concept of Wor bod) gh pticle or 51? «gai 10 d0 8 g2 suppose constant force represented ay the vector F acts at the point A Let sf int A be displaced to the polnt B aed, Then the work W done by force F during the displace- ment d Of its point of application is gefined 0s WeoF-d, where he equation (1) defining th two vectors, W=Fd cos 0 Obviously cation of the force done by a constant force is equal to multiplied by the displacement of the force In the direction of the force. From the equation ( (i) Weeds be» cation of the force is perpen Gy WOK P< yr ies application of the force paral in the direction of the force, Gi) WaR550 ft.-Ibs /sec. one Watt one joule/sec.=10" ergs /sec. _ Thus an engine is said to be of one H. P. if the Work ¢, by it per second is 550 foot-pounds or 550% 32 foot-poundals Also remember that 1B. P.=746 watts. Illostrative Examples ' > 1. Prove that the work done against the tension in streres, ing a light elastic sti 0 ' the mean of i fia ond titel tessagse et LS e8teston eg (Kanpor 1977; Robilkband 81) Sol. For the complete solution of this problem refer § § chapter 2, page 99, . Ex. 2. Ufa light elastic string, whose natural length ts thet of a untform rod be attached to the rod at both the ends and suse pended by the middle polnt, show that the rod will descend unt each of the two portions of the string Is inclined to the horizon at on angle @, given by the equation cot? 36—cot 39 =2n, the modulus of elastictty of the string being n times the welght of the rod. : Sol. Let 2a be the length of the rod AB, O the middle point of the string AOB whose natural length is also 2a. The string 1s suspended at the fixed point O. Initially the rod is held at rest in the level of O and then released. Due to the weight of the rod the string is stretched and the rod moves down. Let 6 be the incli- nation of each of the two portions of the string to the horizontal when the rod again comes to rest. ° Scanned with CamScannerWork, Energy and Impulse ‘The vertical distance moved by the centre of ° rode: OM =a tan 0. OF BraVLY Of the +, the work done by the weight of the rod = mga tan 0, a 7 where m is the mass of the rod. ) ¢ Ia the initial position’ the tension in the string is zero becuse then there is no extension. _ In the final position the extension in the length of the string 1 = 2a sec 0-~2a. j + in the final position, by Hooke’s law, the tension T in the { —24) where A is the modulus of elasticity nig (2a sec 0 ~2a) 2a string canmg (sec 0=1). We know that the work done in stretching an clastic string =(mean of the initial and final tensions) x (the extension). «the work done in stretching the string in question wo} (04+) X (2a sec @~2a) = }.nng (sec @—1).2a (sec 9~1) enmga (sec 0-1)*. since the works (1) and (2) are equal, therefore mga tan 0=nmga (sec 0—1)* oF tan Oesn (sec = 1)? or sin 0 cos O=n (1—cos 0)? or 2 sin JO cos 40 (cost JO—sin® gU)endn sink 46 oe cot? 40 —cot #0 2n, which proves the required result, Ex.3. A spider hangs from the ceiling by a ihread of modulus of elasticity equal to its welght, Show that it can climb to the celling with an expenditure of work equal to only three quarters of what would be required if the thread were inelastic, Sol Let / be the natural length of the thread and /, its length when the spider hangs in equilibrium. In this position of equili- brium we should have the weight of the spider =the tension in the thread. . 4-1 mged = T where m is the mass of the spider and A is the modulus of elasticity of the thread. But A@me, 2 4-1 A mgemg he, h-lel ‘Scanned with CamScannerDymany Thus the sp der hangs in equilibrium by the free thread at @ depth ‘ ‘ 2 below the cetling. If the length 2/ were inelastic, the work that the spig, SEAIMSE its Weight in climbing to the ceiling=mg. tm In case ihe thread 18 elastic the work done in Mretching 4, a length 2/ nto Od of ye et does Img! + (initial tension + final tension) x extension 4 (OL mg) (21— Dem dmg In this case when the spider reaches the ceiling the Feverts trom its stretched to natural length, so the work against the tension is the same as above but negative, Therefore when the thread is elastic the total work done iq climbing (o the ceiling = 2u gl —jmgle mgl =i (2mgl) i of the work if the thread were inelastic, Ex.4 A cylindrical cork of length I and radius + is sion), extracted from the neck of a bottle. If the normal pressure per uny ©! area between the bottle and anextracted part of the cork at om, instant be constant and equal to P, show that the work done th extracing it ts murl® P, where ts the coeffictent of frlction, Sol At any instant if x is the length of the cork in contact with (uc Sottle, then «ne area of the surface of the cork in contact with the bottle is equal to 2arx, sie