Carbohydrates: Disease Compilation: Submitted To

CARBOHYDRATES: DISEASE COMPILATION
MT 201
BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
Submitted to:
Ms. Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT
Instructor
Submitted by:
TOBY M. CONVOCAR
Student
DECEMBER/05/2020
1
Table of Contents
Cover Page 1
Table of Contents 2
Carbohydrates 4-10
1. Sugar Chromatography
2. Lactose Intolerance Test
3. Fasting Plasma Glucose
4. Glycated Hemoglobin Test (A1C)
5. Casual Plasma Glucose
6. Glucose
7. Glucose-RD, Urine
8. Glucose Whole blood
9. Random Blood Sugar
10. PostPrandial Glucose Test
Nucleic Acid 11-15
1. C.Difficile/EPI, PCR
2. HIV-1 Genotype (RTI, PI,
Integrase inhibitors)
3. DNA Microarray
4. Whole Exome Sequencing Trio
5. Zika Virus RNA Qual, Real-Time
PCR PNL, Serum and Urine
6. Zika Virus RNA Qualitative Real-
Time RT-PCR
7. Chromosome Analysis, Amniotic
Fluid
8. HCV RNA Genotype
9. Y Chromosome Microdeletion, Dna
Analysis
10. Diphenylamine Test
Proteins 16-22
2
1. Bence Jones Protein (Urinary light
chains) Urine immunofixation
2. Albumin
3. 5-HIAA (5-Hydroxy Indole Acetic
Acid)
4. Serum Protein Electrophoresis
Test
5. Fibrinogen Antigen
6. Hla b27 Antigen
7. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(TSH)
8. Cd34
9. SGPT
10. SGOT
Lipids 23-29
1. 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone
2. Anti-Cardiolipin AB
3. Fecal Fat, Qual
4. Cholesterol Vap
5. Fecal Lipids, Total
6. Lipid-Laden Macrophages
7. Lipid Panel
8. Cardiolipin AB IGA
9. Cardiolipin AB IGM
10. Lipid Panel with Direct LDL if
Triglyceride is Elevated
References 30-32
Carbohydrates
3
1. Sugar Chromatography
 Principle
o Although glucose is the commonest reducing substance in urine and
faeces, it is not the only sugar of clinical significance that will give a
positive reducing substance result. A positive reducing substance from a
patient other than a diabetic must be followed up by thin layer
chromatography (TLC) for identification of the individual sugars. This is
particularly helpful in the preliminary investigation of conditions such as
galactosaemia and fructosaemia.
 Normal Value
o The reference range for an average adult is 0-1. A fresh urine or faeces
specimen should not normally contain reducing sugars.
 Conversion Factor
o N/A
 Types of Specimen to be Obtained
o Feces or Urine
 Collection Requirement
o Stool (minimum 1 g) collected into a sterile container without preservative.
o Do not collect urine at the start.
2. Lactose tolerance Test

 Principle
o For this test, your doctor will take a fasting blood sample to obtain a
baseline, or typical, reading of how much glucose is in your blood. Then,
like the hydrogen breath test, your doctor will have you drink a liquid with
lactose. As your body digests the lactose, it should break the lactose down
into a simpler sugar called glucose. Your doctor will take blood samples
several times over a few hours to measure how much glucose is in your
blood.
4
 Normal Value
o The blood test is considered normal if your glucose level rises more than
30 mg/dL (1.6 mmol/L) within 2 hours of drinking the lactose solution. A
rise of 20 to 30 mg/dL (1.1 to 1.6 mmol/L) is inconclusive.
Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories.
Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.
o N/A
o Plasma (Blood Sample)
o 8-Hour Fasting is required
3. Fasting Plasma Glucose

