BUILDING WIRING

SYSTEM
Unit -2
Narala Deepak 052
Abubakar Siddique 046
Muzammil-47
Muheeb Ali Khan 49
Manoj 75
BUILDING WIRING Service wires, metering, light and
power circuits,electrical safety

SYSTEM
devices,MCB,ELCB, distribution
boards, wiring methods,ISI codes
and standard
materials,conductors,switch
boards, electricital points in
general building,pipe
earthing,plate earthing.

Source: wiring system

Service wires
These are the wires which are used to tap electrical power supply from street poles
or service poles to consumer house.
It is also known as service mains or service wires

There are two types of service wires

1) overhead cables
2) underground cables

Source: Service wires details

Source: service wires india
Source : service wires
Cable connection
Overhead cables:-

● All the conductors with high voltages are placed overhead.

Therefore less safer compared to underground system.
● Initial cost is less compared to underground system.
● In this, the poles, wires, transformer, etc can be easily shifted
to meet the changes in the load conditions. Thus more
flexible.
● The appearance of overhead line is not so good.
● The conductors are visible and are accessible so the fault can
be located and repaired easily.
● It has considerably higher current capability.
● Due to the chances of faults and service interruptions in an
overhead system due to wind,ice,lighting as well as from
traffic hazards , the maintenance cost of overhead system is
high
● An overhead system causes electromagnetic interference with
the telephone lines.

Source: https://university.listenlights
 Underground cable :
● All the distribution wiring is placed under the ground. Therefore
safer.
● Initial cost is high due to the high cost of trenching, conduits,
manholes, and other special equipments.
● In this, the manholes, duct lines, etc are placed permanently once
installed and the load expansion can be met by laying new lines
only.
● The chances of faults here are less since all the wiring is
underground and is provided with insulation.
● All the distribution lines are kept underground. So it gives better
appearance.
● Generally, there are very less chances of faults in an underground
system. But if at all any fault occurs, then it becomes difficult to
locate it and repair.
● It has comparatively low current capability.
● As compared to the overhead system the maintenance cost is
comparatively less due to less chances of faults
● In underground system there is no such interference.

Source: https://university.listenlights
 Source : https://www.ausgrid.com

Metering
An electricity meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric
energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically powered device.
These are mainly four types of meters
1)flat rate meters
2)interval meters
3)smart meters
4)solar meters

Source: meter types Source: electricity metere Source: time interval meter Source : sensor meter
 Source: lighting circuit
Power circuit

Light and power circuits

light circuit - wiring that provides
Power circuits: A power circuit is
power to electric lights.
defined as any circuit used to
Alighting circuit provides power to
carry electricity that operates a
individual light
load. A power circuit consists of a
points and thus has a dedicated
circuit with an outlet for the source,
fuse link for the distribution.
two wires for the path, a
As
switch for the control device and a
per IE Rules maximum number of
motor for a load. It is used for
points on one Circuit is 10 and
points with high consumption of
each circuit should not have load
power. E.g. AC, Geyser,
more than 800 Watt.
Microwave Oven

Source: tunnel wiring circuit Source:http://blog.sparkfune

Electric safety devices
Electrical Safety Devices
Electricity makes the world run by powering
computers and buildings, recharging batteries
for portable handheld devices and keeping our
buildings warm. However, electricity is also
dangerous to humans and equipment, so
electrical safety devices have been designed as
protection against potential electrical hazards.
They are basically divided into two types
1)fuses
2) circuit breaker

Source:https://www.canstockphoto.com/vector-cartoon-
of-man-or-repairman-73034645.html

Source: electrical-safety-devices
 Fuses
Fuses are electrical safety devices that are considered sacrificial lambs. A
fuse is a simple metal strip or wire that melts when it’s exposed to high
levels of electricity. This happens when too much electricity flows into
the power system. The fuse interrupts the connected circuit and absorbs
the electrical overflow to protect electrical equipment from extensive
damage caused by fire or overheating. Fuses, among other overcurrent
protection devices, are required in electrical systems to protect human
life and to avoid property damage.
Types of Fuses:
1.Rewirable Fuses:
Rewirable fuses are most commonly used in housing wiring and small
current circuits. It is also known as a kit – kat fuse. It has a porcelain
base which is carrying the fixed contact through which the live wires are
connected. The fuse carrier is the independent part which is easily
removed or stuck in the base.
2.Cartridge Fuse:
Cartridge Fuses are also known as Totally Enclosed type Fuses. The
fuselinks are enclosed in the glass container. By having this type of
design, it helps to keep the electric arc inside the container when it blows
out.
Source: fuses Cartridge fise
 3.HRC fuse :
● HRC fuses mainly consist of a heat resisting ceramic body.
Both the ends of ceramic body consist of metal end caps.
● A silver current carrying element is welded to these metal end
caps.
● The current carrying element is completely surrounded by the
filling powder.
● The filling material may be plaster of parries, chalk, quartz or
marble dust.
● Filling material acts as an arc quenching and cooling medium
when fuse element blows off due to excessive heat generated
under abnormal condition.