normal pressure on this surfacces2nrx/, the force of friction on the cork when it moves rubbing the boitlesplerxP, work done against this friction in extracting a length é« © plnrx PBX = npr Pxdx. Hence the total work done in extracting the whole length : ‘ the cork - DurPadse deur? [ xdx a head done > ey ee 2aerP LET co dmyrP ee emprPl, zr), z Kx. 5. Prove that the work done in stretching an elastic sivint AB, of natural length Land modulus 2, from tension T, to (nsion Zals (28) ="), Sul. L +4, be the stretched length of the string in the stot °! weasea Ty and ds the stretched length in the state of tensioa fe Jaa oy fooke’s law, we have act a Nhat (ee ‘Scanned with CamScannera work, Energy and Impulse 7 nm »Q) qT nt work done in stretching the string from tension et W be the h . tension 7. Then we} (initial tension oy (Tit Ta) (eh subtracting (1) from @, T—-Th=P (h-hh). a from (4) in (3), we have a (72-1). + final tension) x extension ; GQ) we have substituting for hoh “ Wea (T4T).¢ (Ta-T it 2 : 10 quintals and travelling at 6. Amotor car welghing " ee is brought to rest in 18 meters by the application ef tts meter ae work done by the force of resistance due to brakes. rakes. / Sy acsuming that the resistance is uniform, let the retarda. te rest 4 i ue to this resistance be r m /sec*. | o Here the initial velocity “= 12 m/jsec., final velocity yo0 m/sec. and the distance travelled s=18 metres. Therefore using the formula vout+2fs, we oe 4 Q212%—2rxX 18 Lew 35 =4, Now mass of the car=1000 kg. using the formula Peomf, the force of resistance = 1000%4 newtons =4000 newtons. Heoce the required work done=-4000 x 18 joules . 72000 £72000 joules “Gog kewmeters. 27347 kg.-meters (approx.). Ex. 7. A train of total mass 250 tons is drawn by an engine working at $60 H.P. If at a certain Instant the total resistance is 16 Ibs. wt. per ton the welght of the train, and the velocity 30 miles an hour, what is the train's acceleration, measured in miles per hour per second, Sol. The velocity of 30 miles per hour=44 ft, per sec. Let P Ibs. wt. be the pull of the engine when the velocity is 44 fulsec. Then the rate st which the cagine works =P x 44 ttelbs/sec. But the engine is working at 560 H.P. Al \ne rate of 500 x 590 It.-Ibs/sec. hey Scanned with CamScanneros PX 44— 560% 550 of P= 7000, Total resistance == (16% 250) Ibs. wt. 4000 Ibs. we, “+ the net force in the direction of motion =(7000— 4000) Ibs, wt.= 3000 Ibs. wt. += 3000 x 32 poundals = 96000 poundals, If fft.lsec? be the acceleration of the (rain, we hay. , Newton's second law of motion » 960.0 =250x2240f [1 ton=2240 Ibs.) 96000 6 or I Tuxaav 35 the acceleration of the train= 55 ft. per sec. per ve 6x 60 x 60 . =! ; hour per sec so CO S0 miles per hour per second =2, miles per hour per second: §6. Kinetic energy. The capacity of a body for doing wos, is known as energy of the body. The kinetic energy (KE) of , body is the energy which the body possesses on account of beiny i motion. We can define it precisely as follows : Kinetic energy. Definition. The kinetic energy of a body |, the amount of work which the body can perform against some resi tance till reduced fo rest. [Rohitkhand 1977 Since the K.E, bas been defined to be equal to work done |: some way, the units for measuring K.E, are the same as those fot work. Calculation of kinetic energy. Uf at any instant a body of ms m be moving with velocity u, then the kinetic energy of the body « that Instant ts equal to } mu*, At any instant let a body of mass m be moving with velocity» Then, by definition, the K.E. of the body at that instant is equal to the amount of work which the body can perform against sone resistance, say P, till reduced to rest. Suppose the body moves from the point A to the point B while the resistance P reduces its velocity from u to 0. The direction of the force of resistance is against the direction of motion. If v be the velocity of the bod) at any point between the above two positions A and B, we should dv hi =o ave m3, P, a assuming that the body is moviog in the direction of s increasi%s $0 that the resistance P acts in the sense of s decreasing. ‘Scanned with CamScanner| work, Energy and Impulse | From (1), we have Pdse ~ mvdv. Let sO at A and gebatB Then int 1p, we have tnteneating 2) tro Ady Ate \ raf = mv * om fem ~ . wot f pas is the work done agsinst the resistance P while the e pody moves from 4 t0 1p and so equal to the KE, of the body at A. Hence the KE, of pody of mass m moving with velocity yay. Remark, ff tbe mass 7 is measured in gms and the ¥elocily ia.cm./sec., thea the K. js in ergs. If the mass 7m 6 measured in Kgs. and the velocity win m./SeC- the K.E. is in joules. a™ 57. The work-enerky principle, The change in the kinetle «| energy of a particle