Nanyang Technological University

School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

Division of Mathematical Sciences

MH1811 Mathematics 2 Tutorial 5

1. Evaluate the double integral over the rectangular region R.

[Solution]
ZZ p
(a) x 1 − x2 dA; R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 2 ≤ y ≤ 3}
R
Z 3 Z 1 p
= x 1 − x2 dx dy (substitution: u = 1 − x2 , u0 = −2x)
2 0 | {z }
u=1−x2
" #1
3 3
(1 − x2 )3/2
Z Z
1 1
= dy = dy =
2 (−2)(3/2) 2 3 3
0
ZZ
xy
(b) p dA; R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1}
1 + x2 + y 2
R
Z 1Z 1 Z 1 hp
xy i1
= p dxdy = y 1 + x2 + y 2 dy
0 0 1 + x2 + y 2 0 0
Z 1 p p   
1  1
2 2 2 3/2 2 3/2
= y 2 + y − 1 + y dy = (2 + y ) − (1 + y )
0 3 0
1  3/2  1 √ √ 
3/2 3/2
= (3 − 2 ) − (2 − 1) = 3 3−4 2+1
3 3
ZZ
(c) x cos (xy) cos2 (πx) dA; R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1/2, 0 ≤ y ≤ π}
R
Z 1/2 Z π
= x cos (xy) cos2 (πx) dydx
0 0 | {z }
u(y)=xy, du
dy
=x
Z 1/2
= cos2 (πx) [sin (xy)]π0 dx
0
1/2 1/2
− cos3 (πx)
Z 
1
= cos2 (πx) (sin (πx)) dx = =
0 3π 0 3π
Or using substitution: u = cos πx, we have u0 = −π sin(πx). When x = 0, u = cos 0 = 1;
when x = 1/2, u = cos(π/2) = 0.

1/2 0
−1 u3 0
 
−1
Z Z
2 2 1
cos (πx) (sin (πx)) dx = u du = 1 du =
0 π 1 π 3 3π
.............................................................................................

1
2. Find the volume under the surface z = 3x3 + 3x2 y and over the rectangle

R = {(x, y) : 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2} .

[Solution] Volume required is the double integral

2Z 3 2 3 2
3x4
Z Z Z
3 2
2
+ x3 y (60 + 26y) dy = 60y + 13y 2 0 = 172.

3x + 3x y dxdy = dy =
0 1 0 4 1 0

.............................................................................................

3. Suppose a lamina (thin plate) occupies a rectangular region D of the xy-plane where

D = (x, y) ∈ R2 |1 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3 .


The density σ(x, y) (mass per unit square) of the lamina at each point (x, y) is σ(x, y) =
√
x y + 1. Find the mass of the lamina.
[Solution] The total mass is
ZZ Z 4Z 3 p
Q= σ(x, y) dA = x y + 1 dydx
1 0
D
" #3  2 4
4 Z 4
(y + 1)3/2
Z
14x 7x
= x dx = dx = = 35
1 3/2 1 3 3 1
y=0
.............................................................................................

4. For this problem, the following provides the formula for total charge of a lamina.
Suppose a lamina (thin plate) occupies a region D of the xy-plane. An electric charge is
distributed over D and the charge density (in units of charge per unit area) is given by σ(x, y)
at a point (x, y) in D. The total charge Q is given by
ZZ
Q= σ(x, y) dA.
D

Electric charge is distributed over the rectangle 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 ( in meters) so that the

charge density at (x, y) is σ(x, y) = 2xy + y 2 , measured in coulombs per square meter. Find
the total charge Q of the rectangular lamina.
[Solution] The total charge is
ZZ Z 2Z 3
Q= σ(x, y) dA = 2xy + y 2 dxdy
0 1
D
Z 2 3
Z 2
x2 y + xy 2 8y + 2y 2


= x=1
dy = dy
0 0
2
2y 3

64 2
= 4y + =
3 0 3
.............................................................................................