Source: HRC fuse

Circuit breaker
Circuit breaker: A device for interrupting or breaking the supply
under abnormal or fault current conditions. They are safe as the
overload tripping characteristics are set by the manufacturer
which cannot be changed. Faulty circuits can be easily identifiedand
supply can be restored quickly and easily when the fault has
been removed. Source: mcb

Types of Circuit breakers:

a. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB): It gives protection from
over current and short circuit.
b. Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB): It gives protection
from earth leakage along with protection from over current
and short circuit.
c. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB): It gives protection
from earth leakage along with protection from over current
and short circuit. Source: rccb

Source: electrical-safety-devices Source: Elcb

 Source: distribution boards

Distribution boards
Distribution board (DB) is where the electrical supply is
distributed from within the building. The main supply cable comes
into the board and is then distributed to the breakers and from
there to all the circuits, e.g. lights, plugs. It usually houses all the
contact breakers, earth leakage unit and may house items such as a
door bell transformer and timers. Various sizes of distribution
boards are available.

Source : electrical distribution

Source: electric board
 WIRING methods
Electrical wiring is the electrical power distribution
1) Cleat wiring
through the 2) Casting wiring
wires in a perfect manner for economic use of wiring
conductors 3) Batten wiring
inside a room or building with better load control. 4) Conduit wiring
Electrical wiring system is classified into five
categories: 5) Concealed wiring

Source: electrical wiring

Wiring methods
Installation methods
Electrical system and
methods
Cleat wiring
In this wiring VIR or PVC insulated wires are braided and compounded on walls or ceiling with the
help of porcelain cleats.
The wires can be weather proof. Simple wire laying is done in this scheme of wiring. In present days,
this kind of wiring scheme is not recommended for house or building. Only in temporary army
campus or festival related pandels this wiring is used.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

● Cheap and easy wiring ● Bad appearance

● Easy to fault detection
● Easy to repair
● Alteration and addition is
easy.
● Exposed to weather to be
affected by humidity, rain,
smoke, sunlight etc
● Chances for shock or fire
● Used in only 220V in low
ambient temperature.
● Not long lasting
● Sag happens
Casing or capping wiring
Casing and capping wiring: In this type of wiring Insulated
conductors laid inside PVC boxes having grooves in them. A
rectangular strip of wood called capping having same width as
that of casing is fixed over it. Both the casing and the capping are
screwed together at every 15cm. Casing is attached to the wall
and two or more wires of same polarity are drawn through
different grooves. The system is suitable for indoor and domestic
installations.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

● Cheap and easy to install ● Very costly

● Strong and durable wiring
● Customization can be done easily
● Safe from smoke, dust, rain and
steam etc.
● Due to casing and capping no risk
of shock.
● Not suitable for weather with high
humidity and acidic conditions.
● Insect like termites or ants can
damage wooden casing and
capping.
● High risk of fire.
Batten wiring
Batten wiring: In this type of wiring, wires sheathed in tough
rubber are used which are quite flexible. They are clipped on
wooden battens with brass clips and fixed on to the walls by flat
head screws. They are Moisture and chemical proof. The system is
suitable for damp climate and for lightning in low voltage
installations.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

● Easy installation ● Not suitable for outdoor wiring

● Cheap in material cost
● Appearance is better.
● Customization is easy
● Less chance of leakage current
● Humidity, smoke, steam etc
directly affect on wires.
● Heavy wires are not recommended
for this wiring scheme.
● Only suitable for below 250 V.
● High risk of fire.
Conduit wiring

Conduit wiring: In this type of wiring, cables run through PVC

pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and
fire due to short circuit. The wires are embedded inside the walls
or supported over the walls, and are known as concealed wiring
or surface conduit wiring (open conduit) respectively. The system
is best suited for public buildings, industries and workshops.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

● The safest wiring ● Very expensive

● Appearance is better
● No risk of fire or mechanical wear and tear.
● No risk of damage of cable insulation
● Safe from humidity, smoke, steam etc.
● No risk of shock
● Long lasting
● Installation is not easy
● Not easy to customize for
future
● Hard to detect the faults.
Concealed wiring
Concealed wiring: In this type of wiring, the layout is done under
the plaster of the wall of the building. Conduit pipes are buried
under the plaster of wall with GI wire inside. And with the help of
GI wires, the main PVC insulated cables are drawn through the
conduit.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

● The safest wiring ● Very expensive

● Appearance is better
● No risk of fire or mechanical wear and tear.
● No risk of damage of cable insulation
● Safe from humidity, smoke, steam etc.
● No risk of shock
● Long lasting
● Installation is not easy
● Not easy to customize for
future
● Hard to detect the faults.
ISI codes and standard materials

REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION FOR SAFETY

Fundamental Requirements for Safety
The requirements for protection for safety of persons, livestock and
property involve protection against electric shock, thermal effects,
overcurrent, overvoltage and undervoltage and a measure of isolation and
switching of electric circuits.
The protective measures may be applicable to the entire installation or a
part or an item of equipment. The requirements stated below in this
Section are based on the following basic principles.

