Introduction

Besides giving real and reactive power the load flow study provides information about line and
transformer loading the system and voltages at different points in the system for evaluation and
regulation of the performance of the power systems. The state of a power system and the methods of
calculating this state are very important in evaluating the operation and control of the power system
and the determination of future expansion for this system. The state of any power system can be
determined using load flow analysis that calculates the power flowing through the lines of the system.
There are different methods to determine the load flow for a particular system such as: Gauss-Seidel,
Newton Raphson Load, and the Fast-Decoupled method. Over the past few years, developments have
been made in finding digital computer solutions for power-system load flows. This involves increasing
the reliability and the speed of convergence of the numerical-solution techniques.

Hence, the Newton-Raphson (NR) approach is the most preferred general method. Hence, the
NR method is used to maintain an acceptable voltage profile at various buses with varying power flow.

Load Flow Solution Using NR method

Y bus matrix

 4.75  j 23.17   2.75  j 9.17    2  j14  


 
Y     2.75  j 9.17  5.45  j 25.37   2.7  j16.2  
   2  j14    2.7  j16.2  4.7  j 29.7 

N
Pk  Vk VnYkn cos   k   n  kn 
n 1
N
Qk  Vk VnYkn sin   k   n   kn 
n 1
 1 21 cos   2  1   21   V2Y22 cos   2   2   22   V3Y23 cos   2   3   23  
P2  V2 VY 
P2  1.05 1 9.57  cos   2  0  1.86    1.05   25.98  cos  1.4   V3  16.42  cos   2   3  1.74  

P2  10.05 cos   2  1.86   17.24V3 cos   2   3  1.74   4.87

P3  V3 V1Y31 cos   3  1  31   V2Y32 cos   3   2   32   V3Y33 cos   3   3   33  

P3  14.14V3 cos   3  1.7   17.24V3 cos   3   2  1.74   4.83V3 2

Q3  V3 V1Y31 sin   3  1  31   V2Y32 sin   3   2  32   V3Y33 sin   3   3  33  

Q3  14.14V3 sin   3  1.7   17.24V3 sin   3   2  1.74   29.74V3 2

Newton Raphson Method

General Formulas

 P i 2 P i 2 P i 2 
 i 
  2  i 3 V i 3 
 P i P i 3 P i 3 
Ji   i3 
  2  i 3 V i 3 
 i 
 Q 3 Q i 3 Q i 3 
  2  i 3 V i 3 
i

  i 1   i  i 1  P 
i
   J
 i 1   i     i  
V  V   Q 
1st iteration

for i=0

26.63 17 2.9 

J   17 31.02 4.91 

0

 2.9 4.7 28.42

 20  0 
 0  
 3   0 
V 0   1
 3   
 P2 , P3 & Q3
By using above initials calculating

P20  10.05cos   20  1.86   17.24V30 cos   20   30  1.74   4.87

P30  14.14V30 cos   30  1.7   17.24V30 cos   30   20  1.74   4.83  V30 

2

Q30  14.14V30 sin   30  1.7   17.24V30 sin   30   20  17.4   29.74  V30 

2

P 0 2  P2inj  P20  1.2  P2  1.2  10.05 cos  0  1.86   17.24 cos  1.74   4.87    2.0993
P 03  P3 inj  P3 0  3  P3outflow  3  14.14V3 cos  1.7   17.24cos  1.74   4.83   3.1050
Q 0  Q3 inj  Q30  1  14.14V3 sin  1.7   17.24 sin  1.74   29.74     0.2759

 21   20   P20 
 1  0  1  
 3    3   J   P3 
0 0

V 1  V 0   Q 0 
 3  3   3 
1
 21  0  26.63 17 2.9  2.0993 
 1      
 3   0    17 31.02 4.91   3.1050 
V 1  1   2.9 4.7 28.42   0.2759 
 3   
 21    0.1665 
 1  
 3    0.1677 
V 1  2.3899 
 3  

2nd iteration

For i =1

  
P 12  P2inj  P21  1.2  10.05cos  21  1.86  17.24V31 cos  21   31  1.74  4.87  
P 12  9.2089

  
P 13  P3 inj  P31  3  P31  3  14.14V31 cos  31  1.7  17.24V31 cos  31   31  1.74  4.83 V31   
2

 
P 3  0.8226
1

   
Q1  Q3 inj  Q31  1  14.14V 13 sin  31  1.7  17.24V31 sin  31   31  1.74  29.74 V31   
2

 
Q  102.4638
1
  P i 2 P i 2 P i 2 
 i i 
  2  3 V 3 
i

 P i P i 3 P i 3 
Ji   i3 
  2  3 V 3 
i i

 i i 
 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 
i

  i 2  i 3 V i 3 
   50.6172 40.6427   2.8323 
J    36.0905  68.4053 1
1
  0.6323 
  1
  9.8778 29.7654 1   13.5313 

 22   21   P21 
 2   1 1 1  
 3    3   J   P3 
1

V 2  V 1   Q 1 
 3   3  3
 22    0.1665     50.6172 40.6427   2.8323  1  9.2089 
 2      0.6323   0.8226 
 3    0.1677     36.0905  68.4053 1  
V 2  2.3899    1   
9.8778  29.7654 1
  13.53 1 3   102.4638 
 3      
 22   36.1726 
 2  
 3     9.5616 
V 2    1 
 3     .0518 

3rd iteration

For i =2

P 3 2  P2 inj  P 3 2  1.2  10.05 cos   2 2  1.86   17.24V3 2 cos   2 2   3 2  1.74   4.87 

