2 Rectilinear Motion. (S.H.M.) § 1, Introduction, When a point (or particle) moves along a straight line, its motion is said to be a rectilinear motion, Hence inthis chapter we shall discuss the motion of a point (or particle) Mong a straight line which may be either horizontal or vertical, $2. Velocity and acceleration, Suppose a particle moves along astraight line OY where O is a fixed point on the line, Let P be the posi- tion of the particle at time 4, where OP=x. Ifr denotes the position teeter of P and i denotes the unit ‘Vector along OX, a x then re or oxi, Let v be the velocity vector of the particle at P. Then ded - di_ dx ia & = bea ab because i is a constant veolor Obviously the vector v is collinear with the vector 1. Thus for a particle moving along a straight line the direction of velocity is always along the line itself. If at P the particle be moving in the direction of x increasing (i.e., in the direction OX) and if the magnitude of its velocity ie., its Speed be v, we have dx vesv bea i. Therefore 2 y Y t On the other hand if at ? the particle be moving in the direction of x decreasing (i.¢., in the direction YO) and if the magnitude of its velocity be v, we have dx ak Therefore, 4¥=-—», Remember. In the case of a rectilinear motion. the velocity of a particle at time t is dx[dt along the line itself and is taken with positive or negative sign according as the particle is moving in the direction of x increasing or x decreasing. vo vis Scanned with CamScannertT 54 Dynamics — Now let a be the acceleration vector of the particle at P. Then dy d(dx ,\_@x; airman ar i)= ae / Thus the vector a is collinear with i i.e., the direction of accelera- tion is always along the line itself. If at P the acceleration be acting in the direction of x increasing and if its magnitude be f, |. Therefore Oe af. On the other hand if at P the acceleration be acting in the direction of x decreasing and if its magnitude be f, we have . a=—fi co ; therefore or Sf. Remember. In the case of a rectilinear motion the accelera- tion of a particle at time t is d®x{dt® along the line itself and is taken with positive or negative sign according as it acts in the direction of x increasing or x decreasing. Since the acceleration is produced by the force, therefore while considering the sign of d?x/dt? we must notice the direction of the acting force and not the direction in which the particle is moving. For example if the direction of the acting force is that of x increasing, then d?x/dt* must be taken with positive sign whether the particle is moving in the direction of x increasing or in the direction of x decreasing. Other Expressions for acceleration : d@: Let v=5". We can then write a a(t lv dy dx dv daar Grae de =” Ie @x ay dv Thus a” dt and v gx te three expressions for representing the acceleration and any one of them may be used to suit the convenience in working out the problems. Note. “Often we denote dxjdt by % and d®xjd¢? by x. Mlustyative Examples : 1. [at time 1 the displacement x of a particle movin ay from the origin is given by x=a sin 14-6 ve , find the elo tity and acceleration of the particle. (Meerut 1977] Sol. Given that x=@ sin t++6 cos ¢ Differentiating Wott. ", we have , the velocity y=dx/dt=a cos t—b sin ¢, ! Scanned with CamScanner_ Rectilinear Motion 55 Differentiating again, we have the agceleration=dv/dt=—a sin t—b cos t=—x. Ex. 2 A point moves ina straight line so that its distance s roma fixed point at any time t is proportional to 1°. If v be the velocity and f the acceleration at any time 1, show that’ ~ v=nfs/(n—1). [Meerut 1981, 84 P, 85 S] Sol. Here, distance scr”. let s=k t", oD) where & is a constant of proportionality. Differentiating (1), w.r.t. ‘t?, we have the velocity v=ds/dt=kni"". (2) Again differentiating (2), the acceleration f=dv/dt=kn (n—1) 1-*. +-(3) oe Vie (king) tent _ a fkn(n=1) otk = @—h =5 , substituting from (1) and (3). Ex. A particle moves along a straight line such that its displacement x, from a point on the line at time t, is given by » x=t—90 424146. Determine (i) the instant when the acceleration becomes zero, (ii) the position of the particle at that instant and (iii) the velocity of the particle, then. (Meerut 1971] Sol. Here, x=—90°+ 241+ the velocity v=dx/di = 31° 180-24 and the acceleration f=d?x/dr? = 61— 18. (i) Now the acceleratiol , when 6t—18=0 or t=3. Thus the acceleration is zero when t=3 seconds. (ii) When t=3, position of the particle is given by xa 389. 3224.3 +6=24 units. (iii) When 1=3, the velocity y=3°3?—18°34+24=—3 units. Thus when t=3, the velocity of the particle is 3 units in the ion of x deczeasing- Ex. 4, A particle moves along a straight line and its distance From a fixed point on the line is given by x=a cos (pt+«). Show that its acceleration varies a5 the distance from the srigin and is directed towards the origin. Sol. We have x= CoS (ut-+e). we (l) Scanned with CamScanner56 r rl Differentiating. warele fy We BE dx|dt=— 4 sin (tt-€)> ; , P i te aan as the d and dixfdt=—9 HO | Jeratjon varices a , Hence the a that it is in the nega! origin. The negative sign indicates axis i.e. towards the ovigin. ; oe 5, Aparticle moves along @ straight line such fro he velocity V there are related ve i it and t from a fixed point on it an : relate ret leration varies a8 the distance a), (a2—x!)- Prove that the acce! tis aaa } and is directed towards the origin. from (1) jstance x from the live sense that its dis- icle-from the. origin of thepartic le from ae 1975) Sol. We have (a?