 Principle
o The fasting plasma glucose test requires an eight-hour fast. The person
must have nothing to eat or drink except water. The person's blood is
usually collected by a nurse or phlebotomist (person trained to draw
blood) by insertion of a needle into a vein in the patient's arm.
 Normal Value
o Normal blood glucose level (tested while fasting) for non-diabetics is
between 3.9 and 7.1 mmol/L (70 to 130 mg/dL). The global mean fasting
plasma blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100
mg/dL); however, this level fluctuates throughout the day.
o 0.055mmol/L
o Blood Specimen
5
o Plasma
o Blood glucose tests are either random or fasting tests. For a fasting blood
glucose test, you can’t eat or drink anything but water for eight hours
before your test. You may want to schedule a fasting glucose test first
thing in the morning so you don’t have to fast during the day.
4. Glycated Hemoglobin Tests (A1C)

 Principle
o Hemoglobin A, a protein found inside red blood cells, carries oxygen
throughout your body. When there's glucose in your bloodstream, it can
stick (glycate) to hemoglobin A. The more glucose that's in your blood, the
more it does this, creating a higher percentage of glycated hemoglobin
proteins.
 Normal Value
o 5.6%
o N/A
o Whole Blood
o During specimen processing sample must not be centrifuged or freeze.
o Transport temperature must be refrigerated.
o 2.5 mL; minimum 1 mL.
5. Casual Plasma Glucose

 Principle
6
o The casual plasma glucose test is another method of diagnosing diabetes.
During the test, blood sugar is tested without regard to the time since the
person's last meal. You are not required to abstain from eating prior to the
test.
 Normal Value
o Optimal amount of specimen required is 1.5 mL; minimum is 0.2 mL. D. 3–
5 mL of whole blood is collected in a vacuum tube containing the glycolytic
inhibitors potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride (e.g., gray-top
Vacutainers).
o 0.055mmol/L
o Blood Specimen
o Currently, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendation for
preanalytical processing for plasma glucose measurements is
for collection into sodium fluoride (NaF) tubes with placement in ice-water
slurry prior to centrifugation within 30 min (10).
6. Glucose
 Principle
o Spectrophotometry
o The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over
a certain range of wavelength.
 Normal Value
o 0-31days:45-90mg/dL >= 32 days: 70-120 mg/dL
o N/A
7
o Plasma or Serum
o Fasting specimen is not required.
o 2mL of serum or plasma is required.
o Outreach clients: Specimen may also be collected in grey-top tubes. Place
specimen on ice, or centrifuge and separate plasma from cells.
7. Glucose, RD Urine Tests

 Principle
o This is a very simple and effective method of the amount of glucose in
the urine Principle: •Glucose(R-CHO) + 2Cu⁺²+2H₂O→Gluconic acid(R-
COOH) +Cu₂O+4H⁺.
 Normal Value
o The normal glucose reference ranges are as below [ 1] Cord - 45-96
mg/dL or 2.5-5.3 mmol/L (SI units) Premature infant - 20-60 mg/dL or 1.1-
3.3 mmol/L Neonate - 30-60 mg/dL or 1.7-3.3 mmol/L.
o N/A
o Urine
o 5ml maximum
o 1ml minimum
o Urine containing preservation is not acceptable.
o Specimen should be processed as soon as possible.
8. Glucose Whole Blood
8
 Principle
o Amperometric
o The principle of amperometric sensor is based on measuring current
generated by enzymatic or bioaffinity reaction at the electrode surface, at
a constant working potential with respect to the reference electrode.
 Normal Value
o 0-31 days: 45-90 mg/dL >= 32 days: 70 - 120 mg/dL.
o N/A
o Whole Blood
o 1ml Whole Blood, sample must be transported immediately to chemistry
laboratory.
9. Random Blood Sugar