P 3 2   4.9131

P 3 3  P3 inj  P 3 3  3  P31  3  14.14V3 2 cos   3 2  1.7   17.24V3 2 cos   3 2   3 2  1.74   4.83  V31  
2

 
P 3 3  3  10.28  29.7680

Q3 3  Q3 inj  Q33  2  14.14V 23 sin   3 2  1.7   17.24V3 2 sin   3 2   3 2  1.74   29.74  V3 2  
2

 
Q3  2  2.69  43.5561
3
  P i 2 P i 2 P i 2 
 i i 
  2  3 V 3 
i

 P i P i 3 P i 3 
Ji   i3 
  2  3 V 3 
i i

 i i 
 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 
i

  i 2  i 3 V i 3 
   1   .3882 17.1894   
  .9013  1
J   4.6927  9.6563  30.5302  
2 
 17.5150  21.4248  71.7409 

 23   22   P22 
 3  2 2 1  
 3    3    J   P3 
2

V 3  V 2   Q 2 
 3   3   3 
1
 23   36.1726     1   .3882 17.1894      4.9131 
  .9013  1
 3      
 3     9.5616    4.6927  9.6563  30.5302    29.7680 
V 3    1     
 3     .0518   17.5150  21.4248  71.7409   43.5561
 23   52.4988 
 3  
 3     8.9525 
V 3    1.2253 
 3   
MALAB Code

clc;clear all; % clearing screen & workspace variable

P2_inj = 1.2; % P2 injected

P3_inj = -3; % P3 injected
Q3_inj = -1; % Q3 injected

for i=0:1:2 % iteration

syms del2 del3 V3

fprintf('Display Result for i = %d ',i);

P2 = 10.05*cos(del2-1.86)+17.24*V3*cos(del2-del3-1.74)+4.87; %P2 calculated in class

P3 =14.14*V3*cos(del3-1.7)+17.24*V3*cos(del3-del2-1.74)+4.83*V3^2; %P3 calculated in class
Q3 = 14.14*V3*sin(del3-1.7) + 17.24*V3*sin(del3-del2-1.74)+29.74*V3^2; %Q3 calculated in class

dP2_ddel2 = diff(P2,del2); % differentiate P2 w.r.t del2

dP2_ddel3 = diff(P2,del3); % differentiate P2 w.r.t del3
dP2_dV3 = diff(P2,V3); % differentiate P2 w.r.t V3
dP3_ddel2 = diff(P3,del2); % differentiate P3 w.r.t del2
dP3_ddel3 = diff(P3,del3); % differentiate P3 w.r.t del3
dP3_ddV3 = diff(P3,V3); % differentiate P3 w.r.t V3
dQ3_ddel2 = diff(Q3,del2); % differentiate Q3 w.r.t del2
dQ3_ddel3 = diff(Q3,del3); % differentiate Q3 w.r.t del3
dQ3_ddV3 = diff(Q3,V3); % differentiate Q3 w.r.t V3

J = [dP2_ddel2 dP2_ddel3 dP2_dV3;...

dP3_ddel2 dP3_ddel3 dP3_ddV3;...
dQ3_ddel2 dQ3_ddel3 dQ3_ddV3]; %Jacobian matrix calculated in class

if i ==0
V3 = 1
del2 = 0
del3 = 0
else
del2 =double( R(1,1) ); %element of 1st row 1st column of R will be del2
del3 = double( R(2,1) );%element of 2nd row 1st column of R will be del3
V3 = double( R(3,1) ); %element of 3rd row 1st column of R will be Q
V3
end

J = subs(J);
del_P2 = P2_inj - P2;
del_P3 = P3_inj -P3;
del_Q3 = Q3_inj - Q3;

x1=double(subs([del2 ;del3; V3]) );

x2=double(subs([del_P2;del_P3;del_Q3]));

del_P2 = x2(1,1)
del_P3 = x2(2,1)
del_Q3 = x2(3,1)

J= double(subs(J))
R = double(x1 + (J.^-1)*x2);

del2 =double( R(1,1) ) %element of 1st row 1st column of R will be del2
del3 = double( R(2,1) )%element of 2nd row 1st column of R will be del3
V3 = double( R(3,1) ) %element of 3rd row 1st column of R will be Q

end

Display Result for i = 0

V3 =

del2 =

del3 =

del_P2 =

2.0993

del_P3 =

-3.1050

del_Q3 =

0.2759

J =

26.6264 -16.9938 -2.9032

-16.9938 31.0159 4.9350
2.9032 -4.7250 28.4641
del2 =

0.1665

del3 =

-0.1677

V3 =

2.3899

Display Result for i = 1

V3 =

2.3899

del_P2 =

-9.2089

del_P3 =

-0.8226

del_Q3 =

-102.4638

J =

50.6172 -40.6427 2.8323

-36.0905 68.4053 10.6323
19.8778 -29.7654 113.5313

del2 =

-36.1726

del3 =

-9.5616
V3 =

1.0518

Display Result for i = 2

V3 =

1.0518

del_P2 =

4.9131

del_P3 =

-29.7680

del_Q3 =

-43.5561

J =

1.9013 1.3882 -17.1894

-4.6927 -9.6563 30.5302
-17.5150 21.4248 71.7409

del2 =

-52.4988

del3 =

-8.9525

V3 =

-1.2253

Conclusion
It can be seen manually calculated values of P, Q,  & V are same as MATLAB.

MATLAB is easy to iterate and less time consuming with zero percent error. Manually iteration took few
hours to calculate values but MATLAB took micro seconds to give results.