Local Literature

With four million estimated new youth voters in 2022, Senator Kiko Pangilinan on Monday highlighted
their “game-changing role” in the upcoming national elections in 2022. At the 13th General Assembly of
the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats (CALD), the Liberal Party president said a big chunk of his
efforts “is focused on encouraging the youth to vote.” “Four million is enough to make or break the
Presidency and the majority in the Philippine Senate and it is vital, more than ever, to have more allies in
the Senate so we can do something about alarming pieces of legislation such as the Anti-Terror Law and
the media franchise renewals,” he said. CALD kick-started a series of online events to commemorate its
13th General Assembly from 23-27 November 2020 with the theme: “Hope among us: a virtual
gathering for the future democracy.” Currently serving as the chairperson of CALD, Pangilinan stressed
how the youth will be able to influence the 2022 national elections in the Philippines. “We put our faith
in the youth as they are the sector most critical and energized against incompetence and abuse of
power,” he said. “We look to the experience and inspiration of Hong Kong youth, Thailand youth,
Indonesian youth, mobilizing in their vast numbers,” Pangilinan said.

https://politics.com.ph/youth-vote-will-be-game-changer-in-2022-elections-pangilinan/

According to Eula Camara (2020) , a Freshman at City College of San Francisco and a participant in yli’s
Daly City Bay Leaders Program. “Why do we need to vote” stated in this literature that Society today has
challenging issues that have been normalized for too long, and 2020 has taught us all that normal is not
always fair. Change is uncomfortable, but there are people who are being pushed beyond their comfort
zones to help better the society in which they live. Elections are imminent and everyone has the power
to choose officials who represent their beliefs and needs. Voting gives people the power to control how
to run country. Some of you will say, “But wait, I'm not old enough to vote. How does this apply to me?
"So, your voice is still important! Young people still have the power to help create change and make
their voice heard.

https://yli.org/tl/2020/10/why-voting-matters/

According to Snap Team (2020), based on history, the group of young voters had a few numbers when it
comes to voting, which has resulted in the existence of considerable disbelief by the political powers
about their potential involvement. However, for all the speculation on whether Gen Z will vote or not, or
who will it is possible for them to vote, not much effort has been made to understand the prevents
them from voting, the issues that matter most.

https://newsroom.snap.com/fil-PH/gen-z/?fbclid=IwAR1RNxVrrzqRYbt8zEJRwS8V2DOec0RiH20LwYe-
e3FD9B0pEkXEZNxt5K4
Local Studies

On Dennis P. Dizon study he investigates and characterizes the presence of voting neighborhoods, or the
tendency of neighboring cities and municipalities to have similar levels of voting participation, measured
in terms of their respective voter turnouts. Using data from the 2013 Philippine elections and
background variables related to cities’ and municipalities’ affluence, spatial autocorrelation and cross
correlation analysis are used to determine if there is a tendency for neighboring areas to form voting
neighborhoods. Results of the analysis show that levels of voting participation are not spatially random,
and that voting neighborhoods indeed exist among the cities and municipalities of the Philippines.
Voting participation hotspots, cold spots, and outliers are also detected in various parts across the
country. Furthermore, the richness of cities and municipalities, measured in terms of local government
revenue and poverty levels, is also found to be a significant driver in the formation of these voting
neighborhoods.

https://geomundus.org/2019/docs/papers/DennisDizon.pdf

According on Wilhelmina l. Cabo (2018) a National College of Public Administration and Governance
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines. There appears to be a prevailing perception that the
generation of young people today are uninterested if not apathetic to politics. But is that really the
case? Are today’s young generation truly disengaged from politics? This paper focuses on this question,
drawing from a democracy project in the Philippines that involved young university students as
volunteers in an election monitoring exercise. A content analysis of focus group data and reflection
papers of students about their subjective experiences, feelings, insights and views regarding their
participation in the project and politics in general believe in the conventional wisdom that the young are
a politically impassive and indifferent generation. The youths are interested in political life around them
and hold critical views about the behavior of politicians and political candidates. And even as they
recognize the weaknesses and deficits in the political system, the youths are interested in political
participation not just in voting but in other engagements that support democracy and good government.
The paper concludes that today’s youths are a promising generation of political activists whose energies,
enthusiasm and aspirations can be mobilized and harnessed to strengthen democratic processes and
achieve their aspirations for what they call ‘good society,’ ‘good government’ and ‘good politics.’

L. Cabo, W. (2018). Youth and Political Participation in the Philippines: Voices and Themes from a
Democracy Project. Journal of Politics and Governance, 8(1), 259-271. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-
thaijo.org/index.php/jopag/article/view/123298

Foreign Literature

According to Julia Weiss (2020) Looking at the political participation behavior of young adults in
contemporary Europe, one is faced with a contradiction. Representatives of the disengagement
paradigm within the literature underpin their argument with empirical findings, such as young adults
being the least likely to vote in national elections, the drop of youth membership in political parties, and
generally low levels of political interest. On the other hand, the literature on an engagement paradigm
of youth participation represents a more optimistic view as it is based on findings in the context of new
forms of political participation, which are more appealing to and are used more frequently by young
adults.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2020.00001/full

According to Tim Corney , Trudi Cooper, Harry Shier, Howard Williamson (2021) Young people under the
age of enfranchisement (voting age) are politically disenfranchised, treated unequally and often
excluded from political and civic decision-making processes and governance structures by virtue of their
age (e.g. under 18 years in Australia), irrespective of their cultural background. Some young people are
further marginalised by the specific social, political, cultural and economic contexts in which they live.
Enfranchisement of young people, by supporting and facilitating their involvement in political and social
decision-making, is a practice that youth workers use to promote human rights. For this reason, human
rights and youth participation are integral to youth work values, methods, and practices.

First published: 06 December 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12526