during lrs motion from a position Ato @ posl- tion B is equal fo (He work done by the forces geting on the particle during that motion. Z 6 POLYE) 4 x A Suppose @ particle of massan moves along any path under the action of any system of forces. Lew X,Y, Z be the components of theae forces along any three mutually perpendicular lines OX, OY, O7 taken as the © ordinate axes. Suppose the velocity of the particle changes [rom "1 tov, when it moves {rom Ato B, Let ‘ Pa, pyc) be the position of the particle at any time twhere arc b DPe:, D being some fixed point on the path, The direction ‘Scanned with CamScannerMW Psnamiy, ©0Sines Of the fangent at P to the path in (he sense of ine | ate dx/ds, dy/ds, de/ds. Let y be the velocity of the particy Tien the Xpression for the tangential acceleration gy the py at Pisy (dv/ds), +-ive in the direction of 5 increasing, Reso | the forces acting on the particle at p along the tangent h j ‘angential equation of motion of P js . ~ | dv dy ade | Cy a i (By Newton's second lay mvdv— Xdx-4- Vey +-Zdz, Tategrating both sides of (1) from 4 to B, "5 rt . * mv dv (dx+ Ydy-+Zdz), " “ fd ¥, v? Dy, Now [* mv doe Pd mest mea % in @K.E. of the Particle at BH change in K.E. of the pact Also f (xdes ayy Zaey 4 a Fem otion) we have lly KE. of the Particle at 4 icle in Moving from 4 to 4. is the work done by (he force, 8 its motion from 4 to zB. he work done by the forces, le of energy OF ‘the principle of (Lucknow 1977) the principh work und energy. Remark. tt a particle of mass m starts from re. city v alcer auy time ¢ Stand has velo, » then by the Principle of work and enerpy denv— 4.0" the work done by the forces acting on the partie cle during that time ¢, Thus we can say that the kinetic és the amount of work done b yy motion, starting frum rest, energy Sa moving particle the forces acting on it giving thar $8. Conservative and non: Conservative forces, Defini ative if the work done byt in Srom one &lven point to another N01 upon the path Sotlowed, Ma variabie to Point A tow pon the force yy elven by Wel" i “conservative forces, tion, 4 Sorce, is said to be conser. displacing its poing of application depends upon these Poinis only and Hee P displaces ity Potnt of application roma Hoag a curve Cy then the work W’ done by Scanned with CamScannersegs ond Impulse \. igiegration is to be performed we cote C. The force F is con- / ie wand only if the value of the or" egral does not depend upon the % ¢ «Ey conservative forces. The forces Mie not conservative are called non- ? eserves ” We shall give below (without proof) wu | gharacteristic properties of conser- ae Bforces and Say of these can be wnt gg an equivalent definition of a A » ean ‘of conservative forces. ee A force fs conservative if and only 0 se work done by it on a particle as it makes a complete elrcuit ymes to the position that tr started from) ts zero. (iy Aforce FaXi+Y]4Zk ts conservative if and only uns a single valued functlon f(x,y, 2) such tha cn Pies mc &f iy é ge aye? The function f (x,y, 2) is called the potential function of the force F. Ifa particle is displaced from the point A(x, y1, 2) to the point B (x2, J's, 22) Under such atorce F along any curve the work IV done by F is given by yeurve C, then . wal! (ids Yays2dey -f. (é os ay az) ‘ f a-[rensl, ef (Xa, Jan 28) f ts De Fale which obviously depends upon the points and Band not upon the curve C. Conservative furces do not change their character on ace out of any restraint while mon-snscevalive 1° 8 shane Ut character on account of extrancuus cireun ‘Scanned with CamScanner12 Of the : 6 ore Othe conservative forces are torce of BIAVItY, te amy Feaction while a few examples of the Non-conser My vai force of friction and resistance of the air, eon’ tant force F is always a conservative force aug also always a conservative force. For instance suppose a particle is projectey from a point O and alter reaching a height 4 i, ¢ ‘ point of projection, Then the work done py °° particle completes this circuit» —meh-pmgy g Sty yy! te Thuy hen! a conservative force. hen ‘Again consider a body put ona rough hotizonta tai Z0ntal ta the frictional force be F. Ithe body is moves be from 4 to B, the work done by the force of frieyj Mp Now if the body is moved back from B to 4, these is yh force of friction is Sos . Work done “Al, Thus the total work done in complet ; FABER FAB) AME HE citcuig = —2F.AB which is not zero, Therefore frictional force is not conservative ceny, § 9. Potential Energy (P. E ). The potenti c ial . acted upon by a conservative system of forces, ise a boyy | jqegratiog BOL the body for doing work on account ofits position, Wee™ly gy | j mmteSOXae it precisely as follows : TNS May defn of fs t o|(% If a body is acted upon by a conservative