—x*). o(l) Differentiating (1) w-t-t. x, we Bet . dx_ dv . Ge’ Bo asthe distance x from the Hence the acceleration varies hat it is in the direction of x origin. The negative sign indicates t decreasjig i.c., towards, the origin. The velocity of a particle moving along a straight De when at a distance x from the origin (centre oj i as o/{(a?—x?)[x*}.. Find the law vi aterction * ined wP) Sol. Let v be the velocity of the particle when it is at a dis- tance x from the origin. Then according to the question, hi v=pr/ {(a?— x*)/x?}, where p is a constant nwenne apt @— x ixt= ee (axe Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get w tae (22). -= Hence the acceleration vz iT ected ely as the cube of the dis- towards the centre of force. x. 7. The law of motion ir Otiol 5A} vt, prove that the acceleration | Straight line being given by on is constay Sol. Wehave s=! lds nN (Meerut 1979} Dilireniin: 3 2a" [ pads iferentiating wart., 4 we d get am 39g he at 2dt or 1ds_ldés or ds d’s 2a 2a t dima Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 57 Differentiating again worl. 4, we get d's dis as dy ae oor GaleO or Fy=0 because 140, d's Now qa7o> 0 fe the acceleration is constant. x. 8. A point moves ina straight line so that its distance fron a fixed point in that line is the square root of the quadratic function of the time; prove that its acceleration varies” inversely as the cube of the distance from the fixed point. Sol. At any time /, let x be the distance of the particle from a fixed point on the line. Then according to the question, we have x=/(al*-+ 2bt-+-¢), where a, b, ¢ are constants. o. Meal®4-2bt+c, ol) Differentiating w.r.t. 1, we get or Differentiating again w.r.t. ‘t’, we have Px ax (at) (dx/dt) _ax—(at 4 {(at + bys [from (2)] (at+-b)? a (at? 2bt+-¢) —( sO xt + abt + b*) 1 =(some constant)... Hence the acceleration varies inversely as the cube of the % from the fixed point. a x. 9. Ifa point moves in a straight line in such a manner fat its retardation is proportional to its speed, prove that the Space described in any time is proportional to the speed destroyed in that time. ; Sol, Here it is given that the retardation o. speed. where A is a constant of proportionality 1 or dx ting, x=—(0/k) +4, : . dntegragings where A is constant of integration. Scanned with CamScannerDynami 3 . . " ts from the origin with velocity Suppose the particle star! Then v=u, x=0- 0 | i xe- (I), u—v)=kx. ' “ Now we oe described in time-t is x and the speed dest in ti 1), we conclude that the royed in time t=u—V. Hence from (1), a destroyed space described in any time is proportional to the speed destroyei in that time. | 9 Ex. 10. Prove that if a point moves with @ velocity varying | as any power (not less than unity) of its distance froma fixed point which it is approaching, it will never reach that point. Sol. If x is the distance of the particle from the fixed point O at any time #, then its speed v at that time isgiven by r=kx", where k is a constant and 1 is not less than 1. Since the particle is moving towards the fixed point ée., in the direction of x decreasing, therefore —y or kx, = (1) Case I. If n=1, then from (1), we have dx/dt=—kx ldx 7 = 0} dt kx lntegratina ‘* ~(I/k) log x--A, where A is a constant. utting x=0, the time / to reach the fixed poi is gi y ixed point O is given b: t= (Ih) log 0-+-A=00 5 ” i.e, the particle will never reach the fixed point O Case I. If n>1, then from (1), we have : I dts —F xn dx, Integrating, 9 7.) 3! Ek + i +4, where B is a constant or } = Eacpes +8 ; nT) yd Putting x <0, the ti *-=0, the time f to reach the {i ‘ach the fixed puint O is gi 7 heeee ew Pp Ois given by the particle wi a ill ne: F, Hetice if n>1, the ver reach the fixed point O, itis approaching, Particle will never reach the fixed point — Scanned with CamScannerctilincar Motion Re a % Ex. U1. The velocity . nen hie velocity of a particle moving along a straight tindts_ si y the relation y¥=ax*+2bx+ce, Prove that the acceleration vane ‘8 as the distance from a fixed point in the line. Sol. fere given that v'=ax?+2bx-+<. Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’, we have . or If x=—(b/a) is the fixed point O', then the distance of the particle at time f from 0" , b b =0'p=x—(—2)=x+2. Pox ( a)ax43 J. f=a0'P or fx O'P. Hence the acceleration varies as the distance from a fixed point x=—(b/a) in the line. Ex. 12. If tbe regarded as a function of, velocity \, e that the rate of decrease of acceleration is given (@t/dv"), being the acceleration. Sol. Let fbe the acceleration at time /. Then f=dv/dt. Now the rate of decrease of acceleration=—dffdi aot (ard (ey =—~at\dt}~~dt\dv}) ’ regarding / as a function of v 2 dy =-{5 (5) } ala) a ayy? dv (ay =(3) a de \di) * §2. Motion under, constant _accel A particle moves ina straight line with Kconstant acceleration f,)he initial velocity being u, 10 discuss the motion. (Mecrut 78] Suppose a particle moves x e in a straight line OX starting = ———>————5_—_—* from O with velocity 4- Take O as origin. Let P be the position of the particle at any time /, where OP=x. The acceleration of P is constant and is f. There- fore the cquation of motion of P is Px. att wn) Scanned with CamScannerAZ YRS 1, then v=4x/dt, oll : . ticle ny time gy is the velocity of the particle at any Tey is me Myr we BE . . se integers hi we ehere Ais constant of inte rive ‘tally Teo, vateand = 05 therefore A=" e have ve qo: ‘el re The equation (2) gives the velocity ? of the particle ry time f- - \ Now integrating (2) wate. Os we ge! yet + MeCrB, Where Bisaconstant. But at O, 0 and =0; therefore B=0. Thus we have ; yet fe. .