 Principle
o Unlike the fast blood glucose test, the principle for random blood sugar
testing is simple and does not involve fasting. The RBS examination
requires the removal of blood from the veins by an injection. Not much
pain is felt during the RBS exam, apart from a tiny prink.
 Normal Value
o In an average adult the reference level for a “normal” random glucose
tests are around 80-140mg/dl of (4.4-7.8 mmol/L). 140-200mg/dl (7.8-
11.1mmol/L) is considered pre-diabetes, and 200 mh/dl is considered
diabetes according to ADA guidelines.
o 0.055 mmol/L
 Types of Specimen to be obtained
9
o Serum / Plasma (blood samples)
o Fasting is not required.
10. PostPrandial Glucose Test

 Principle
o A postprandial glucose (PPG) test is a blood glucose test that determines
the amount of glucose, in the plasma after a meal. The diagnosis is
typically restricted to postprandial hyperglycemia due to lack of strong
evidence of co-relation with a diagnosis of diabetes.
 Normal Value
o In people without diabetes, the normal postprandial glucose range is less
than 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l). For people with diabetes, the American
Diabetes Association recommends a postprandial glucose target of less
than 180 mg/dl (10.0 mmol/l).
o N/A
o Serum or Plasma
o Specimen Requirement 0.5 mL serum or plasma is required.
Additional Specimen Collection Information Collect blood in a lithium
heparin, green-top or red-top tube from a fasting patient. (12-hour fast is
recommended.)
10
Nucleic Acid
1. C.Difficile/EPI, PCR
 Principle
o Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Real-time PCR is a quantitative
method that allows the data to be compiled as the product accumulates,
by detecting the signal emitted by the fluorescent probe during each
amplification cycle, that is proportional to the amount of amplicons
generated (the target viral DNAs contained in the sample).
 Normal Value
o Negative. No C. difficile toxin B gene DNA detected by PCR (Amplified
Probe)
o N/A
o Fresh undiluted, non-formed stool.
o Stool aspirate specimens (i.e., stool aspirate, colon contents, colon
aspirate) are acceptable as long as it is verified that the patient did not
have a gastrointestinal preparation. Please contact laboratory prior to the
collection of stool aspirates for instructions. 1-2 mL of non-formed stool.
2. HIV-1 Genotype (RTI, PI, Integrase inhibitors)

 Principle
o (best method): Antivirogram
 Normal Values
11
o 4 mL EDTA plasma; minimum 1.2 mL
o 0.036
 Type of Specimen
o EDTA plasma
o Centrifuge and aliquot plasma from cells within 24 hours of
collection.
3. DNA Microarray
 Principle (best method)
o Nucleic acid hybridization
 Normal Values
o 20-30 mL Amniotic Fluid 20-30 mg Chorionic villi
o 0.33
o Amniotic Fluid or CVS
o Optimal timing for specimen collection is during 14 to 18 weeks of
gestation.
4. Whole Exome Sequencing Trio

o sequence nucleotide
 Normal Values
o 2-5 mL EDTA whole blood
o 0.00152
12
o Whole Blood
o Ship ASAP to ensure quality DNA
5. Zika Virus RNA Qual, Real-Time PCR PNL, Serum and Urine
o Antibody; Zika virus, IgM
 Normal Values
o 3 mL serum (minimum 1 mL) AND 3 ml urine
o 0.0341
o Serum and Urine
o Allow BLOOD to clot at room temperature. Centrifuge as soon as
possible and transfer serum to a plastic tube in order to avoid
hemolysis.
 URINE: should be collected in a sterile container without additives. Urine
should always be collected with a patient- matched serum
specimen. Immediately freeze for transport.
6. Zika Virus RNA Qualitative Real-Time RT-PCR

o in vitro qualitative detection of Zika virus RNA
 Normal Values
o 3 mL serum (minimum 1 mL)
13
o 0.234
o Serum
o Allow to clot and centrifuge specimen as soon as possible, transfer
serum to a plastic tube in order to avoid hemolysis.
7. Chromosome Analysis, Amniotic Fluid