system of J (3: {ts potential energy in any position ts the amount nf a nn then =jdft Or don one [Note that tf by these forces In bringing the body from that posits “ 7 of gjdifferentiation, stad: rd position, For example the potential energy of a by ‘od; ate beight 4 above the ground is the ‘amount of et 7 © Work 0 som Placeg Which i enght mg does when the body moves from in a d this posi is| grovnd which is usually supposed to be the standard raed vee Kel Thus for a body of mass m placed at a height h, potentigy eo | Tavs the KE energy Again the po' =mgh. §10. The principle of conservati 7 ‘ation of energy, oe by @ conservative system of forces moves. al the sum of its kinetic and potential energies remains cova me nt, (Meerut 1979) Path under the athe work done ion P to some st P.E. at 1 —— rr ZF Scanned with CamScanneraw oF We forces along the co-ord ely. Z respect, t PO9.2) be the air ae Particle ag = time t where yet | yen A being some fixed ae on the path. The jon cosines of in “ | oe Pte the path in the A ree of # increasing are | ae dylds, deids, Vy | He ihe velocity of ihe y [ea P. Then the otial equation of go | boys the particle at pj. |" dy | vd, ate le v= Xe dys 2a. 1 Iatecratiog both S808, we pet | §mMnf(NI e+ Yay bYe + where Cig g Constant } =f (7 tS yy | ox OTF dy a2) | «Sdfic Soy: . i Note that W(x, y, Disa function of x y, diflerentiation, we have , fut a, % dy 3 éx Now $ mis the KE. of Position, say PE. at id n (ay, the Particle ay the Of the Particle at po (x, y, ae * 2: Stal SerEY Of the Particle ay ; a Pry .. the work done by the SOMSerVative forces j mova?” _ is et Pte some standarg met 1 Scanned with CamScanner14 Adding (2) and (3), we have ny . Jaz 5 Which is constant because (Try 1. 7 fixes ne This proves the principle of conservation O° a, § 11, The principle of conservation of energy p "8Y. 4 plane. “We have established the principe of" "the gy and the principle of evnservation ol energy gg ,P%E spain, in three dimensions, These principles ean be gant EtNcy,“n\ as special case, for the motion in two dimensigny MY engin establish the principle of conservation of energy fap We at, a plane. ie Moy 7a particle acted upon by a conservative system ig ina plane along any path, the sur of its kinetic ang oS force, gles remalns constant, Potentigs Suppose a particle of mass m es moves inthe plane YOY along yy any path under the action of a yi system of conservative forces whose potential function is, say, S(x,y). Then 4 JAY Ly fy A pr, | ox yp") | where X, Yare the components of y e | x the forces along the co-ordinate axes OW, OY respectively, Let P(x, y) be the position of the particte at any ti where arc AP=s, A being some fixed Point on th, tangent at P to the path makes an angle y; with ae Pathe Is cosdede/ds and sin vmdyigg MEH Let » be the velocity of the Particle at P, . equation of motion of P js © TBE tang dv mv GeaX COs H4¥ sin oy IE dy 4 mydves Yde4-¥dy, “i Integrating both sides, we have Sm f¥b as, font {(Yde+ ¥dy)4¢, where C is a constant -I(z “Tey re =SU+Cays (x ¥)+ JIT, But grv is the kinetic energy of the partic, at P. Scanned with CamScannerwork, Energy and Impulse KB oF the particle at Par (x, 5) .e. 1s Again the potential ensrey of the p, the work done by the conservative fore ie moving it from P(x, ») to some standa pn [PD . PB. at P fe (Xdx+- Yay) yy [ed [ron Jey =f PIAS Oe, ¥). Adding (2) and (3), we have K.E. at P+P.E at P=f (x, yy) 4+. ich is constant because (1, 34) is woes 12, The principle of conservation of linear momentum. Momentum, Definition /f af any instant a partlele of mass m moves with velocity ¥, then the vector my Is called the momentum of me marticle at that instane. ‘The direction of the momentum vector is obviously the same as that of the velocity vector, Pe ira particle of mass m grams moves in a straight line and its delocity at any instant is v cm./sec., then its momentum at that tant is mv gm,-cm,/sec. and is in the direction of y, The principle of conservation of linear momentum for a particle. yfthe sunt of the resolved parts of the forces acting on a particle In motion in any given direction is zero, then the resolved part of the momentum of the particle in that directlon remains constant. {Meerut 1977] Suppose a particle of mass m moves under the action of a force F whose resolved part in a given direction is zero. If a is the unit vector in the given direction, then the resolved part of F in the direction of a is F: Thus it is given that Feas0, Let y be the velocity of the particle at any time ¢. Then the momentum of the particle at that instant=mv. The resolved part of my in the direction of a is my. We have © Gon QB on the particle OM SY, Ox, yyy cS acting rd posit 203) ins! d d te. qmvea=m at (vea). if m is