-Q) The equation (3) gives the position of the particle at any time f | ‘o be written as The equation of motion (1) can als dv or 2v 5-=2f- . dx Integrating it w.rt. x, We get W=2fx+C. Butat O, x=0 and Hence we have vaut-+2fx. (4) Thus in equations (2), (3) and (4) we have obtained the three well known formulae of rectiliner motion with constant accele- ration. Illustrative Fxamples ‘evar 8 A particle moves in a straight line with constant acce- i jon an its distances from the origin O onthe line (not neces sarily the position at time t=) at times ty, ta, ts are X; i . . . » bay fy > eee ot that if ty ty tsform an A. P. whose comin 7 nce is d and X,, Xx, Xy are in G, P., then the acceleratic is " a areata leration is Sol. Let O be the origin e u; therefore C =u, and D the point of start ie, 2———*__* a : x 2 ihe position at ae e a a 8 e cl =c, Suppose w is the initi a = ial velocity a - tant ucosieration. Let A, B, C be the positions or he aia iy tay fy respectively and let OA=x,, OB: ee - Xi ‘X, and OC=%. Then M+ Aa, Seely ELS, a Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 61 These equations give xitxs—2x,= Bute nhl 20) FEL (a bee) (1) > » Xp i . note tu are in AP. Whoa -P., so that x»=4/(x; Xs). Also tee mand | _ none common difference isd. Therefore ‘a—h=2d. Putting these values in (1), we get Yt —2/ (m1 My) =U.0-44 s[nebit—2 ($4) } . “4h . 2 Se (VE VP HES [2+ 2s? (2 ta? +203) =f (s—hyP=tf (2d =fe. Hence SOM V/ xa)? a 14. Two cars start off to race with velocities u and u! and trave ina straight line with uniform accelerations f and f’ respec- tively. If the race ends in a dead heat, prove that the length of the course is —— {2 (u—w’) (uf —u'f F-P'Y- Sol. Let s be the length of the course. By dead heat we mean that cach car moves the distance s in the same time, say f- Then considering the motion of the first car we have sautth fe; and considering the motion of the second car, we have’ s=w't-++ yf" These equations can be written as }fP+ur—s=0 (l) ».(2) and Bf'e+ut—s By the method of cross multiplication, we get from (1) and (2) or rer eff. fi i s=Q2 (wu) (fil F930 f-S'¥ Eliminating 7. We have Uf) (u’—u) 5 -[ sf" ] FT) Fw) Since 540. ther or : 2 a YL Y _ oe : Oe se Pand Q move ina straight dine AB. yh ve Je P starts from A in the direction AB with velocity " aint ee wait ee eration f..and at the same tinte Q starts from B 7 directo oi ith velocity Mi vonstant acceleration fis if i hey rection 1 ve iy | pass one another at the midd ends of AB with equal, veloc! ‘and © le point of AB and arrive_at_the rove that ‘ Scanned with CamScannerDynamic, 62 + f—-f)=8 (fin—fd)- . . Sol, Let ae ’ he the velocity of either particle afte ol. 2s. i i = ‘hen ing the distance AB 22s. TI mewn ven -2p (2syamt+2h (25)- wou? sm ft SERS) . th Now let ¢ be the time taken by each partie eee sn a middle point of AB. Then each particle moves 1, Therefore eff se We pfeaut hie Since ¢40, therefore from (1), We have on t= 2 (u—m) (AS) [Now considering the motion of the particle P to a a first half of the journey AB and using the formula s=ut+dft 4yftau + tft we get . wom? ura) 5 yp He faery nary 7 SF or (whim) inf = 8 Gi PEBF (em) ES tl or (whim) (Af )=8 (i fin) or (wei) (f—-fi)=8 (fife): Ex. 16. A train travels a distance s in t seconds. It starls from rest and ends at rest. In the first part of journey it moves with constant acceleration f aud in the second part with constant retard tion f'. Show that if's is the distance between.the two stations, thet ~ ¢ tv 2s (UPFIPY- ‘Sol. Let v be the-velocity at the.end of the first part of the motion, or say in the beginning of the second part of the motion and f and 12 be the times for the two motions respectively. The" t=hth. __ Let x be the distance described in the first part. Then thé distance acrid in the second part is s—x. Considering tht motion with constant acceleration f, we have r=04fn=fiy 0+ 2fe==2fx. wl) Again considerin, the second pa oy 4 tant retardation f’, i have part of the motion with cons and 3 6 ta ie. VfL and 9 2 (5x) ie. \ . ax) ie, ta Of? (9 From (1) and (2), we have M=2f" (s—x), 0) (ye ted peor s) (+7) ai < Scanned with CamScannerRectifinear Motion 63 Also f; Haviftv/ftny TSF my CUpytpy, Substituting the vatue of ¥ from o in (4), we get “8 t=hth= 2s Lit Harts} (b )Je 7 +7)} Ex. 17. A point moving in a siraj Ape Wg in a straight line with uniform accele~ ration describes distances a, b feet in successive intérvals of thy te seconds. Prove that the acceleration iz 2 (hb=ta) | ts (414-4). [Kanpur 1981; Meerut 69, 845] locity and f be the uniform accele- Then from s=ut-+-4 fi, we have a=uty+ fry? and abu (tbls) +S (ty ta). Subtracting (1) from (2), we have bute +4 f (1324 tte). QB) Multiplying (3) by 1, and (1) by bry ate=3 f (ty? + 2tyte) t AS (th tntn) Sol. Let w be the initial v ration of the particle, nd subtracting, we have hh (nny Ex. 18. For I/n1 of the distance between two stations a train is uniformly accelerated and for \{n of the distance it is uniformly retarded ; it starts from rest at one station and comes to rest at the other. Prove that the ratio of its greatest velocity to its average ah 11 velocity is ( lea ti) iL. [Meerut 1977) Sol. Let O, and Oy be two stations at a distance s apart and A and B two points between O; and Oz such that O\A=s/m and BO,=s)n. AB=s—s|m—sin. ah O em iy tm in van 0 ot A tz Bot Oo, The train starts at rest from O, -and moyes with uniform acceleration f from O, to A. Let V be its velocity at the point 4. It moves with constant vélocity V from 4 to B and then moves With uniform retardation f’ from Bto Os. The velocity at the Station Og, is zero." | Let.ty, fy. f4 be the times taken to travel the distances O,A, AB and BOs respectively. Scanned with CamScannerDynamics 64 st velocity of the tram v the great . 