Source: IS.732.1989 standard book

1.Protection Against Direct Contact
Persons and livestock shall be protected against dangers that may arise from contact with live parts of
the installation.

2.Protection Against Overcurrent

Persons or livestock shall be protected against injury and property damage due to excessive
temparatures or electromechanical stresses caused by any overcurrents likely to arise in live
conductors.
3.Overcurrent protection devices
Where necessary to, prevent danger, every installation and every circuit there of shall be protected
against overcurrent by devices
4.Protection Against Fault Currents
Conductors, other than live conductors, and any other parts intended to carry a fault current shall be
capable of carrying that current without assuming excessive temperature, until the protective gear
operates.

5.Protection Against Overvoltage

Persons or livestock shall be protected against injury and property any harmful effects of a fault
between live parts of circuits supplied at different voltages. Persons or livestock shall be protected
against injury and property damage from any excessive voltages likely to arise due to other causes ( for
example, atmospheric phenomena or switching voltages ).
Source: IS.732.1989 standard book
Conductors
Conductors: A conductor is a material which electricity, heat or
sound can flow through. An electrical conductor conducts
electricity. The ability to conduct electricity is called electrical
conductivity. Most metals, like iron and copper, are electrical
conductors. These metals are used to make wires to carry electric
current. Plasma is an excellent conductor of electricity and is used
for many purposes but metals are more used. A conductor's
resistance tends to get higher when the temperature also gets
high. Source: https://pin.it/1qk2P9h

Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/examples-of-electrical-conductors-and-insulators-608315
Switchboards and electrical points
Switchboard: An electric switchboard is a device that directs
electricity from one or more sources of supply to several smaller
regions of usage. It is an assembly of one or more panels, each of
which contains switches that allow electricity to be redirected.
In general, switchboards may distribute power to transformers,panel boards, control equipment, and, ultimately, to
individual system loads.
The control of switchboards may be:
1. Direct manual
2. Manual remote
3. Electrical remote

Source: https://pin.it/6TiAN3U

Source: switchboards
 Electric points in a general building
Electrical points in buildings: An electrical point is a place in a
wall where you can connect electrical equipment to the electricity
supply. There can be many electrical points in a building like Light
Points for Bracket Lights, Tube Lights, Picture Lights, Down
Lighter in False Ceiling etc.,
Further there can Ceiling or Wall Mounted or Exhaust Fan Points
etc., Apart from this there can be Power Points for Refrigerator,
AC, Geyser, Washing Machine, Motor Pump, Microwave Oven,
Kitchen equipment etc

Source: https://pin.it/2P7oTKX

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets
Source: Electrical layout
 Earthing
The planet Earth is defined as the conductive mass of the
electricity with an electric potential at any point conventionally
taken as zero. Being electrically neutral and at zero potential, the
earth provides a common reference for voltage measurements. In
order to protect human life and provide safety to the electrical
equipment, a conductor or connectivity between the source &
equipment or equipment body is formed. This guides the leakage
currents into earth as quickly as possible through shortest path.
Advantage of earthing: In the absence of a well-designed
effective earthing system, electrical fault conditions may lead to
tremendous loss of property and lives.
The main objectives of Earthing are as follows:
a. To ensure safety of life and property from hazards of electric
shock and electric fires.b. To ensure that system voltages on healthy lines remain
within reasonable limits under fault conditions thereby
preventing insulation breakdowns.
c. To provide an equipotential platform on which electronic
equipment can operate.
d. To provide an alternative path for induced current and
minimize the electrical noise in cables.

Source: https://www.electricitywall.com/EarthingTypes.php
 Plate earthing and pipe earthing
Plate Earthing: A copper plate or galvanized plate is buried
Pipe Earthing: A galvanized steel perforated pipe inside the
in an earth pit below ground level. The plate electrode
ground connects the electrical conductors to the
connects the electrical conductors to the earth.600mm x
earth.40mm diameter G.I. pipe or 100mm diameter C.I. pipe
600mm x 6mm thick G.I. plate or 600mm x 600mm x
of 2500mm length are being used along with other earth
3.15mm thick Copper plates are used as electrodes along
enhancing materials like Salt, Charcoal etc.,
with other earth enhancing materials like Salt, Charcoal etc.,

Source: https://www.electricitywall.com/EarthingTypes.php
Thank you