o Amniotic Fluid Cells
 Normal Values
o 20 mL amniotic fluid; minimum 5 mL.
o 0.0253
o Amniotic Fluid
o none
8. HCV RNA Genotype
o Anti-HCV antibody
 Normal Values
o <15 IU/mL
o 6
o Plasma
14
o Separate plasma from EDTA whole blood within 24 hours of
collection. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 3000rpm, room
temperature. Using a sterile pipet, transfer 3-4 mL of plasma to one
(1) labeled, sterile, aliquot tube.
9. Y Chromosome Microdeletion, Dna Analysis

o DNA from leukocytes
 Normal Values
o 4 mL (minimum 3 mL)
o 0.054 Type of Specimen: Whole blood
o Specimen stability is crucial. Store and ship room temperature
immediately. Do not freeze.
10. Diphenylamine Test

o diphenylamine under acidic condition
 Normal Values
o 100 L at 1 L/min
o 10.3 Type of Specimen: Nitrates
o Diphenylamine samples should be refrigerated until analyzed to
help minimize loss of analyte during storage.
15
Protein
1. Bence Jones Protein (Urinary light chains) Urine immunofixation

 Principle
o The Bence Jones protein urine test is a 24-hour test. A person will
need to collect all the urine they pass over a 24-hour period, as the
components of urine change over the course of the day. The
healthcare team will provide a container for collection. The sample will
need to be kept cool and may need to be refrigerated, depending on
local weather conditions.
o A person should not collect the first urine they pass on the day of the
test. However, all urine passed for the next 24 hours should be
collected and added to the container. A person may also be asked to
write down the time each sample is collected. The laboratory will then
check the complete sample for the presence of Bence Jones protein. It
is essential for a person to let their doctor know about any medications,
supplements, or vitamins they are taking, as these may affect the
results.
 Normal Value
o Reference range; Qualitative report: negative/positive: 24 hour Bence
jones protein excretion can be monitored (see specific sheet).
16
o N/A
o Plain urine in universal
o A person should not collect the first urine they pass on the day of the
test. However, all urine passed for the next 24 hours should be
collected and added to the container.
2. Albumin
 Principle
o Albumin gives your body the proteins it needs to keep growing and
repairing tissue. It also carries vital nutrients and hormones. A serum
albumin test is a simple blood test that measures the amount of
albumin in your blood. Having surgery, getting burned, or having an
open wound raises your chances of having a low albumin level.
 Normal Value
o 35-50g/L
o N/A
o Serum or Lithium Heparin plasma
o Serum or Lithium Heparin plasma
3. 5-HIAA (5-Hydroxy Indole Acetic Acid)

 Principle
17
o This test measures the amount of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
in the urine. 5-HIAA is a muscle stimulant and the primary metabolite
of serotonin, a hormone derived from the amino acid tryptophan.
Serotonin is produced as needed by the nervous system, mainly the
brain, but also special cells in the bronchial tubes (lungs) and
gastrointestinal tract. It helps transmit nerve impulses and constrict
blood vessels, participates in the wake-sleep cycle, and affects
mood.After it has been used by the body, serotonin is broken down in
the liver, and its metabolites, including 5-HIAA, are excreted in the
urine. Large quantities of serotonin and 5-HIAA may be produced
however, by some carcinoid tumours. Carcinoid tumours are slow-
growing masses that can form in the gastrointestinal tract, on the
appendix and in the lungs.
o About 10% of carcinoid tumours, primarily those found in the
gastrointestinal tract, will produce enough serotonin to cause
symptoms such as flushing of the face, diarrhoea, a rapid heart rate,
and wheezing, usually only after the tumour has spread to the liver.
These symptoms are referred to as the carcinoid syndrome.
 Normal Value
o 0-40 umol/24h
o Borderline: 40-78 umol/24h
o Carcinoid range: 130 + umol/24h
o N/A
o Urine
18
o A 24hr urine sample in a urine container with a measured amount of
acid (6mL of 4M Sulphuric Acid) and sand (20g) is required.
4. Serum Protein Electrophoresis Test