2
 Remark For double integral over non-rectangular region, it is useful to sketch the region and
use it as a guide to write down the limits for integration. For double integrals, Fubini’s theorem
tells us that we can integrate w.r.t. any one variable first followed by the other. However, when
we perform evaluation of double integral, we have to look at the integrand f (x, y). For some
integrand, integrate w.r.t. one variable first may not be possible. We should also know how
to determine the region for integration given an iterated integral. Lastly, double integration is
applied to evaluation of volume of a solid, centroid etc.

5. Evaluate the double integral over the region R.

[Solution] To evaluate the double integral over a non-rectangular region, we have to sketch the
region, and identify the limits for integrals w.r.t. both x and y.

ZZ
(a) 6xy dA; R is the region bounded by y = 0, x = 2, and y = x2 .
R

2 Z x2 2 2 2
x6
ZZ Z Z Z 
 x2
6xy dA = 6xydydx = 3xy 2 0 dx = 5
3x dx = = 32
0 0 0 0 2 0
R

Z 4Z 2
NOTE This double integral can also be evaluated by √
6xydxdy.
0 y

3
 ZZ
(b) x cos xy dA; R is the region bounded by x = 1, x = 2, y = π/2, and y = 2π/x.
R

ZZ Z 2 Z 2π/x
x cos(xy) dA = x cos(xy) dydx
1 π/2
R
2 2
cos(xπ/2) 2
Z Z  
2π/x
= [sin(xy)]π/2
dx = (− sin(xπ/2)) dx = = −2/π
1 1 π/2 1
NOTE This double integral can also be evaluated by
Z π Z 2 Z 2π Z 2π/y
x cos xy dxdy + x cos xy dxdy,
π/2 1 π 1

where the second integral may be integrated w.r.t, x using by-parts.

ZZ
(c) (3x − 2y) dA; R is the region enclosed by the circle x2 + y 2 = 1
R

√
1 1−x2 1 √1−x2
ZZ Z Z Z
2 √

(3x − 2y) dA = √ (3x − 2y) dydx = 3xy − y − 1−x2 dx
−1 − 1−x2 −1
R
" #1
1
−(1 − x2 )3/2
Z p
= 6x 1 − x2 dx = 3 =0
−1 3/2
−1
Note Geometrically,
ZZ the circle is symmetrical about the y-axis, and 3x is an odd function,
so that (3x) dA = 0. Similarly, it is symmetrical about y-axis and 2y is an odd
R ZZ ZZ
function , so that (2y) dA = 0. Therefore, we have (3x − 2y) dA = 0.
R R
.............................................................................................

4
6. Setup an iterated integral to represent the volume of the following solid and then evaluate it.

[Solution] The solid is bounded above by the plane z = 1 − y, below by the xy-plane and over
the area D given as below.

So its volume is
ZZ Z 1Z 1
1 − y dA = √
1 − y dydx
D 0 x
1
y=1
y 2 
Z
= y −  √ dx
0 2 y= x
Z 1
1 √

x
= 1− − x+ dx
0 2 2
1
x 2x3/2 x2 
= − + 
2 3 4
0
1 2 1 1
= − + = .
2 3 4 12
.............................................................................................

5
 Z 3 Z x(2−x)
7. The integral dy dx gives the area of a region R in the xy-plane. Sketch the region,
0 −x
label each bounding curve with its equation, and give the coordinates of the points where the
curves intersect. Then find the area of the region R.
[Solution] The curves y = −x and y = x(2 − x) intersect at x = 0 and x = 3. The coordinates
of the points where the curves intersect are (0, 0) and (3, −3).

The area of the region is

3 Z x(2−x) 3 3
3x2 x3
Z Z 
9
dy dx = (3x − x2 ) dx = − =
0 −x 0 2 3 0 2
.............................................................................................

6
8. Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order of integration.
[Solution] From the double integrals, we first sketch the region and write down the limits for
the double integrals for the change of order of integration.

Z 1Z 4
2
(a) e−y dy dx
0 4x
2
Note that there is no formula for e−y dy. Thus we evaluate the double integral by
R

changing the order of integration. From the sketch of the region, we note that 0 ≤ y ≤ 4
y
and for each y ∈ [0, 4], the value of x runs from 0 to .
4

Thus we have
2 4
" #
−e−y
Z 1Z 4 Z 4 Z y/4 Z 4
−y 2 −y 2 y −y2 1
1 − e−16


e dy dx = e dx dy = e dy = =
0 4x 0 0 0 4 8 8
0
Z 2Z 1
cos x2 dx dy


(b)
0 y/2
Note that there is no formula for cos x2 dx. Thus we evaluate the double integral by
R

changing the order of integration. From the sketch of the region, we note that 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
and for each y ∈ [0, 1], the value of y runs from 0 to 2x.

