upper
layer is a weakly bounded
conglomerate (M1), above the
upper weathered zone of flysch
(M2). The major layer is
unweathered flysch (M3)

123
Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426
case layers of the marl are the main part of flysch). As a
consequence of the alternation of dry and wet conditions,
the marl is slowly but continuously weathered in the upper
section of the flysch.
The influence of freezing on an island in the Mediter-
ranean is generally limited to only a shallow depth under
the surface. In the analysed case flysch is relatively deep
undersurface (about 2.5–9 m), so frost action may be
excluded as the cause of marl weathering in this particular
case.
Chemical weathering can be considered together with
swelling, since calcium–sulphate compounds in reaction
with water form gypsum (analysed with chemical tests, see
Miščević 1998). Gypsum has about 95% larger volume
than its input components. Therefore joints and fissures are
expanded and extended with the creation of gypsum,
resulting in mechanical breakdown. The result of described
process in a form of a white powder, is observed on all
samples taken from the upper degraded zone of the flysch.
At the same time the dissolution of calcium compounds
from marls increases pore volume, which also leads to
deeper water infiltration (Eberhardt et al. 2005).
The result of the overall process is acceleration of marl
disintegration. Due to weathering marl degrade, and result
is a significant loss of shear strength (Miščević 1997, 1998;
Eberhardt et al. 2005).
Back analysis assuming sliding along the upper
degraded zone of flysch
Back analysis of the Bol landslide was performed with the
commercial programme Z_SOIL 2001 (ZACE Services
Ltd, Switzerland), using the two-dimensional finite element
method for computation.
Figure 7 presents the geometry applied in the numerical
model of the distribution of layers. The upper layer is a
weakly bounded conglomerate (M1) above an upper
weathered zone of flysch (M2). The major layer is
unweathered flysch (M3).
The properties of the materials used in the model for the
back analysis are presented in Table 1. Materials were
modelled with the Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria. Density
is determined according to laboratory tests of samples from
boreholes. Cohesion and internal friction of undegraded
flysch are measured on two samples from boreholes.
Samples with four specimens each were tested with por-
table shear apparatus (with procedure from ISRM
Suggested methods for determining shear strength). The
results of the test for one sample are presented in Fig. 8.
The friction angle of the weakly bounded conglomerate is
determined with correlations from the SPT results, where
material was treated as well graded gravel (Varghese
1423
Table 1 Material properties for the numerical model used for back
analysis with a focus on failure mechanisms involving degradation of
flysch due to weathering
Parameter Conglomerate Flysch
Density (kg/m3) 2,350 2,300
Young’s modulus (MPa) 40 75
Poisson’s ratio 0.25 0.30
Cohesion (kPa) 4 51a
Internal friction (°) 35 40a
a
Samples of undegraded flysch of naturally occurring moisture levels
2005). Other values presented in Table 1 are based on
representative properties for similar materials taken from
academic literature (Gerecek 2007; Palmstrom and Singh
2001; Hoek et al. 1998; Marinos and Hoek 2001). The
reason why these values were taken from a literature is
problem with the sample preparation. Marl cannot be
drilled without use of water. In contact with water sample
of marl deteriorate and so in many cases sample cannot be
prepared for a testing.
In order to confirm that the slide surface occurred along
an upper weathered zone of flysch, and not only through
conglomerate or on contact between the conglomerate and
underlying flysch, analysis with the focus on failure
mechanisms involving degradation of flysch due to
weathering was performed.
The first step in the modelling was an analysis made
without including the degraded surface zone of the flysch.
Since we do not have the groundwater level data monitored
for a long time period, the analysis was performed by
considering several alternatives: dry conditions on the
slope, the groundwater level at 1.0 m below the ground
surface and the water level at the surface. A coupled
analysis of the deformations and the groundwater’s
hydraulic flow was performed. Parameter analysis of the
weakly bounded conglomerate’s shear strength demon-
strated that the shape of the failure surface recorded after
the landslide could not be obtained. Even with the lowest
values of friction angle, when the slip surface is in fact
in contact with conglomerate and flysch, the shape of the
Fig. 8 Shear test results for one sample of undegraded flysch
123
1424
failure does not correspond to observations. Therefore the
possibility of the landslide occurring only through the
conglomerate layer was excluded.
Modelling of strength degradation of flysch promoting
observed shape of failure
The next step in the modelling was a back analysis of the
slope failure with a parametric analysis of the shear
strength in the upper degraded zone of flysch. The reduc-
tion of the flysch strength as a result of weathering was
modelled by gradually decreasing the shear strength from
the initial values of undegraded flysch (Table 1). For every
decreasing step, calculations were performed, with the
thickness of the weathered zone set at 1.0 and 2.0 m. These
values were selected on the basis of field results. Also, a
coupled analysis of the deformations and groundwater
hydraulic flow was performed using the same approach as
is described for the model without a degraded zone (con-
sidering the slide as taking place along the contact zone).
For the upper layer of weakly bounded conglomerates
the tensile strength was modelled as zero. This introduced
the assumption that previous events had destroyed the
tensile strength of that layer. As is described in the pre-
ceding text, previous landslides have been recorded on the
slope.
