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Environmental Modeling
(GISR 504)
en.academic.ru
Density Methods
• Minimum Convex Polygon
• Kernel Density Estimates (KDE)
Wikipedia
Interpolation
• Creates a raster with values for each
pixel based on the proximity of sample
points
• Examples:
– Climate layers from weather stations
– Biomass from tree diameters (DBH)
– Soil maps from pits
– DEMs from points
• Must have:
– Autocorrelation
Interpolation: Methods
• Kriging
• Nearest-Neighbor
• Bilinear
• Spline
• Bezier Surface
• Natural Neighbor
• Delaunay Triangulation
• Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)
• Kernel Smoothing
• Others…
Correlation/Regression
• Variable being predicted is dependent on
other variables (N-dimensional space)
• Examples:
– Habitat Suitability / Species Distributions
– Fire potential
– Land use change
– Disease risk
– Productivity
Correlation or Dependence
• Systems of differential equations
• Common Statistical Functions
• Kernel functions
• Bayesian Inference
• Regression
• Index Models
• Trees
• Neural Nets
• “Graphical” techniques
• Machine Learning Methods
• Combinations of the above
Non-Linear Correlation
Wikipedia
Simulations
• Use computer software to create a
“simulation” for a general phenomenon
• Examples:
– Climate simulations
– Population models
– Disaster scenarios
– Fire models
– Shipping
Simulations
• Cellular automaton
• Agent-Based
Typical Spatial Models
• Flood Planes
• Potential Habitat/Species Distribution
• Soil Erosion
• Ice Extents
• Climate Models
• Oil Spill Extents
• Bark Beetle Infestation
• Geologic Layers
• Flight Control Software
Atmospheric humidity on June 17, 1993, NASA
Model Characteristics
• Stochastic or Deterministic
• Transparent or “Black Box”
• Simple or Complex
• Rigorous or Lax
• Applied or Theoretical
• Internal or “External” Evaluation
• Parametric or Non-Parametric