Thus we have
Z 2Z 1 Z 1 Z 2x Z 1 1
cos x2 dx dy = cos x2 dy dx = 2x cos(x2 ) dx = sin(x2 ) 0 = sin 1



0 y/2 0 0 0

7
 Z 4Z 2
3
(c) √
ex dx dy
0 y
R 3
Note that there is no formula for ex dx. Thus we evaluate the double integral by
changing the order of integration. From the sketch of the region, we note that 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
and for each x ∈ [0, 2], the value of x runs from 0 to x2 .

Thus we have
" #2
4Z 2 2 Z x2 2 3
ex
Z Z Z
x3 x3 x3 1 8
x2 e


√
e dx dy = e dy dx = dx = = e −1
0 y 0 0 0 3 3
0
.............................................................................................
√
ZZ
sin y 3 dA, where R is the region bounded by y = x, y = 2, and x = 0.


9. Evaluate
R
[Solution] From the sketch of the region, we note that 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 and for each such y, we have
0 ≤ x ≤ y2.

Therefore, we have
2 Z y2 2 2
− cos(y 3 )
ZZ Z Z 
3

3 2 3 1
sin y dA = sin(y ) dxdy = y sin(y ) dy = = (1 − cos 8)
0 0 0 3 0 3
R

.............................................................................................

8
  ZZ
y if xy ≤ 0
10. Let f (x, y) = . Evaluate f (x, y) dA, where D is the region bounded by
x if xy > 0
D
x-axis and y = 4 − x2 .
[Solution] Note that

xy ≤ 0 ⇐⇒ (x ≥ 0 & y ≤ 0) or (x ≤ 0 & y ≥ 0)
| {z } | {z }
4th quadrant 2nd quad

xy > 0 ⇐⇒ (x > 0 & y > 0) or (x < 0 & y < 0)

| {z } | {z }
1st quadrant 3rd quad

ZZ Z 0 Z 4−x2 Z 2 Z 4−x2
f (x, y) dA = y dydx + x dydx
−2 0 0 0
D

0 4−x2 2
y2
Z  Z
4−x 2
= dx + [xy]y=0 dx
−2 2 y=0 0
0 2
(4 − x2 )2
Z Z
= dx + x(4 − x2 ) dx
−2 2 0
0 2
−(4 − x2 )2
Z 
1
16 − 8x2 + x4 dx +


=
−2 2 2(2) 0
0
8x3 x5
  
1
= 16x − + +4
2 3 5 −2
 
32 16 8
= 16 − + + 4 = 12
3 5 15
.............................................................................................

9
11. (Optional.) Let R be the region in the first quadrant within the circle x2 + y 2 = 9. Use polar
form to evaluate the following double integrals .
π
[Solution] The circle x2 + y 2 = 9 in polar form can be described as 0 ≤ θ ≤ , and for each
2
such θ, we have 0 ≤ r ≤ 3.
We shall replace x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and dA = rdrdθ.
√
ZZ p p
(a) 16 + x2 + y 2 dA (Note that 16 + x2 + y 2 = 16 + r2 .
R
Z π/2 Z 3 p
= 16 + r2 rdr dθ
0 0
Z π/2 " #3
(16 + r2 )3/2
= dθ
0 (3/2)(2)
0
Z π/2
125 − 64
= dθ
0 3
61 61π
= (π/2) =
3 6
ZZ
(b) (x + 2y)dA.
R
Z π/2 Z 3
= (r cos θ + 2r sin θ)rdrdθ
0 0
Z π/2 Z 3
= (cos θ + 2 sin θ) dθ · r2 dr
0 0
 3 3
π/2 r
= [sin θ − 2 cos θ]0 · = (1 + 2)(9) = 27
3 0

.............................................................................................