constant dv 7 om (5 oat v-0) (a isa constant vector] ("5 elm — toa at =Fea — (-" by Newton’s second law of motion, m (dv/dt)=F) =(), Fea=0)} | | | Scanned with CamScannerD Thus ’ "meme a imvea)=0 and so mysn is constant, Blea Remark, The principle of conservation of linear Momeny a Olds good for a system of particles. Thus If the sum ont esolved parts of the forces acting on a system of particle, (2 Riven direction is zero, then the resolved part of the total moment? a Of the system In that direction remains constant. §13. Impulse. Definition. When the force is constant, y a constant force F acts on a particle during the time interval (y, ‘he vector Yo(t—F) F ts called the Impulse of the force y gu» the Interval (tq, ts). Obviously, here direction of the imp! vector I is the same as that of the force F. (Meerut Im When the force is variable. fa variable force F(t) acts on particle during the tlme interval (fo, t), then the vector 7 Is fi F(t) de fo ts called the tmpulse of the force F(t) during the interval (4, .) Here the direction of the vector I is that of the time average ofF over the interval (fo, f1). Impalse-Momentam principle for a particle. The change oy ‘momentum vector of a particle during a time interval is equal to 1, net impulse vector of the external forces during this interval, {Robilkband 1981) Let a particle of mass m move under the action of an external iesce , Let y be the velocity of the particle at the Degincing of the time interval (f, 41) and ¥, be the velocity at the end of this time interval. If v is the velocity of the particie at any time 1, then ty Newton's second law of motion dv mh =F. rn | If Lis the impulse vector of the force F during the time inter- val (to, 4), then 4 _{o dv 1=[7 Fat=f mS dt (from (1)) m =m fi dvom [» |i-m (v4—¥0) fo fo =Mv,— mY =change in the momentum vector in the interval (fy, 41) The equation L=my, —mvp is known as the impulse-momentun Principle. It gives us an exact relation between the impulse o! force and the change in motion produced. Scanned with CamScannersoon . * cons, ttion Tet Near an ‘stem ay F the ony, ber or ee Pattcten x irtane #2t0t myo,” exy he ‘Omen, he force Is cons em, me tatery fant, oS the po, Irection a Fr ei ind 198) op of a0 xin bepincing of i, fe end of thin tips apy time ft, then by Work, Energy ond Impulse Reetilinenr motion with ” sm mov constant accete rte of Mass m MOVES 10/0 straight Woe eameeke, SUPHONS e partiant force F producing a constast acceleration fase comal velocity of the particle and y be its velocity eer nents fs al vclmapulse of the force F during the time 7 tet NM F . cthe product of the force F and the timer, ° Crem CF Fem. by Newto Sm") 2 peut fi} second law of motion) _ Simm 7 orth 7 gange of the momentum of the particie ia time Ifthe interval ¢ is indefinitely emall, but y, y are change in momentum is finite, then certainly the force a Lew = ceaehritely large. Such a force Is called ao Impetstre Fate ‘Thus a very large force acting for a very short period of ti js called an impulsive force. For example, the blow by tama He eaveg In a0 impulsive force, An impulsive forces measured by on Prage in the momentum ofthe Body produced by it, The ae re should disiogussh carctally Between impulse and tmpul- ¥ slre force. Jes of Impulse, The equivalence of impulse and the neatom enables us to adopt the same units for mentum, Thus the absolute unite of change in mov impulse as those used for mo impulse are + ne G In M. KS. In F, P. S. system S. system, pam. €m./8eC. stem, kg. 0./8€C. 1 Ib.-ft/sec. Wastrative Examples Ex. 8. A bead of mass m Is projected with veloctty w clong the nside of a smooth fixed vertical circle of radius e jrom the lowest 1. “Vise the principle of work and energy (0 find the velocity o bead when it (sat B, where LAOB@@, O being the centre of cle Sot, Let y be the velocity of the bead when tis at B Thea the change in the K. E. of the bead ts moving from Ato B ‘Scanned CamScanner18 Ment fro; Pynariey 7M ALO Bem — me. AMax —mg.(OA—OM) =—mg.(a—a cos 0) . Now by the mga (1—cos 6). iteen principle of work and enerry, ne i netic enerey= work done by the forces. Be ANE CHAE inthe a4 m8 — mutex — mga (1—cos 8) utes —2¢a (1—cos 8) | ut 2ag (1 —cos 8, which gives the velocity of the bead at B. Ex, 9. A particle {s set moving wlth kinetle energy E stratgh \p an tnelined plane of Inclination x. and coefficient of friction rove that the work done against friction before the particle come, to rest is Ey cos af(sin a4 cos 2). ° Sol. Suppose a Particle of mass m starts R moving from OQ with kinetic energy Eup an or or A inclined plane of incli- PRA nation « to the horizon- tal. Let P be the posi- tion of the particle at th 1g any time ¢. The forces O acting on the particle at Pare (i) its weight