0.= Xow during its journey from Or i * . Hi f the train= SAC and the average velocity ventest velocity _ amet the required ratiO=gyerage velocity sit ler, 4 —_ _V(ittett) ~ S wl) e have For motion from 0, to A, using the formula yau-+/ft, we v=0+fh- 6 Fr Now using the formula saut+h fe for the same motion, we have 5 Vii S04) —t weer Gg oo 2s . or “= Pm (2) For motion from 4 to B, AB=V.t2. —s/m—s|n, v + Q) For motion from B to Oz, using the formula v=a-[-ft, we have 0 fit, 8 LV Ite Using the formula s=ut+} f? for the same motion, we have Via— Ele 2s o == 4 = Ta (4) Substituting from (2), (3) and (4) in (1). the required ratio Ex. 19. The greatest possible acceleration of a trainis \ m|sec and the greatest possible retardation is 4 m{sec*. Find the [ e st time taken to run between two stations \2 kn. appart if th ; oxi mum specd is 22 m[sec. (Mcerut ira 16, B85] fom at 4 train start from the station O, and move with uni- eration 1 m/sec* upto A for time 4) seconds. fermpoe’ vfro ve iaee: 3 yA te Bot Os Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 65 Let th i train moves sity Of the train at 4 be V=22 mjsec. Then the seconds. In the lant gett! Yelocity V from A to B for time ts 0, under consta ¢ train moves from B to the second station the least time ote 3 mis for time fs seconds, Thus (itteet) secong Tt etweeN the two stations O; and Or is Ase 1:0,=12 km.=12000 meters. using the formula y=u+, of the journey we na u+fi for the parts 0,4 and BO: ¥=22=0+1. t, so that 4=22, 4 and 0=22—5 f3 80 that tp=! 2 Now 0,A=(Average velocity from 0, to A)Xty 2 = 2422. 9942 meters, 2240 33 363 and BOp="240 3836 meters, o AB=0,0,—0,A—B0;= 12090-2228 = 73133 meters, 7833 meters. fp 4B _ B13 _ 23133 coconds, eV 2x22 ~~ 44 ” the required time=(t1+f2+4) seconds (22422,212) seconde 8 sans =9 minutes 25 seconas approximately. Ex. 20. Two points move in the same straight line starting at the same moment from the same point “in the same direction. The first moves with constant velocity « and the second with constant acceleration f (its initial velocity being zero). Show that the greatest distance between the points before the second catches first is w/2f at the end of the time if from the first. Sol. If 5, and sz are the distances moved by the two particles in time 1, then yout and 2=0+ Hf" «. the distance » between the two particles at time ¢ is given ae by senna —psea4(F -r) Scanned with CamScannerDynamics 66 a) ao flfel-3) ” Now sis greatest it r—ulf P= 0 i r Also the gteatest value of s=7 z sat constant rate & from Ex. 21. The speed of a train increase. zero tov, then remains constant for an interval and. finally decreases If 1 be the total distance described, 10 vero at a constant rate B. prove that the total time occupied is (Ifv) +02) (1fa-+1/6)- Also {Allahabad 1975] find the least value of time when a=B. Sol. Let th, f2, fs be the times taken to cover the distances x.y, z of the first, second and last phase of the journey. Whole distance /=x-+-y+z. Equations for the first and Jast part of the journey are vis 22x, (1); v= 2Bz. and rot, OM) and yep Q) From (1), on eliminating «, we have x=$ vh; and from (2) on climinating B, we have 2=} Ws. Also considering the motion for the middle part of the jour- ney, we have y= Thus x+)+: ie., y tite tt) Unthetiy—d (h+6)) 7 (bt tta)—4 (+4). the total time occupied i.¢., M-+fe+fa: or (iv) +2 (+45) {from (1) and (2)] Let 1 denote the total time occupied when =f. =) Then putting «=f in the above result (3), we. have iol , Loy tal 4h. Therefore aty For least value of 1, we have “4 =I . lave dt /dv=0, i. a =0, te. a4 Co at =O ie, . Also then the time=2 ‘y= 2 xy % v= (Ie) least because d vy) Yay =2V Ula). This time i use dt/dv¥= 24 which is postive for v=/(l: is time is = (Ix). Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 7 Ex, 22, emt veloci, lift ascends with constant acceleration f, then with the total distan and finally stops under constant retardation f. If show that the time anne is s and the total time occupied is t; velocity is (1? (4g ny which the lift is ascending with constant Sol. : mart! Shien j.bethe maximum velocity produced duting the tion 7 dri ce this velocity is produced under a constant accelera- tion J during the first part ofthe ascent and destroyed under the fame retardation f during the last part of the ascent, therefote, etx be the di well as the times for these two ascents are equal. stance and 4, the tim We have then 1 ¢ for each of these two parts. 