10
12. (Optional.) Evaluate the following iterated integrals by converting to polar coordinates.
√
Z 1 Z 1−x2
(a) dydx
−1 0
To sketch the region of integration,
√ note that −1 ≤ x ≤ 1. For each such x, the value
√ for
y runs from y = 0 to y = 1 − x2 . Thus we sketch the graphs of y = 0 and y = 1 − x2
(i.e., x2 + y 2 = 1, and y ≥ 0).

The region is upper semi-circular disc above the xy-plane which is the polar region 0 ≤
r ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π.
We have
Z 1 Z √1−x2 Z πZ 1 Z π  Z 1   2 1
r π
dydx = rdrdθ = dθ rdr = π =
−1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
√
Z 1 Z 1−y2
cos x2 + y 2 dxdy.


(b)
0 0
To sketch the region of integration,
p note that 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. For each such y, the value p for x
runs from x = 0 to x = 1 − y 2 . Thus we sketch the graphs of x = 0 and x = 1 − y 2
(i.e., x2 + y 2 = 1, and x ≥ 0). The region is quarter -circular disc on the first quadrant of
the xy-plane.

√
Z 1Z 1−y 2 Z π/2 Z 1
cos x2 + y 2 dxdy = cos r2 rdr dθ



0 0 0 0
"
#1
π/2 sin r2
Z
sin 1 π sin 1
= dθ = (π/2) =
0 2 2 4
0

11
 √
Z 1Z y p
(c) x2 + y 2 dx dy
0 y
[Solution] To sketch the region, we note that 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. For each such y, the value of x
√ √
runs from x = y to x = y. We sketch the graphs of x = y and x = y (i.e., y = x2 with
x ≥ 0).

From the sketch of the region, we note that 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/4, and for each such θ, we have
0 ≤ r ≤ tan θ sec θ.
Thus we have
Z 1 Z √y p Z π/4 Z tan θ sec θ Z π/4  3 tan θ sec θ
r
x2 + y 2 dx dy = r2 drdθ = dθ
0 y 0 0 0 3 0

Z π/4 Z π/4
1 3 3 1
= tan θ sec θ dθ = tan2 θ sec2 θ(tan θ sec θ) dθ
3 0 3 0
Z π/4 Z π/4
1 1
= (sec2 θ − 1) sec2 θ(tan θ sec θ) dθ = (sec4 θ − sec2 θ) (tan θ sec θ) dθ
3 0 3 0 | {z }| {z }
u=sec θ u0 =tan θ sec θ
π/4
1 sec5 θ sec3 θ 2 √
 
= − = 2+1
3 5 3 0 45

12
 Z 2 Z y
(d) √ √ dx dy
2 4−y 2
√
p of integration. Note that 2 ≤ y ≤ 2. For each such
Firstly, we sketch the region p y, the
value for x runs frompx = 4 − y to x = y. Therefore, we sketch the curves x = 4 − y 2
2

and x = y. For x = 4 − y 2 , it is part of the circle x2 + y 2 = 4, with x ≥ 0.

From the sketch of the region, we note that π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/2, and for each such θ, we have
2 2
2 ≤ r ≤ r0 where sin θ = so that r0 = = 2 csc θ. Alternatively, we have
r0 sin θ
2
p p q
r0 = x2 + y 2 = (2/ tan θ)2 + 22 = (1 + tan2 θ)
tan θ
2 2 cos θ 1
= sec θ = 2 = 2 csc θ.
tan θ sin θ cos θ
Thus we have
2 y π/2 Z 2 csc θ π/2 2 csc θ
r2
Z Z Z Z 
√ √ dx dy = r drdθ = dθ
2 4−y 2 π/4 2 π/4 2 2

Z π/2  π
π/2 π π
csc2 θ − 1 dθ = 2 [(− cot θ) − θ]π/4 = 2 − + 1 +


=2 =2−
π/4 2 4 2
Remark Here, we are practising on describing the region via polar coordinates and com-
pute the double integral in polar form.
However, the double integral is the area of the shaded region which can be computed by
subtracting the area of the sector from the triangle:
1 1 π
(2)(2) − π(22 ) = 2 − .
2 8 2
.............................................................................................

13