mg, which has component mg sin « down the plane and mg cos « perpendicular to the plane, (ii) the normal reaction R of the plane and (iii) the force of friction 1R acting down (he plane because its dizection 's opposite to the direction of motion. Since there is no motion of the particle perpendicular to the inclined plane, therefore Romg cos a. 1. the force of friction =pR=pmg COs «. Suppose the particle comes to rest at A where OAox, The only forces which work during the displacement of the particle from O to Aare its weight and the force of friction, The srork done by the weight= —mg.AM= —mgx sit. a. The work done by the force of friction =—(pmg COS a).XS— MEX COS H wl) Since the kinetic energy of the particle at O is E and at Ais yore vaerefore by the orinciple of work and energy during the + o° the particle from O to A vues in K, Exes work done by the forces -, Gisplace M42 im Teisitial taay be. ibe pri, Scanned with CamScannerMam 7 Werk, Energy and Imutre oe O- B= mex sin a mn oe Eoxme (sin ate Some C08 ‘ i the or x ime core)" Potting this value of x in (1), th | friction SMO MODE HY Ne force a | =H mg cos a. — EL me (sin an cone) Lo | —En cos « Mey | “Getpcoe me | Hence the work done against frictiones—/i cos « ‘ = oe s Ex. 10. A unlform string of mass M and length date a symmetrleally over a smooth peg and has particles of many blased mn’ attacked (0 Its ends (m>m'). Show that the string saa man tl I peg when tts veloctty Is ° 7 M42 (m—m) 7. Meme 8 a Sol. In the initial Pp e position depth of the centre of gravity of the n! t ic system from the peg P M.ja-+ma+m'a wa <" Mmm M2 a M4+2m+2m' “2 M+m+n x m M Inthe final position al Pa-sifap depth of the centre of gra- vity of the system from the peg P M at+m.2a+m'.0 he M+m-+a ii inal bon M+2m 8 iam «. displacement in the position of centre of gravity wa 42m a M+2m-+2m'_a M+2m—Im' M+mtm'~2 M+m+m "2 Mtmem * The initial velocity of the system is zero; and let the final velocity be v. By the principle of work and energy, we have change in K, E.= work done by the forces. | Scanned with CamScannerDynes MA (mow , 20 fe, Meme toe OF me VET Me mt me or MEDI) oe Meme M+ zim) oy ] or ef oe This gives the velocity of the string when It runs off the Ex. 11. 4 shot of mass ™ ts fired hortzontally from 9 ‘a relative to the kum show that the eons Mu ong ectuat 4 Atm — "eect, mass M #tth velocltY eloctttes of the shot and the EU" ore em rpies ore Inversely proportions, a to vely, and that thet kinetic ene thelr masses. Sol. Let y be the actual ¥ of the shot and V be the velocity with which the gun recoils. ‘Then the velocily of the shot relative to the gun Ve estion the velocity of the shot retati ve Bot according to the qu to the gun is ¥. a were Since in the b therefore locity. » actual = n Mw v— (1) orizontal direction no external force acts c t on ciple of conservation of tines, near yy the prin ontal direction system, momentum applied in the boriz momentum before firing<» momentum aft hen 0=mv—MV er firing he, mveMV. Substituting this value of v in (1), ) we From (2), "= uf v. m bave mel M M+. ua vyve(F+1 )ralite y, m_ and 60 ral? volt _mu Mu m m* Mim ~Mtm* 2 Vag the actual velocily of the shotoy= Mu M+m mu and ‘pe actual velocity of the guna V=—— Mem the K. E. of the shot} my*_ im in Again KE eK-E- of the gun “PMV! 77> ‘Scanned with CamScannerwe 3 ’ ppergy ond Impulse r n ow t = oul [+ tome Moe mass of the poe “mm” the mass of the shot jeoce their Kinetic energies are inversely proportional to their OE yy A gun ls mounted on a gun carrlage, movable on a sensi otcontal plane, and the gun is elevated et an angle «to A shot ts fired and leaves the gun in a direction Incli- to the horizon. If the mass of the gun and Its hat of the shot, prove that jan angle 6 Breage Be times tl 1 tan 6=(1+;) tan [Lucknow 1979, 81) Sol. Let y be the actual velocity with which the shot leaves he actual velocity with which the gun carriage According to the question the direction ofy ith tbe horizontal. ‘ive to the gun in the horizontal the gun and Vt recoils horizontally makes an angie 6 The velocity of the shot relati direction=v cos 0+ V and the velocity of the shot relative to the gua in the vertical direction =v sin 0. {the shot relative to the gun, then the If'u be the velocity ©! Takes an aogle « with the horizontal. v direction of u ji vertical component of u . aru vcosO¢¥ Al) tan 27 opzonlal component Now if the mass of the shot is m, jage is m™- “= Si sein the horizonte! direction no external force acts on the nth fore applyae he principle of conservation of linear a eo tal direction, we have momentum in the horizo! my cos then the mass of the gun g—nmVe20 ‘Scanned with CamScanner22 F le, Vi Substituys,. ("SOS Min. *tituting this value of Fin (1)» We BAYE 2 y sin @ ‘a Fe08 aes ayia yeos 6 F Tay —fane Tin “tan 6, 3) # (143 tan e. EX. 13, 4 shell of mass m ts fired from @ gun of mass M witch €aN recoll freely on a horizontal base. and the elevation of the gun 15a. Prove that the Inclination of the path of the shell to the hor;, ' 70M at the tlme of projection is _— tan {(+%) tan ab- Prove also that the energy of the that of the gun as (M?