Introduction

•The load extension characteristics of filament yarn can be

easily measured using standard instruments like-
ØInstron-CRE tester
ØScott or Uster ARL inclined plane tester
ØCambridge tester Extensometer
• Some Influencing factors are-
ØThe rate of extension or rate of loading
ØThe specimen length
ØThe humidity and temperature
ØThe initial tension used to mount the yarn
Prediction of
Breakage
v It includes the prediction of the breaking
behavior of the filament yarn.

v It can be analyzed by three factors-

Ø Breaking extension
Ø Load-extension curve of the filament yarn
Ø Tenacity behavior
Breaking Extension
Analysis of the variation of Central
Filament
strain through a twisted
yarn shows that the most
highly strained fiber is the
one following a straight
path at the center of the
yarn, and that this fiber
has an extension equal to Outer
yarn body
the yarn extension.
Assumption-
Breaking extension of the filament is unaffected by
their presence in the yarn. It follows that the central
filament must break first. The start of breakage will
thus occur when the yarn extension equals the
breaking extension of the filaments yarn. Breaking
extension will thus a constant & is independent of
twist.
Load- extension curve
Two possibilities are their for breakage due to the
tension changes.
1.0 α= 0o
Breakage of the α= 10o
central filament α= 20o
Yarn
immediately leads stress/
0.5
to the catastrophic fiber α= 30o
rupture of the tenacity
whole yarn. α= 40o

0.0 0.5 1.0

Yarn extension/ fiber breaking extension
Cont…
After the breakage of central filament, rest of the fibers will
take part in the extension while the tenacity of the yarn will
not increase.

1.0
α= 0o
α= 10o

Yarn α= 20o
stress/ o
fiber 0.5 30
α= o
tenacity 40
α =
α= 50o
0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Yarn extension/ fiber breaking extension
Tenacity
When break has started, then maximum tension occurs
just prior to breakage of the central fiber when-
Breakage- Nature Of Rupture
vRupture behavior of the whole twisted yarn
structure is a complex one and complications arise
because of the following:
ØThe migration behavior of filaments- affected by the
conditions of twisting.
ØLevel of local strains during twisting.
ØLocal recovery and buckling behavior of filaments.
Cont…
Figure- Mechanism of Break: (a) Break moving uniformly out
from centre along whole length of yarn (b) catastrophic break
(a) (b)

Unbroken
Region

Break moves out

as yarn extends
Example- Breakage of Tenasco
vIn the case of ring- twisted Tenasco yarn, the transition from the
complete to the partial sharp break depends on the both gauge
length and the rate of extension.

vThe Instron tester is fitted with a sample break detector which is

actuated by a decrease in the load recorded by the load cell.

vA partial breakage is observed when the gauge length is

increased then the cross head was moved slowly by hand.
 Tenasco Yarn-
Tested at 1 cm gauge length & rate of extension of 40% per min,
showing interrupted breakage
 Modes of propagation of breakage
• The first shows break starting at the
center, as predicted by the simple
theory, and moving out symmetrically
to stop halfway through the yarn.

• No obvious reason why the break

should stop at that position.

• It would not fit in with the observed 1

breakage of outer filaments in the

interrupted breaks.
• Second mode shows the
break moving in from the
outside.

• There is no obvious reason

why the break should stop
halfway through the yarn.

• This mechanism is unlikely

since there is no obvious 2

reason why the break should

stop at the position.
• Third mode shows the break
moving out from the center
to one side to give this effect.

• It is not impossible if some

lack of symmetry in the yarn
structure is assumed.

• The most probable

explanation if the break does, 3

means starting at the center

which is also illustrated by the
theory.
• If it starts asymmetrically at the outside,
it might move into the center which is
shown by the fourth mode
• Fifth modes shows that the break is
starting at the middle of one half of the 4

yarn and spreading out to the rest of this

half
• This type of break clearly fits in
appearance of a pseudo-two ply structure
in which one ply breaks while the other
does not.
5
Effect Of Twist On Breaking Extension
vThe theory put forward by Hearle suggests that the
breaking elongation of continuous filament yarns remains
constant and is not influenced by twist.
vOn the basis of experimental results, breaking elongation
of viscose- rayon and tenasco yarns does not show any
variation of twist.
vThe breaking extension of acetate yarns first shows an
increase to a maximum value and then decreases as the
twist is increased.
vFor the nylon & polyester, it is just the opposite – it first
deceases and then increases.
Explanations given by Hearle-
ØThe changed behavior of individual filaments is caused due
to the twisting of the filaments themselves and due to large
transverse stresses.
ØThe alternation of the properties of filaments as a result of
the forces imposed on the filaments during the process of
twisting; as a consequence, the filaments might suffer
permanent extension.
ØBecause of the migration of filaments from one helical
layer to the another, a redistribution of strains within the
yarn can occur as a result of slippage when a yarn is
stretched; the highly strained portions(outer layers) of the
same filament.
Cont…
ØBuckling of filaments may occur during the twisting
operation provided there is a lack of sufficient migration.
However, the extent of the existence of such behavior is
not precisely known.

ØThere is a discernible variability in the properties of

filaments in the yarn, and this will affect yarn breakage
behavior, since breakage is determined by the single
weakest point in each filament.
Analysis of effects of Buckling,
Deformation & Migration
If it is assumed
that there is no
migration, it is
possible to
calculate the
effects of buckling Set of parallel
and permanent filaments
Twisted set of
deformation of filaments in a yarn
filaments.
Longer path followed Shortest path followed
by outer filament by central filament
If the yarn is then allowed to contract until the total tension
falls to zero it will come into an equilibrium which may be
expected to lie between two extreme conditions:

Ø If the filaments are perfectly elastic, the outer filaments will

contract to their original length in strand before twisting, causing
the center filaments to buckle.

Ø If the filaments are completely inelastic, so that any stress set up by

the twisting has fully relaxed, then no contraction will occur and
the outer filaments are left with a permanent deformation.
The helix angles at zero load and at break are related. So, assuming a constant
volume deformation
Fractional extension of center filament=

Fractional extension of outer filament =

In this type of structure with no migration, break must be initiated at the outside
and will occur when
References
vHearle J W S, Grosberg P and Backer S, “Structural
mechanics of fibers, yarns and fabrics”, Wiley Interscience,
New York, 1969, pp- 200-201.
vHearle J W S, Grosberg P and Backer S, “Structural
mechanics of fibers, yarns and fabrics”, Wiley Interscience,
New York, 1969, pp- 222-237.
vGoswami, B.C., Martindle, J. G.and Scardino, F. L., “Textile
yarns: Technology, Structure and applications”, Wiley
Interscience Publisher, New York, 1995, pp. 237-253.