2fx, } and \ v=fh for the first and last part of the motion. Also considering the middle part of the motion, we have v (t—2h)=s—2x. From (1) and (2), on eliminating v and x, we have fi, (-anyas— Bae Pint “ ft®—ftt+s=0. Solving this as a quadratic in 1, we get Stel Pr—4fs) n= F or anare, [(r <) or a= [(r—-4)- This gives the time of ascent with constant velocity. Ex. 23. Prove that the shortest time from rest to rest in which @ steady load of P tons can lift a weight of W tons through a verti- cal distance h feet is /{(2h/g). PI(P— W)} seconds. ; Sol, The time will be shortest if the load acts continuously t of the ascent. Let f be the acceleration during Then by Newton’s second law of wl) during the first part the first part of the ascent. Motion, f is given b} - / . e Megiirn it, P ceases to;act aay i ond pact of the ascent, P ce: act & the nou 7 vindet ravi. Therefore the retardation is g. ave indy e distances and fy, fz the corresponding Let x and y be the s in the ascent. he end of the first par of the ascent or d part ofthe ascent, we have then times for the two part If v be the velocity at t at the beginning of the secon Scanned with CamScannerDynamics 68 (2) va2f% ascent} vl guations for the first part of the nate 2 ' pauations for the second part of the Also x-+y=h (given) ' From (2) and Oe ge we(4) Lees wa(5) Also Now the total time of ascent antn=(F a v [from (5)] -(F+ i) (G+ )| [from (4)] = A et )I [from (1)1 =Jle- zw} Ex. 24. Prove that the mean kinetic energy of a particle of mass m moving under a constant force, in any interval of time is 4m (mE-Huyin-tu2), where uy and are the initial and final velocities. Sol. Let the interval of time during which the particle moves be 7. If the particle moves under a constant acceleration f and v be its velocity at any time t, we have v=u,-+ft. Now the mean kinetic energy of the particle during the time T aL r _m {Tt mi , + [7 imo dF. (ubMt dime. s[murrl m th= +-fT and so u—m=fT) sim (+ uyuyt ug), Scanned with CamScannerRectiline ‘ar Motion 69 Ex. 25, A bullet fired into a target loses half its velocity Penetrating 3 em. How much further will it penetrate ? [Meerut 1972, 76, 79S, 83, 86P, 88] ; Sol. If ucm./sec. is the initial velocity of the bullet then its velocity after Penetrating 3 cm. will be $u cm./sec, Let fcm./sec*. be the retardation of the bullet. Then from V=u+ fs, we have (u/2'=ut—2. £3 giving f=u2)8. If the bullet penetrates further by acm, then from v¥=u*+ 2fs, we have after O=(u/2)*—2. (u*/8).a. a=lcm. Ex. 26. 4 load W is to be raised by a rope;from rest to rest, through a height h; the greatest tension which the rope can safely bear is nW. Show that the least time in which the ascent can be made is (2nh|(n—1) g}*, [Meerut 1986] Sol. Obviously the time for ascent is least when the atcelera- tion of the load is greatest. If m is the mass ‘of the load, then W=mg or m=W/g. Let fbe the greatest acceleration of the load in the upward direction. Since the rope can bear the greatest tension nW, therefore when / is the greatest acceleration .of the load, then the tension TJ in the rope is nW. .. by Newton’s second law of motion P=mf, we have T—W=nW—We=mf or f=(n—1) (Wim)=(n—1) 8...) Let the load W move upwards upto the height.h, under the acceleration f. After that the tension in the Tope ceases to act and therefore above the height /,.the load wil! move under gravity which acts vertically downwards. If the load comes to th a subsequent height Ay above the Test after moving thr I height h,, then according to the question , In-thy=h. =(2) m velocity of the load acquired at the end t are the times taken for describing the ‘then from v=u-+ft, we have V—gle. Vig. If V is the maximu! of the first part and f1, ‘3 heights / and fz respectivelys at =0+f and OF n=Vi and a= have Also from v=w+2fs, we Maye yi20+2f, and me 2ghi. and f=2>° aa Scanned with CamScannerDynamics ve a=h, We hay , Now from /-+/ ve VM lnor ZF x +3 2 Momreneal or Q) w. the least time of ascent v = —— 1 a - arm} (F+4) [substituting for V from (3)} - Jarl ~ oom rn i -| Ge st §3. Newton’s Laws of Motion. (Allahabad 1979; Meerut 81] The Newton’s laws of motion-are as follows. haw 1. Every body continues in its state of rest, or of ‘uniform. motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled by some external force. or forces to change its state. Law 2. The rate of change of momentum of a body is pro- portional to the impressed force, and takes place’ in the direction in which the force acts. Law 3, To every action there is an equal and opposite reac- tion. §4, Equation of motion of a particle moving in a straight line as deduced from the Newton’s second law of motion. Let v be the velocity at time ¢ of a particle of mass m moving in a straight line-under the action of the impressed force P. Since ain second law of motion the rate of change of is proportional to the impressed: force, therefore d Porm, [- [substituting for f from (1)] by def.. momentum=mass x velocity] d or P=k a (my), where k is some constant dy + or P=km 7, provided m is constant or P=kmf. a 0) Let us suppose that a-uni Us f=acceleration=dv/dt}- 1 . unit fo; i - Unit acceleration in a particle of unit nies, THe ea Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion n P=1, when m=! and f=1. «. from (1), we have k=1, m Hence we have, P=mf, which is the required equation of motion of the particle, ; §5. Simple Harmonic Motion. (S.H.M.) Definition. 