The applied modelling included the following phases:
(1) the model was brought to the initial equilibrium state,
(2) cohesion was decreased, as well as internal friction, and
the model was brought again to an approximate equilib-
rium state, (3) the steps were repeated until failure
occurred. Practically, then, this practise involved searching
for those parameters of shear strength of the degraded layer
where the safety factor for landslide is FS = 1. A landslide
surface which corresponded to the shape of the slide sur-
face recorded by investigations was obtained with a friction
angle of 23°, cohesion of 3 kPa, the thickness of the
weathered zone at 2.0 m and for the groundwater level at
1.0 m below the ground surface.
If the results of shear strength parameters obtained by
back analysis are compared with the values obtained by
laboratory tests reported in academic literature, then the
degree of weathering of the flysch upper zone should
correspond to the completely weathered marl. The results
of back analysis and the laboratory tests of Eocene marls
from the Dalmatia region in Croatia (Miščević 1997; Roje
Bonacci 1998) demonstrate, for completely weathered
marl, a friction angle range between 18° and 25°, with a
cohesion value range between 0.3 and 3 kPa. Depending on
the degree of weathering, Chandler (1969) found labora-
tory friction angles between 25° and 42°. Similar results
were obtained by Reißmüller (taken from Eberhardt et al.
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Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426
2005). His test results show that a range of friction angles
between 23° and 29° can be accepted, and values less than
25° require high degrees of weathering.
In the analysed flysch, the weathering process develops
along this engineering time scale (Chandler 1969; Maek-
awa et al. 1991; Miščević 1997, 1998; Hoek et al. 2005),
meaning over periods of approximately 10–50 years. When
the shear strength of upper zone of flysch in a particular
area is decreased due to weathering, landslides are acti-
vated. The weathering degree controls the development of
the slide surface along the sections of the landslide profile.
The rate of weathering over time depends on the alternation
and intensity of dry and wet periods, as well as on pre-
cipitation levels.
Figure 9 presents model results, showing the evolution
of flysch damage (shear yielding) as a function of strength
degradation of the upper flysch zone. Yielding points in the
model are denoted with stars. With the decrease of shear
parameters in the weathered zone, the yield zone expands.
The advantage of this model is that it does not state that the
failure mechanism is determined by the contact surface
zone between the flysch and conglomerate, that is to say it
shows that the failure surface passes through the weathered
flysch zone. This agrees with in situ observations, which
indicated that the degradation and yielding of flysch were
causes of the failure mechanism.
The model assumes that weathering occurs uniformly
with depth, while weathering near the surface of the flysch
would occur much more quickly than at depth. Such an
assumption leads to the prediction of the failure surface at a
somewhat greater depth than the actual one, specifically in
the upper sections of the landslide.
Analysis of the model results presented in Fig. 9 shows
that development of failure begins in the upper part of the
landslide. This could be expected, since the configuration
of the surface of flysch formation is at its steepest in that
area.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of field investigations and back analysis show
that the instability of the slope in Bol is a consequence of
several causes. These are: structure of rock mass, the ori-
entation of layers and weathering. But, the main cause of
the mass movement was the degradation of the upper zone
of the flysch caused by weathering and saturation during
periods of precipitation.
Numerical models were used to better understand pro-
cess of failure by means of the finite element method.
Models focusing on a failure mechanism restricted to
plane failure along the contact between the conglomerate
layer and flysch, due to increased pore pressures, failed to
Environ Geol (2009) 56:1417–1426
Fig. 9 Finite element results showing evolution of marl damage
(shear yielding) as a function of strength degradation of the upper
flysch zone, assuming a continuous weathering penetration rate.
Parameters used in model: a/c = 51 kPa and u = 41°; e/c = 3 kPa
and u = 23°
reproduce the determined slide surface outline. This situ-
ation suggested that the resulting debris would mostly
encompass conglomerate materials, but field investigations
after the failure indicated that a significant volume of flysch
was mixed with the conglomerate in the debris.
The model was then extended to allow for strength
degradation of the flysch through the weathering process,
coupled with increasing pore pressures. Strength parame-
ters for the degraded flysch established on the basis of the
mapped slide surface corresponded to the values deter-
mined by laboratory tests on completely weathered flysch.
Numerical modelling showed that through the accumula-
tion of damage and yielding in the weathered flysch, the
evolution of shear stresses leads to the initiation and
propagation of failure.
These models demonstrated their efficiency in helping
to understand slope instability mechanisms related to
weathering. Consequently, understanding of instability
mechanisms is a prerequisite for the reclamation of
potential landslides in the vicinity of landslide at Bol.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Civil
Engineering Institute of Croatia, and Business Centre Split, Depart-
ment of Geotechnics, for making the results of field tests and
observations available to the authors of this paper. The presented
1425
results derive from the research project, Development of the
Weathering Model for the Design Purpose of Geotechnical Con-
structions in Flysch, implemented due to the support of the Ministry
of Science, Education and Sports, Republic of Croatia.
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