-+(m+M)° fan’ Of the energy of the explosion is lost. / Sol, Let y be the actual velocity and @ the actual clevation of the shell on leaving the gun. Suppose V is the actual velocity with which the gun recoils horizontally. ; The velocity of the shell relative to the gun in the horizontal direction=v cos6+V and the velocity of the sbell relative to the gun in the vertical direction=¥ sin 8. ‘Since the inclination of the velocity of the shell relative to the gun to the horizontal is equal to the clevation « of the gun, vsin@ veos 0+V Al) Applying the principle of conservation of.Jinear momentum in the horizontal direction, we have momentum after firing=momentum before firing shell on leaving the gun ts to 2a): mM, assuming that none . therefore tan c= } Le, my cos 6—MV=0 ie, my cos 6= MV. w(2) Substituting the value of V from (2) in (1), we have ° ! tneo ysin@ v sin 6 : ¥ cus 0-+(mv cos 0)/M vcos 0 (1+m]M) : 120 6 T+ m[M" i tnte( 142) une Scanned with CamScannersf puch proves the bi WON Squaring bot : A tat OB fra Kinetic energy Of the gun = Aba {Mt (ort NO" tant fe ich proves the second result, oN pe. 1d. Assuming that tn @ canon the force on the batt depends », sy on the volume of 885 generated by ¢! the sun powder, show that the tate of the final velocity of the ball when the gun ts free to recoil ro ¢ sug veloctey when the gun is fixed ts J (a o) where M and m ore | nemasses of the gun and the ball respectively, Sol. Let £ be the energy released by the explosion, = Woen the gun is free to recoil let v be the velocity of the ball and the velocity with which the gun recoils, In this case the aecrey released is Ex drt $4 Mot, v1) Also by the principle of conservation of linear Momentum, we tie mv—-Mus0 ie, mv Mu, + (2) rag (Lucknow 1976] Again when the gun is fixed, let V be the Velocity of the ball. The energy released is then ee a (3) y From (1) and (3), on eliminating E, we get mv Muh mV? vleomV? (substituting for s from (2)) ‘Scanned with CamScanneree 4 EX 1S 4 gun of mass af Pymamicy ond mass M fires a shell of mass m hop, the me fTBY Of explosion ts. such at would be suffer neal, of the gun ati fo a helght h. Show that the velo wet Is 2migh | tad cE caren . ‘Robitkband 1975 Let £ be the energy of the explosion, Since £ is ju ! to project a mass m vertically toa height h, theteiore + where w is the vertical velocity of projection “just suff. raise a particle to a height h. But for such a velocity of projection u, we have Omut—2eh Le, wta2gh. <. E=jm.2gh=mgh. When the shell is fired horizontally from the gun, velocity of the shell and ¥ the velocity with which the clty of cient to e() let» be the 8UN recoils, We then have E=jow'+4MV, +Q) Also by the principle of conservation of linear momentusn, have mv-MV=0 ie, mv=MV, wnQ3) From (1) and (2), we have equating the two values of £ mghe> mv? MV? 2 ain. SP ames {substituting for v from (3) oir (Miley en, mr °m'gh af _2mtgh_ ye * Ver aem 8h [arti . A shell of mass m Is projected from a gun of mass M by an cxploston ‘etch generores Kinetic energy E, Prove that the - 2EM Initlal velocity of the shell is d [aEeml (t being assumed that 3 tl. Instant of explosion the gun is free to recol ; “ oe Let w be tne velocity of the shell while leaving the gun and y the velocity with which the gun recoils. Then we have Eq 4mu+ 4 My, we L) Also by the principle of conservation of linear momentum, we have mu—Mv=0 ie, mu=My, wne(2) id have to eliminate v from (1) and (2). om. 7 have veamu/M. Putting this value of v in (1), we get : fut m \_ mu (M+m) E=ajmu' +4 M. aot (\+97)= om Scanned with CamScannerz or ue 25M _: . oe ella) % of mass (mm 4m) moving ( Sy ped of 5 In a straigh Be ota a ee lh te ree etic enerey E- Show that after the explosion sein the same line ax before, thelr relative speed tx eo 0 - ve JRE} the velocity of the body of mass (my +m) before J pet Oey as the velocities of parts my and my afer Sel (god # ihe principle of conservation of linear momen- ™ exptosiet THEe | expert ytty + Madam (my tm) uw oe) = sree splitting =I, before ee agua PETE Contin) w als test = 2E + (mm) , wn) . miiiad the relative Velocity which is equal to the 1 OF we att al AU bmg yee DE (my (mim) (ois) Pa Ne2E (imma) 2. Elem + ma) (1-4 mm ot 2E Cm +m Heese 4 min : relative velocity of my with Tespect to mt, after me exp: shell lying In @ straight smooth horizontal tube & “ gto wo portions of