7he kind of motion, in which a Particle moves in a straight line in a way that its @eceleration is always directed towards a fixed point led the centre of force) and varies as the distance of on the line (cal the particle from the fixed point, is called simple harmonic | ee , 85, 86; Kanpur 76, 77; Lueknow 80; Agta 77] Let O be the centre of force taken as origin. Suppose the particle starts from rest from the point 4 where OA=a. It begins to meve towards the'centre of attraction O. Let P be the position of-the particle after time ¢, where OP=x, By the definition of S.H.M. the magnitude of acceleration at P is proportional to x. za Mz _ __wel-0 7 ee ee Let it be ux, wheré 1 is a constant caued, the intensity of force. Also on account of a centre of attraction at O, the aeceleration of P is towards O i.e., in the direction of x decreasing. Therefore the equation of motion of P is e(1) where the negative sign has b en-hecause the farce_acting rection of x decreasi, The on P is towards O i.e., in the 3 - equation (1)-gives the acceleration of the particle at any position. Multiplying both sides of (1) by 2dx/dt, we get ded 2 de Integrating with respect to t, we get dx i" =(F) =— K+, i i i id v is the velocity at P. where C is a constant of integration an . Initially at the point 4, x=a and r=0; therefore C=pa*, dx — Pax - Thus, we have ‘dx 2 =(F) =— px pa’ vi=p (a*—x?). +(2) or Scanned with CamScannerDynainics eloci int P. From (2) s the velocity at AMY POT 9” Thus ima jon (2) give The equatio' e gives tim when x#==0. 08 of force O. Let a 2 we observe that t the centre Jocity is maximum 2 SHAM. the velocity fs maxims ap! Q, x=0, So from this maximum vel city Me, ay we get n= Hae OF =O He . _ @ ‘Also from (2) we observe that +=0 when Meaie, X=ba at points equidistant from ‘Thus in 3 S.H.M. the yelocity is zero the centre of force. Now from (2), on taking. square root, we get — Vey (@—x*), where the —ive sign has been taken be- he direction of x decreasing. dxfe cause at P the particle is moving in t Separatingthe variables, we get 1 # = ve ViG-*) Integrating both sides, we get xs = cos) 52 i we cos 7 1+D. where D is a constant. But initially at Thus we have 1 2, Ts cos-? gui or x=a cos (/ nt). -.4) . ; {Lucknow 1978) The equation (4) gives a relation between x and 1, where ¢ 2 the time measured from A. If t, be the time from A to O, then at dt -Q) =o and t=0; therefore D=0. O, we have i=: = we have ‘= and x=0. So from (4), we get na, cos? 0 # wlan _— ("yal Wy a is independent of the initial displacement the | tic je. Thus in a S.H.M. the tim of force is independent of the initial dluplecrtent othe part ie jicle, Note. The time of'descent f, from 4 to Ocan alsoberesad a ind from (3) with th. help of the definite imegrals— ° dx th For fixing the limits of integrati Bde Vv (a—x* -| ‘ Foy ing lis of iteration, we observe that at "4 = Nature of Moti rt Motion. The-particle starts from rest at A whe: where its siceeleration is maximu mM and 1s towards ionO andes 4 of force ais wos ees Cand as itappronetans fe eonttt # Gait goes on increas es the centre teaches 0 its acceleration i its neh reaches ation is zero and en the particle is ay’: in the directi iy and iis velocity j } particle moves towards tress this veloc ‘ained a Othe wards the Jeft of O. But on aes gerneg at © the - ‘count of the cent o re Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 2B of attraction at O a force begins to act upon the particle against its direction Of motion. So its velocity goes on decreasing and it comes to instantaneous rest at 4’ where OA'=OA. The rest at A’ is only instantaneous. The particle at once begins to move towards the centre of attraction O and retracing its path it again comes to instantaneous rest at A. Thus the motion of the particle is oscil- latory and it continues to oscillate between A and A’. To start from A and to come back to A is called one complete oscillation. Few Important Definitions : 1. Amplitude. Ina S.H.M. the distance from the centre of force of the position of maximun di called the ampli- tude of the motion. Thus the amplitude is the distance of a posi- tion of instantaneous rest from the centre of force. In the for- mulae (2) and (4) of this article the amplitude is a. 2. Time period. [Kanpur 1977). Ina S.H.M. the time taken to make ene complete oscillation is called time period or periodic time. Thus if T is the time period of the S.H.M., then 2 1=4, (time from 4 to 0)=4.,",-==" , which is independent of D4 oa Vi pende the amplitude a. i{Meerut 1989] 3. Frequency. Zhe number of complete oscillations in Jone second is called the frequency of the motion. Since the jtime taken siattinn ie 2 op to make one complete oscillation is Vi seconds, therefore if m is 1h ve or m=5e- 2a the frequency, then "FZ, Thus the frequency is th reciprocal of the periodic time. Important Remark 1. Ina S.H.M. if the centre of force is not at origin but is at the point x=, then the equation of motion is d2x/dt?=—p (x0). Similarly d?x/di*=—p (x-+4) is the equa- tion of a S.H.M. in which the centre of force is at the point x=-b, ; Important Remark 2. Jn the above article when after instan- tancous rest at A’ the particle begins to move towards A, we have from (2) e +Vev(a?—*), on has heen taken because the particle is mov ing in the direction of x increasing. 4 ; i; we Lave dt. Separating the variables, we bave rc vi we get cos"! (xjaj\=Vut +B. Now the time Therefore at 4’, we have, teem} and where the +ive si: Integrating, from 4 to 4’ is ve Scanned with CamScannerDynamics ‘ [vet 8 wo cosh (—alayav ie IVI ve hy x=—@. These a 5 eB a pate Th fe have a (— 2 a "Te! a pict or ae ae in SHLM. the C05 x=a cos V pee " 7 oo aia v3 Ov fe valid throughout the entire motion from ation x= s Sto a and back from A’ to A son (1), we have 4. Phase and Epoch. From equatio > : x ae , i i t coefficients which is a linear differential equation with constan! and its general solution is sive OY 6 x=a cos (Vpit+e)- of) The constant ¢ is called the starting phase or ens ae the motion and the quantity Vutte is called the arg! motion. ; j i, The phase at any time t of a S.H.M, is the time tha elapsed since the particle passed through its extreme position in the positive direction. From(5), x is maximum when cos (/pt+e) is maximum i.2. when cos (/pi+e)=l. Therefore if f, is. the time of reaching the extreme position in the positive direction, then - cos (/pite)=1 or Veh+e=0 or h=— > +px=0, the phase at time ¢ 5. Periodic Motion. A point is said to have a perioaic motion when it moves in such a manner that after a certain fixed interval of time called periodic time it acquires the same position and moves with the same velocity in the same direction. Thus S.H.M. is 4 periodic motion. § 6.1, Geometrical representation of S.H.M. Let a particle move with a uni- form angular, velocity w, round the circumference of a'cirele of radius a, Suppose Ad’ is a fixed diameter of ae circle. If the particle starts frum and P is its positit ‘ime: cl 7dOPecr position at time:r, then Draw) PQ perpendicul diameter os far to the [Lucknow 1975] Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 15 If OQ=x, then COS wf. (1) As the particle P moves round the circumference, the foot Q of the perpendicular on the diameter 44’ oscillates on AA" from 4 to 4’ and from 4’ to A back, Thus the motion of the point @ is periodic. From (1), we have and The cquations (2) and (3) give the velocity and acceleration of Q at any time t. The equation (3) shows that Q exccutes a simple harmonic motion with centre at the origin O. From equation (1), we see that the amplitude of this S.H.M. is a@ because the maximum value of x is a. The periodic time of Q=The time required by P to turn through an angle 2m with a uniform angular velocity @ _2e =f. Thus ifa particle describes a Circle with constint angular velocity, the foot of the perpendicular from it on any diameter executes a S.H.M. §7. Important results about S.H.M. We summarize the important relations of a S.H.M. as follows : (Remember them). ; , Gal Referred to the centre as origin the equation of S.H.M. (is xy . of the equation ¥=—yx represents a $.H.M, with centre at the origin. ~ (ii) The velocity v at a distance x from the centre and the distance x from the- contre i ¢ f are respectively given by (atx!) und x=a cos Vil, vt 7 where ais the amplitude and the time ¢ has been measured from the extreme position a the positive direction. (iii) Maximum acceleration xa,) (iv) Maximus veiocity = / nd, (v) Periodic time tect. - At Ve. {\ ag) (at extreme points) (at the centre) Scanned with CamScannerDyuantics 6 Love nee Oe (vi) Frequency Mustrative Examples. ; + , 27. The maximum velocity of 4 body ee ail S.HLM, is 2ft ‘ser. and its period is 2 sec. What iy its anip! ds le lock : Sol Let the amplitude b' Then the maximum velocity say p ft/s 2 {t./sec. (given). Cl) ea ft. a ape2s . ‘Also the time period TP=2n|/ p second 4 seconds (given) am 1 a 8 +2) Multiplying (1) and (2) to eliminate ” we have 2 . “Sa the required amplitude =f f='064 tt. nearly. ana=5. 28. At what distance from the centre the velocity inva S.H.M. will be half of the maximum 7 Sol. / Take the centre of the motion as origin. Let abe the amplitude. Ina S.H.M., the velocity y of the particle at a dis- tance x from the centre is given by Peay (a*—-x*). we(I) From (1), » is max. when x=0. Therefore max velocity =+/ 14 Let x; be the distance from the centre of the point where the velocity is half of the maximum i.e., where the velocity is faye Then putting vi and v=4ay/p in (1), we get tateep-(a—x"), or | aa? —xy* or wait or x; 7 1=ay/3/2. Thus there are two points, cach at a distance a4/3/2 from the centye, where the velocity is half of the maximum. / = ee A particle moves ina straight line and its velocity nce x from the ori: kV (a?—x*), where aand k are cous tats. Prove that the motior iple harmonic and fink the, anny! h Ti i pan tude and the periodic time of the motion. 4 of. We know that ina rectili i a rectilincar motion théapep@i€ssion for velocity at a distance HI 4 from the origin i 5 daha te eee rigin is dx/dt. So according '¢ (QD) Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 7 Differentiating (1) w.r.t. t, we get —#x, which is the equation of a S.H.M. with centre at the origin and p=k*. Hence the given motion is simple harmonic. The time period T=2n/x/u=2n//k?=2n/k. Now to find the amplitude we are to find the distance from the centre of a point where the velocity is zero. So putting dx|dt=0 in (1), we get O=K? (a*—x%) or x=-ta. Since here the centye-is at origin, therefore the amplitude=a. Ex. 30. Show that if the displacement of a particle in a Vitraight line is expressed by the equation x=a cos nt+-b sin nt, it describes a simple harmonic motion whose amplitude is +/(a*+-b%) and period is 2mjn. [Meerut 1977} Sol. Given x=a cos nt-+b sin nt. () ©. dxjdt=—an sin nt-+-bn cos nt, and d*x[dt*=—an* cos nt—bn® sin nt= n® (a cos ut+b sin nt) ntx, from (1). Now d®x/di?=—n*x is the equation of a S. H. M. with centre atthe origin and p==n%. Hence the given motion is simple harmonic. The time period T=2n/4/p=2n//n'=2n|n. Also the ampli- tude is the distance from the centre of a point where the velocity is zero. Since here the centre is at origin, therefore the amplitude is the value of x when dx/dt==0. Putting dx/dt=0 in (2), we get 0=—an sinnf+bncosnt or tan at=bfa. sin nt=b/y/(a°+6%) and cos nt=a/y/(a?-+6%). Substituting these in (1), we have th 2 a bt abe Samplinyse— a Teepe TP Tae EBY ~ TOE) =v(0+b%). The speed v of a particle moving along the axis of x ifgiven by the relation v°=n* (8bx—x*—12b*). Show that the Motion is simple harmonic with its centre at x=4b, and amplitude =26, Sol. Given v?