 Principle
o Electrophoresis is a lab technique used to separate groups of proteins
in blood serum. This allows them to be measured and analyzed
individually. It involves exposing serum placed in a special type of gel
to an electric current. This causes the different types of proteins to
move and group together. The proteins create separate bands on the
gel, which are then analyzed by the laboratory.
o Serum protein electrophoresis evaluates 5 major protein fractions
(albumin, alpha 1, alplha 2, beta and gamma) in serum to determine if
there are deficiencies or increases that can have association with
diseases such as macroglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy of
undetermined significance (MGUS) or multiple myeloma.
 Normal Value
o Albumin- 3.8-5.0 Amount of proteins (grams/deciliter)
o Alpha-1 globulin- 0.1- 0.3 Amount of proteins (grams/deciliter)
o Alpha-2 globulin- 0.6- 1.0 Amount of proteins (grams/deciliter)
o Beta globulin- 0.7-1.4 Amount of proteins (grams/deciliter)
o Gamma globulin -0.7 1.6 Amount of proteins (grams/deciliter)
o N/A
o Serum (blood specimen)
o No preparation is needed for the test. When you arrive, a healthcare
professional will simply use a needle to take a blood sample.
19
5. Fibrinogen Antigen
 Principle
o The fibrinogen antigen assay is an immunoturbidimetric assay using
latex particles coated with polyclonal rabbit anti-
human fibrinogen antibodies. The test plasma is mixed with the latex
reagent, the anti-fibrinogen antibodies coupled onto latex particles
react with the fibrinogen present in the sample, resulting in
agglutination.
 Normal Value
o 180-350 mg/dL
o N/A
o Plasma (Blood Sample)
o 2.7 mL blue-top (3.2% sodium citrate) tube
o 1 mL aliquot of plasma in sterile plastic vial; minimum 0.5 mL. Please
submit a separate frozen aliquot for this test. It may not be combined
with any other test requiring a frozen aliquot.
6. Hla b27 Antigen

 Principle
o Flow Cytometry
 Normal Value
o N/A
o N/A
20
o Whole Blood
o Specimen must arrive 96 hours of draw
o Do not transfer blood to other containers
7. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

 Principle
o Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay
 Normal Value
o The TSH has a normal test range between 0.4 and 4.0 milli-
international units of hormone per liter of blood (mIU/L).
 0.27-4.2 uIU/mL
o N/A
o Plasma or Serum (Blood Sample)
o 2 mL of serum or plasma; minimum 0.5 mL.
8. Cd34
 Principle
o Flow Cytometry
 Normal Value
o N/A
o N/A
21
o Whole Blood
o Properly drawn K2 EDTA tube of whole blood or a sterile container
(micro vial preferred) containing apheresis or filtered bone marrow
product. Minimum volume 1 mL.
9. SGPT
 Principle
o SGPT catalyzes the transfer of amino groups from L-Alanine to 2-
Oxoglutarate. The rate of reaction is monitored using a coupling
enzyme Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), where by the Pyruvate formed
is converted to Lactate in the presence of NADH. The Oxidation of
NADH is measured by monitoring the decrease in absorbance at 340
nm.
 Normal Value
o The normal range of values for ALT (SGPT) is about 7 to 56 units per
liter of serum. However, the ranges of AST and ALT numbers may
differ slightly depending on the technique and protocols used by
different laboratories worldwide.
o N/A
o Plasma or Serum (Whole Blood)
10. SGOT
 Principle
22
o SGOT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from L-Aspartate to α-
ketoglutarate. The rate of reaction is monitored using a coupling
enzyme MDH, whereby the Oxaloacetate formed is converted to
Malate in the presence of NADH. The oxidation of NADH is measured
by monitoring the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm.
 Normal Value
o The normal range of an SGOT test is generally between 8 and 45 units
per liter of serum. In general, men may naturally have higher amounts
of AST in the blood. A score above 50 for men and 45 for women is
high and may indicate damage.
o N/A
o Plasma or Serum (Preferably Serum)
Lipid
1. 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone
 Principle
o 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of
cortisol. Deficiency of either 11b- or 21-hydroxylase activities leads to an
increased concentration of 17a-hydroxyprogesterone in the peripheral
circulation. This test is less valuable in 11b-hydroxylase deficiency, where
11-deoxycortisol is the analyte of choice. ‘Functional’ deficiencies of 21-
hydroxylase and 11b-hydroxylase have been described.
 Normal Value
o Adult males: 1.9-6.5 nmol/L
23
o Adult femals: Follicular phase- 1.0 to 4.5 nmol/L & Luteal phase- 0.8 to 8.8
nmol/L
o N/A
o Serum (blood sample)
o A serum samples (SST) is required for analysis, blood spot Guthrie cards
are also acceptable.
2. Anti-Cardiolipin AB
 Principle
o Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
o Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) combine the specificity
of antibodies with the sensitivity of simple enzyme assays, by using
antibodies or antigens coupled to an easily-assayed enzyme. ELISAs can
provide a useful measurement of antigen or antibody concentration.
 Normal Value
o Cardiolipin IgG (CARDG)< 15 GPL units = Negative.
Cardiolipin IgM (CARDM) < 12.5 MPL units = Negative.
Cardiolipin IgA (CARDA)< 12 APL units = Negative.
o N/A
o Serum (preferred) or sodium citrate plasma.
24
o Use a serum separator tube (SST) and allow samples to clot for 30
minutes at room temperature before centrifugation for 15 minutes at 1000
x g. Remove serum and assay immediately or aliquot and store samples
at ≤ -20 °C.
3. Fecal Fat, Qual