masses m, and my If s is the Y phe tube, of the masses after a time t, show that eet aa the explosion is he woth ~ m sioce HE shell is lying inthe tube, its velocity before sy w zero. Let HE and us be the velocities, of the masses my eel after explosion, Then the relative Velocity of ? josi08 is 4+ uz Since the tube is smooth and remain constant, explos aod a tine passes ate OOP porizoatal, m7" *" Scanned with CamScanner\ ver »”* . b, we AMO by the pct Marbled tones me ® have © Principle of conservatlon of ting he, m8, — m=O wt Mo mye mate Sub 'stiluting for wy from (2) in (1), We get muy wa) bes ba ("2 mm) u tos m or ms A Um pt) t moms mys ny MO mg (emt) Cristy Now the work done by the explosion sathe kinetic energy released duc io the ex; r es dn? brngus® Posion mist mits? SE emt EE mn Ema se 1 3 » =4T imme myn?) st mya (mma) ynm 2 7 (mbm) mms Ex. 19, A shell is moving with velocity win the line 4p, Internal explosion, which generates an energy E, breaks i tnt; frogments of masses rm and m, which move In the line AB, an that their velocities are ‘ " 2Ems i _ d 2Em, ut Jin mre) Od mom {Lacknow 1975) Sol. Let u, and w, be the velocities of the masses m, ang ™ respectively after the explosion. By the principle of conservation of lincar momentum, we have Now (my-fm) w= mnt mus, wy te Now the energy before explosion is } (m+) u* and E is the wutof i thick energy duc to explosion. Also the total enersy after explosion is (qu? + deats*). Since there has been no dissipation of energy, therefore by the principle of conservation of mechanicai energy, we have 4 (mbm) ut Edguy gman’, woQ) ‘Scanned with CamScannerAe “ many, 1 a. nensy ond Iepulse * wr “peasy co observe that for all values of x ” so i Peng wowte and tym X ~ * equation (1). In order that these values. of =O) } ay i ats the equation (2), we should have YM 8S He - 0 meen we Embm (ut) ppm, (a (mets) w= (+ te 8 ) ees At, the other terms cancelling one another | 0 , ° (atime) a 2Emum: ‘ oe EO iyi OF ney putting this value of x in (3), we get ; | ff 22m) and u=u—_ ff _2&™ _}. | meet Li, (mF), a (ms FM) gs. 20. A shell of mass M is moving with velocity V. An nter~ € Toston generates an amount of energy E and breaks the shell e _ | ; | a! capimrutons whose masses are in the ratio my: my. The frag- | po 0 Pr ve to move In the orlginal line of motion of the shell. yatit nit fot their velocities are 2m E ) | sion 2m y- +] (mir ) ant v— Rr {Lucknow 1980; Rohilkband 80) Sol, Since the whole mass M is divided in the ratio m, : my, L j | re masses of the fragments arc j sane ruM an aM. | i j -__ m +m m+my Now proceed as in Ex, 19, | Exh, A shor of mass m fired horizontally penetrates a thick- j wos of fixed plate of mass M; prove that if M ts Sree to move + jeihickness penetrated is Ms/(M-+-m), | Sol. Let u be the striking velocity of the shot and P be the | foe of resistance offered by the plate assumed to be uniform. _ When the plate is fixed the velocity of the shot reduces to " groafter penetrating a thickoess s, During the motion of the shat Scanned with CamScanner* "rent ergy Fa hot=O— dure —}mut ang t works the change in the K.E. of the $ aNd the work done by the force of resistance — PS. By the principe since me tcly work and energy, we Ke work done by the forces, comple be change in K.E.— —4mut=— Ps oF ate Pe late is fee to mes, 4 . the pla move. 93. i der the case when h ox _ Again consider thickness penetrated and be the comnoy £ illet this case Tet x hot and the plate when the penetration Ceases, 1, 15 opp? velocity of heres and energy applied to the shot and the 5 hn Hee yw mE ne) Vi det Ps emia is Fe or ied (m+M) Vis Px. 0) bullet . ing the time of impact the resujty, the ratte in this case during , . a ocean force on the whole system is Zero because the mutuy sol, Lt tion between the shot and the plate ae is impulsive action and reve the principle of conservati force of resis equal and oppesite. Therefore by the princip! SCTVation of Case I. i tum, linear ian Ne before impact >momentum after impag, ness penetra len mu=(m-+ BM} Vs (3) stops. Dividing (2) by (1), we get By the x mut —(m+M) VP r mu* Also b (mM) ee o—m mus —(m . My oe a __ ya » Substituting for V from 3) Case ! amt be the thic mim mo M ceases and ni eM mM the end of ‘ ro ft, which proves the required result, Ex, 22, Ifa shot of mass m striking a fixed metal plate with and a velocity u, penetrates it through a distance a, show that ft will com The pletely pierce through a plate free to move, of mass M and thickness of conser: Me - hyo +e the resistance being supposed uniform. block, the energy pi Sol. When the plate is free to move let x be the distene together Penetrated. Then Proceeding as in Ex. 21, we have impulse-1 xe Ma Divi Mem s | s re / s 4 Scanned with CamScanner