*=(dx/dt)*=u" (86x—x*—12b%), we(1) Differentiating (1) w.r.t. t, we get af 2h Scanned with CamScannerDynamics dx_ ya (4b—x)=—0 (x—4b), which is" the equation ee int x-4b=0 ie., at the point “with centre at the point x— 4b=0 fe. a i ee Pele that centre is the point where the acceleration @xfdt* is zero.) . 7 now y=20 where 86x—a2—126?=0 i.e, x*—8bx+12h!=p =0i. = 2b: Thus the positions of i.e., (x--6b) (x—2b)=Oie, x=6b. or ne aisionee a instantaneous rest are given by x=2b and x=6b.. The di: ne any of these two positions from the centre x=4b is the amplitude, Hence the amplitude is the distance of the point x=6b from the poifit x=4h. Thus the amplitude=6b—4b =2b, _ x. 32. The speed v of the point P which moves ina Tine is fren by the relation v'=a-+2bx—cx®, where x is the distance of the ‘point P from a fixed point on the path, and a,b,c are constants. Show that the motion is simple harmonic if ¢ is positive ; deter- mine the period and the amplitude of the motion. {Kanpur 1979) Sol. Here given that, v’=a+-2bx—cx*, fl) Differentiating both sides of (1) w.r.t. x, we have av 2-2 cx. ie ax dy 5 de Tee (=-&)} =) Since c is positive, therefore the equation (2) represents a S. H. M. with the centre of force at the point x=b/c. Hence the relation (1) Tepresents a S. H. M. of period ra Tun Vve because in the equation (2), p=c. To determine the amplitude, puttin; a+2 bx—cx®=0 cx?—2 bx—a=0, vali v(b + ac) ¢ ig »=0 in (1), we have or <. the distances of A and 4’ from the fixed 04nbty. the two positions of instantaneous. rest point O are given by 9) and 04 P= VO +00) c Yy of these two positi | ions from the centre de of the motion, me | the amplitude =v (b*+ac) ¢ c The distance of an: x=(b/c) is the amplitu 2 _ v(etpael, — Ea “e Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 9 _ Ex. 33. Ina S. H. M. of period 2n|w if the initial displace- ment be Xo and the initial velocity u,, prove that (i) amplitude = J sist) (ii) position at time t= J wiv), cos wf—sa1- ( ah ws oxy and (iit) time to the position of rest-=4- ran-1 (*} OX, . o Sol. We know that ina S. H. M, the time period=2z//(y). Since here the time period is 2n/w, therefore 2a/4/(y)=2n]w fe, p=w*. Now taking the centre of the motion as origin, the equation of the given S, H. M. is ax So=—wx, de wl) Multiplying (1) by 2 (dx/dr) and integrating w.r.t. ‘1’, we get 2 (2) =—w*x?-A, where A is a constant. But initially at 1=x, the velocity a Therefore = m2’=—w*x,2+A or = A= thy? wy" Thus we have : a (843) (i) Now the amplitude is the distance from the centre ofa point where the velocity is zero. Since here the centre is origin, therefore the amplitude is the value of x when velocity is zero. Me! Putting & <0 in (2). we get x= (s+): ii e". uy . Here the required amplitude is Il + “s) (ii) Assuming that the particle is moving in the direction of x increasing, we have from (2) aw [(s0s'8)-*} dx. 1 . ab ee Us Vege) 8d Integrating. a constant. where B is Scanned with CamScannerDynamics 80 x=Xq But initially, when =9, 1 B: * wo \ tan" (45) x by te x . ta—t cos {eager alo) ° . 3 Vs f 2 before (22-} or cos” were) 4 »\) or emptor * [4 a eis =cos( ota a) ich gi iti ticle at time /. which gives the position of the par' . (iii) Substituting the value of x from (3) in (2), We get d\? ue) a2 J oot tan”? J2}}. (22) =o" (att) sin {or—tane (2 Putting #0, we get 2 4 0=u? (+45) sin? for—tan™ (22-)b or sin wt—tan-t (% y-o ex uh Uy —tan-! (-%-}=0 or 1 u-\. or wt—tan (2) 0 ox, : ae 1 tu Hence the time of the position of rest=— tan ( “a, o WX x. 34. Show that ina simple harmonic motion of amplitude afand period ‘T”, the velocity v at a distance x from the centre is fiven by the relation y®T?=4z? (a?—x*). Find the new amplitude if the velocity were doubled when the Particle is at a distance 1a from the centre ; the period remaining unaltered. Sol. a@xjdr® The time period T=2al Vp. Let the equation of S. H. M. with centre as origin be — px, -(@) Let a be the amplitude, The: i 5 nthe veloc adi * from the centre is given by ee ee vez pe (a?— x2), o(2) Scanned with CamScannerRectilinear Motion 81 From (1), «=4n"/7*, Putting this value of ,« in (2), we have : 24 (@taaty or yTt=dat (atx), +3) Let », be the velocity at a distance 3a from the centre, Then putting x=4a. and v=v, in (3), we get vy°T? 4a? (ut fat)= 3n%@?, (4) Let a, be the new amplitude’ when the velocity at the point x= ais doubled i.c., when the velocity at the point x=4a is any how made 2. Since the period remains unchanged, therefore putting r-=2n, a=, and x= Ja in (3), we get ayy ja? (a4? — 3a) or 4x 3n%at=4n? (a,2— Jat) [i from44), v¢T?=3n%a"] or a,?=3a"+-Ja?= |3a*/4, Hence the new amplitude a, =(av/13)/2. Ex. 35. Show that the particle executing S.H.M. requires one sixth of its period to move from the position of maximum displace- ment to one in which the displacement is half the amplitude. (Kanpur 1973) Sol. Let the equation of S,H.M. with centre as origin be x/dt*=—px. The time period T=2a/V/p. Let a be the amplitude of the motion. Then (dx/d:)?=p (a®—x!), Suppose the particle is moving from the position of maximum in the direction of x decreasing. Then displacement x dx {__s, a VEN Vax) ol) Let /, be the time from the maximum displacement x=a to the point 1 Then integrating (1), we get ha, aa ty f dx frase 1 1 st wt oe ers a Hel 68 a Je ie iv performing a sinple harmonic motion of 36. A parlicle Ni p ¢ hour a centre O and it asses through a point P where OP:xh With velocity v in the direction OP; prove (iat the time which pun in the recon v elapsey before it returns to PES 5 a iclere or dt= Scanned with CamScanner