 Principle
o Microscopic Examination of Sudan III Stained Smear
o Biological staining. Sudan III is a dye used for Sudan staining. Similar
dyes include Oil Red O, Sudan IV, and Sudan Black B. They are used for
staining of triglycerides in frozen sections, and some protein bound lipids
and lipoproteins on paraffin sections.
 Normal Value
o N/A
o Results may indicate malabsorption or maldigestion. False positive results
can occur due to mineral oil or castor oil present in the specimen. Large
number of neutral fat globules may indicate steatorrhea.
o N/A
o Stool
o Patient should be on a normal diet which includes fat intake. Patient
should not use castor oil, mineral oil, suppositories or barium prior to
collection of specimen. Fat substitutes such as Olestra may cause
interference and should be avoided.
4. Cholesterol Vap
 Principle
25
o Enzymatic
o Fixed rate time nephelometry
o Immunoturbidity
o Spectrophotometric (Colorimetric)
o Ion mobility
o The VAP test is also done in a similar way as the regular lipid profile test
using a centrifuge. The candidate’s blood is collected by a nurse or
technician and then it is submitted to the lab for analysis. The test is now
widely available in major diagnostic labs. You won’t have to wait long to
get the vertical auto profile test results as well.
 Normal Value
o N/A
o N/A
o Serum
o The assay manufacturer Beckman Coulter advises: "N-Acetyl Cysteine
(NAC), when administered in therapeutic concentrations (for the treatment
of acetaminophen overdose), has been...determined to interfere with
assays for... Cholesterol, Uric Acid" where "NAC interference may lead to
falsely low results." According to Beckman Coulter, the NAC interference
should be insignificant by 12 hours after completion of the initial loading
dose of an IV infusion treatment regimen consisting of an initial loading
dose of 150 mg/kg administered over 1 hour, a second dose of 50 mg/kg
administered over 4 hours and a third dose of 100 mg/kg administered
over 16 hours.
5. Fecal Lipids, Total
26
 Principle
o Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
o The principle of nuclear magnetic resonance is based on the spins of
atomic nuclei. The magnetic measurements depend upon the spin of
unpaired electron whereas nuclear magnetic resonance measures
magnetic effect caused by the spin of protons and neutrons.
 Normal Value
o Fecal Lipids, Total Less than 7 g/24 hr
Preferred (Normal ranges apply.): Frozen stool, 72 hour collection
Acceptable (Reference ranges do not apply.): 24-hr stool or 48-hr stool or
random stool.
o N/A
o Stool
o Stool, 72-hour (preferred), or 24- or 48-hour collection.
o Patient must follow a high-fat diet for three days prior to the test.
6. Lipid-Laden Macrophages
 Principle
o The lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI) can be calculated by counting
100 macrophages in a BAL specimen treated with a lipid stain and scoring
each macrophage from 0 to 4 based on the amount of lipids present in the
27
cell. A LLMI score greater than 100 is considered positive for pulmonary
aspiration.
 Normal Value
o N/A
o N/A
o Fresh bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimen (do not add fixative).
o Fresh lavage specimens. Do not add fixative.
o Note on requisition: Determine presence of lipid-laden macrophages
o Non-sterile specimen container
7. Lipid Panel
 Principle
 Normal Value
o Cholesterol: Young adult- 170mg/dl, Adult- 200mg/dl
o HDL Cholesterol: Young Adult- 45mg/dl, Adult- 60mg/dl
o LDL Cholesterol: Young adult- 70mg/dl to 100mg/dl, Adult- 70mg/dl to
100mg/dl
o Non-HDL Cholesterol: 100mg/dl
o Triglyceride: Young- 75mg/dl, Young adult- 90mg/dl, Adult- 150mg/ml
o N/A
o Serum or Plasma (Blood Sample)
28
o Patient Fasting is recommended but not required.
8. Cardiolipin AB IGA
 Principle
 Normal Value
o 12 APL units= Negative
o N/A
o Serum (Preferred) or Sodium Citrate Plasma
o 0.5 mL serum (preferred) or sodium citrate plasma; minimum 0.2 mL.
9. Cardiolipin AB IGM
 Principle
 Normal Value
o <12.5 MPL units= Negative
29
o N/A
o Serum (preferred) or Sodium Citrate Plasma
o 0.5 mL serum (preferred) or sodium citrate plasma; minimum 0.2 mL.
10. Lipid Panel with Direct LDL if Triglyceride is Elevated

