GEARS

𝜋𝑑𝑝
Circular pitch……𝑝 =
𝑁

dp(=or D)=pitch diameter,

N=number of teeth

𝐷
Module: 𝑚=𝑁
𝑁
Diametral pitch: 𝑃𝑑 = 𝐷

𝜋
𝑃𝑑 =
𝑝

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 The circular pitch of mating gears must be the same. This
results in as:

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
= for mating gears.
𝑁 1 𝑁 2

The speed ratio of mating gears is related to the pitch radius

ratio, hence to teeth numbers ratio.

𝜔1 𝑁2
= for mating gears.
𝜔2 𝑁1

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Torque and power Transmission.

𝑃 = 𝑇1 𝜔1 = 𝑇2 𝜔2

Assuming no friction the torque (T) on the gears are related as:

𝑇1 𝑇2
=
𝑁1 𝑁2

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4
Speed relations of mating gears:

1. Two external gears:

𝜔1 𝑁2
=−
𝜔2 𝑁1

2. Three external gears :

𝜔1 𝑁
= − 2 (gears rotate in opposite directions)
𝜔2 𝑁1
𝜔2 𝑁
= − 3 (gears rotate in opposite directions)
𝜔3 𝑁2
𝜔1 𝑁3
= (gears rotate in same direction)
𝜔3 𝑁1

For the gear train with three gears, gear 2 is named as (idle gear)
and it is generally used to reverse the direction of motion.
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Planetary Gear Systems (Epicyclic gear train)
Sun Gear: Gear 2
Planet Gear: gear 4
Arm: link 3
Annular gear: Internal gear 5

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Step-1: Fix the arm and rotate the sun
wheel by (x) revolutions. Based on this
constraint, calculate the revolutions for
other wheels.

Step-2: Add (y) revolutions to all wheels

Step-3: Sum the revolutions and apply

any boundary condition applicable.

Speed of element Arm (wL) Sun (ws) Planet (wp) Annular (wA)
constraint
Fix arm, rotate sun by 0 x -x(N2/N4) -x(N2/N5)
–x-
Add y y y y Y

Sum y y+x y – x(N2/N4) y-x(N2/N5)

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Example-1: Determine the input-
output speed ratio for an epicyclic
gear train with the following data:
Assume the input is to the sun gear.
Sun Gear: NS=N2=40 teeth
Annular Gear: NA=N5=100 teeth

Condition: Annular gear is

fixed (not rotating), wA=0

Speed of element Arm (wL) Sun (ws) Planet (wp) Annular (wA)
constraint

Fix arm 0 x -x(N2/N4) -x(N2/N5)

Add y y y y y
Sum y y+x y – x(N2/N4) y-x(N2/N5)

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 Speed of element Arm (wL) Sun (ws) Planet (wp) Annular (wA)
constraint

Fix arm 0 x -x(N2/N4) -x(N2/N5)

Add y y y y y
Sum y y+x y – x(N2/N4) y-x(N2/N5)

Applying the constraint:

wA= y - x(N2/N5)=0 … or

y = x. 40/100…….x = 2.5y
wL= y (=w3)
wS= 3.5y (=w2)

speed ratio wS / wL = 3.5

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T12/1

In the gear shown in Fig.1, the input shaft is directly connected to the
sun-wheel A of the epicyclic gear and it rotates the annular wheel B
through the geared side shaft, turning about a fixed axis, and the pinion D
and external wheel Bo on the casing of B. The teeth are all of the same
pitch and the numbers are as follows: E=E1=75, D=30, B0=120, A=40,
C=30, B=100. If the speed of the input shaft is x=112 rpm, find the speed
of the output shaft Z.
(Ans: +52 rpm)

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NA=40, NC=30, NB=100,
NE=NE1=75, ND=30, NBo=120
Input x=112 rpm

𝜔𝐸 . 𝑁𝐸 = 𝜔𝐸1 . 𝑁𝐸1…….𝜔𝐸1 = 𝜔𝐷 = −112rpm

𝜔𝐷 . 𝑁𝐷 = 𝜔𝐵𝑂 . 𝑁𝐵𝑂 …….𝜔𝐵𝑂 = 𝜔𝐵 = 28rpm

Speed of element Arm (wL) Sun (ws) Planet (wp) Annular (wA)
constraint

Fix arm 0 t -t(40/30) -t(40/100)

Add y y y y y
Sum y y+t y – t(40/30) y-t(40/100)

wS=x=112, t+y=112….(1)
Solve and get…..t=60, y=52
wA=wB y-0.4t=28…(2)
wL=52 rpm (same direction as input shaft)
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 T12-q3
Part of a pre-selective gear box shown in
Fig-3. The pinions S1 and S2 are driven
directly from the engine by the shaft B and
through pinions P1 and P2 with the annular
wheels A1 and A2 which may be locked in
turn to give two speeds to the driven shaft
C; the first speed when A1 is locked and the
second speed when A2 is locked. The pinion
P2 rotates freely on a pin carried by A1 and
P1 rotates on a pin carried by the arm which
is keyed to the driven shaft C. Assuming the GIVEN: If wB=3000
tooth numbers on A1 and A2 to be equal NA1=NA2
and tooth numbers on S1 and S2 to be NS1=NS2 wC1=?
equal, find the ratio of the number of teeth wC1(A1 is fixed) wC2=?
on A1 to the number of teeth on S1 when wC2(A2 is fixed)
the second speed is 1.75 times of the first wC2=1.75*wC1 NS1/NP1=a
speed in the same direction. Evaluate the
first and second speeds for this ratio when Required: c=NA2/NS2
the engine speed is 3000rpm
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 ARM-C SUN-S1 PLANET- ANNULAR-
P1 A1
Fix Arm 0 x -xa -x(1/c)
add y y y y
Sum y y+x y-xa y-x/c

ARM-A1 SUN-S2 PLANET- ANNULAR-

P2 A2
Fix Arm 0 z -za -z(1/c)
add t t t t
Sum t t+z t-za t-z/c

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First speed: A1 is fixed… Second Speed: A2 is fixed
𝑥 𝑧
𝑦 − = 0. 𝑡 − 𝑐 = 0….𝑧 = 𝑐. 𝑡
𝑐
S1 and S2 have same speed
𝑥 = 𝑐. 𝑦 𝑦+𝑥 =𝑧+𝑡
y + x = t(1 + c)…………..(2)
Output: y
Input: x+y Arm A1 and Annular A1 have same speed
𝑥
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑦 − … … … . x = y − t . c … . (3)
𝑅1 = =. . 𝑐
𝑥+𝑦 2𝑐+1
Between (2) & (3)….𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑐+1 …….(4)
𝑦
1 𝑅2 =
𝑅1 = … … … . (1) 𝑦+𝑥
1+𝑐
Use (2) & (4)
2𝑐+1
𝑡 𝑐+1 2𝑐+1
𝑅2 = = ……(5)
𝑡 𝑐+1) 𝑐+1 2

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R2=1.75R1 If input is
2𝑐 + 1 1 wB=3000rpm
= 1.75
𝑐+1 2 𝑐+1
Outputs:
2𝑐 + 1 = 1.75𝑐 + 1.75 First speed:
wC1=3000/4……wC1=750 rpm
C=3
Second Speed:
wC2=3000*7/16…. wC2=1312.5 rpm
R1=1/4 (=4/16)

R2=1.75/4 (=7/16)

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