 Principle
 Normal Value
o 10 Years Old: 75mg/dl
o N/A
o Plasma or Serum (Blood Sample)
o Fasting is required.
o Stat/Line draws: 3 mL green/yellow-top (plasma separator) tube
References All:
30
Carbohydrates
11. Sugar Chromatography | South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

12. Lactose Tolerance Test: Purpose, Procedure & Results (healthline.com)
13. Blood Glucose Diabetes Tests: Fasting Plasma Glucose, Results, Levels,
Diagnosis (webmd.com)
14. Fasting Plasma Glucose - RNpedia,
15. Fasting Plasma Glucose - RNpedia,, Blood Glucose Diabetes Tests: Fasting
Plasma Glucose, Results, Levels, Diagnosis (webmd.com)
16. Specimen collection and processing instructions for GLUCOSE test
(geisingermedicallabs.com)
17. Specimen collection and processing instructions for GLUCOSE, RD URINE test
18. Specimen collection and processing instructions for GLUCOSE, WHOLE
BLOOD test (geisingermedicallabs.com)
19. RBS Test | Random Blood Sugar Test - About, Preparation, Test Results &
More (portea.com)
20. Blood Glucose Test | Fasting, PostPrandial And Random » Medlifeweb
Nucleic Acid
1. Specimen collection and processing instructions for C. DIFFICILE/EPI, PCR test

2. HIV-1 Genotype (RTI, PI, Integrase Inhibitors) | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics,
Warde Medical Laboratory (wardelab.com)
3. What is DNA Microarray test? - DNA Labs India, DNA Microarray Technology
Fact Sheet (genome.gov)
4. EXOME SEQUENCING SERVICE / / Exeter Clinical Laboratory International
(exeterlaboratory.com), Trio-Exome-Halftone-brochure_v2.pdf (netdna-ssl.com)
5. Zika Virus RNA, Qualitative, Real-Time RT-PCR Panel, Serum/Urine | Test Detail
| Quest Diagnostics
6. Zika Virus RNA, Qualitative, Real-Time RT-PCR | Test Detail | Quest
Diagnostics
31
7. Chromosome Analysis, Amniotic Fluid Test - Test Results, Normal Range, Cost
And More (lybrate.com)
8. Specimen collection and processing instructions for HCV RNA GENOTYPE test
9. Y Chromosome Microdeletion, DNA Analysis | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics
10. Diphenylamine test - Oxford Reference
Protein
1. Bence-Jones-Protein-Urinary-light-chains-Urine-immunofixation.pdf (mft.nhs.uk)
2. Specimen collection and processing instructions for ALBUMIN test
3. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (Urine) - Health Encyclopedia - University of
Rochester Medical Center
4. Protein Electrophoresis Serum Test (healthline.com)
5. Specimen collection and processing instructions for FIBRINOGEN ANTIGEN
test (geisingermedicallabs.com)
6. Specimen collection and processing instructions for HLA B27 ANTIGEN test
7. Specimen collection and processing instructions for TSH test
8. Specimen collection and processing instructions for CD34 test
9. Specimen collection and processing instructions for ALT test
10. Specimen collection and processing instructions for AST test
Lipids
1. 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone - South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust | South

Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
32
2. Specimen collection and processing instructions for ANTI-CARDIOLIPIN AB test
3. Specimen collection and processing instructions for FECAL FAT, QUAL test
4. Specimen collection and processing instructions for CHOLESTEROL VAP test
5. Specimen collection and processing instructions for FECAL LIPIDS, TOTAL test
6. Specimen collection and processing instructions for LIPID-LADEN
MACROPHAGES test (geisingermedicallabs.com)
7. Specimen collection and processing instructions for LIPID PANEL test
8. Specimen collection and processing instructions for CARDIOLIPIN AB IGA test
9. Specimen collection and processing instructions for CARDIOLIPIN AB IGM test
10. Specimen collection and processing instructions for LIPID PANEL WITH
DIRECT LDL IF TRIGLYCERIDE IS ELEVATED test (geisingermedicallabs.com)
Major Reference:
 A-Z list of laboratory tests - Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust

(mft.nhs.uk)
 Geisinger Medical Laboratories: Dedicated to Laboratory Excellence
 South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
33

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CARBOHYDRATES: DISEASE COMPILATION

BIOCHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Ms. Julie Anne L. Nano, RMT

3. Fecal Fat, Qual

5. Fecal Lipids, Total

10. Lipid Panel with Direct LDL if

2. Lactose tolerance Test

3. Fasting Plasma Glucose

4. Glycated Hemoglobin Tests (A1C)

5. Casual Plasma Glucose

7. Glucose, RD Urine Tests

8. Glucose Whole Blood

9. Random Blood Sugar

10. PostPrandial Glucose Test

2. HIV-1 Genotype (RTI, PI, Integrase inhibitors)

4. Whole Exome Sequencing Trio

6. Zika Virus RNA Qualitative Real-Time RT-PCR

7. Chromosome Analysis, Amniotic Fluid

9. Y Chromosome Microdeletion, Dna Analysis

10. Diphenylamine Test

1. Bence Jones Protein (Urinary light chains) Urine immunofixation

3. 5-HIAA (5-Hydroxy Indole Acetic Acid)

4. Serum Protein Electrophoresis Test

6. Hla b27 Antigen

7. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

3. Fecal Fat, Qual

5. Fecal Lipids, Total

10. Lipid Panel with Direct LDL if Triglyceride is Elevated

11. Sugar Chromatography | South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

1. Specimen collection and processing instructions for C. DIFFICILE/EPI, PCR test

1. 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone - South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust | South

 A-Z list of laboratory tests - Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust

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