Applying modern survey techniques in

land surveying

Submitted By:
No Student Name ID
1
2
3
4

I|Page
 Abstract
Objective:

The main objectives of this study are to study about the Total station. Total Station is the new
technology in the field of the surveying in Civil Engineering. As of the old methods of the
leveling and surveying this new technology is much better there are fewer chances of mistakes
now. Total station is easy to use and reliable redues any human errors.

Methodology:

For the methodology of the study we held three experiments on “Plotting layout of lawn”, “Front
elevation of a building and “Area of a classroom”.

Result:

We exported the readings from the Total station and plotted in the computer using the AutoCAD
program.

II
 Acknowledgement

This project would not have been made without the help and support of many, we would like to
extend our sincere gratitude to all those who supported us for doing this project. There are many
people who have helped in completing this. We wish to thank them. Above of all, we want to
thank Allah for good health and sound mind. We are heartily thankful to the head of Civil &
Arch Engineering section Mr. Mohammed Faizur Rahaman and thank Er.Billy Selvaseelau
who are explained how to do senior project before start to do anything and our teacher Er. Firas
for supporting and encourages us for do this research without his this project would never have
been realized. Finally, all our regards for all administration and teaching staff in Salalah College
of Technology for standing side by our side with us and . We thank our friends who spent their
time to provide us with the information we need. We are grateful for all those because they really
helpful washing them all the best.

Contents

III
TOTAL STATION.................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1............................................................................................................................................2
1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................2
1.2. INSTRUMENTATION:...............................................................................................................4
1.3. ACCURACY OF A TOTAL STATION:.....................................................................................5
1.4.  ACCESSORIES FOR TOTAL STATION..................................................................................5
1.5. FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY TOTAL STATIONS...............................................................6
1.6.OPERATION OF TOTAL STATION...........................................................................................7
1.7. REMOTELY OPERATED TOTAL STATION (ROBOTIC)......................................................8
1.8.  APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION...................................................................................8
1.9. REMOTE ELEVATION MEASUREMENT (REM)...................................................................9
1.10. ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION.................................................................................................10
1.11. ADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION.................................................................................11
1.12. APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION................................................................................11
1.13. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:............................................................................12
CHAPTER 2..........................................................................................................................................14
2. LITREATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................14
2.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................14
2.2 BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................................15
2.2.1 SURVEYING DIFFICULTIES................................................................................................16
2.2.2 ACCURACY VERSUS PRECISION.......................................................................................17
2.2.3 TYPES OF ERRORS................................................................................................................18
2.2.4 ERRORS IN REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENTS............................................................19
2.3 REFLECTORLESS TOTAL STATIONS...................................................................................19
2.3.1 TOTAL STATIONS.................................................................................................................19
2.3.2 REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENTS.................................................................................20
2.3.3 REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES...................................................21
2.4 SURVEYING TECHNIQUES....................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 3..........................................................................................................................................24
3. MTHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................24
3.1 EXPERIMENT 1.........................................................................................................................24
3.2 EXPERIMENT 2.........................................................................................................................27

IV
 3.3 EXPERIMENT 3.........................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER 4..........................................................................................................................................33
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................................................................................33
CHAPTER 5..........................................................................................................................................35
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................................35
CHAPTER 6..........................................................................................................................................37
5. FUTURE WORKS...................................................................................................................37
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................38

V
List of Figures

Figure 1 Different Parts of Total Station......................................................................................................4

Figure 2 Accessories of Total Station...........................................................................................................6
Figure 3 Traverse.........................................................................................................................................9
Figure 4 Remote Elevation Measurement...................................................................................................9
Figure 5 Robotic Total Station...................................................................................................................10
Figure 6 Reflector‐less signal divergence at an internal corner.................................................................16
Figure 7 Mineral bin. Angle of incidence improved by distance form bin................................................17
Figure 8 : Accuracy versus Precision..........................................................................................................18
Figure 9 Laser beam divergence onto a sloped surface.............................................................................21
Figure 10 Layout of Lawn plotted in AutoCAD...........................................................................................26
Figure 11 Front elevation of Mechanical Engg. building plotted using AutoCAD.......................................29
Figure 12 Area of Classroom......................................................................................................................31

List of Tables
Table 1 Lawn Layout readings...................................................................................................................25
Table 2 Front Elevation readings...............................................................................................................28

VI
TOTAL STATION

1|Page
 CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

 The Total station is designed for measuring of slant distances, horizontal and vertical

angles and elevations in topographic and geodetic works, tachometric surveys, as well as

for solution of application geodetic tasks. The measurement results can be recorded into

the internal memory and transferred to a personal computer interface.

 The basic properties are unsurpassed range, speed and accuracy of measurements. Total

stations are developed in view of the maximal convenience of work of the user. High-

efficiency electronic tachometers are intended for the decision

It has the broad audience for sole of industrial problems.

 Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the

coordinates (X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points relative to

the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation.

 Data can be downloaded from the total station to a computer and application software

used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area.

 A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. It is also

used by archaeologists to record excavations as well as by police, crime scene

investigators, private accident Reconstructionists and insurance companies to take

2
 measurements of scenes. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated

with an electronic distance meter (EDM), plus internal data storage and/or external data

collector.

 The purpose of any survey is to prepare maps, control points formed a basic requirement

for the preparation of these maps.

 There are several numbers of methods like traverse, triangulation etc., to provide these

control points.

 Whatever the method the provision of control points, includes the measurement of two

entities( Distance and Angle).

 Again, distance can be measured by using various instruments like chain, tape.

 Linear Tap.

 Gunter’s chain (20m and 30m).

 Steel band(20m and 30m).

 Inver tap.

 Hunter Short Base (80m).

 Electronic Distance Measurement Instruments, Total station and GPS.

 Angle can be measured by using a THEODOLITE.

3
  Once distance and angular measurement is over computation is performed to provide the

control points.  A combination of all the three results in a powerful instrument

called TOTAL STATION.Hence, the TOTAL STATION is an instrument which

consists of the following:

i) Distance measuring instrument (EDM).

ii) An angle measuring instrument (Theodolite).

iii) A simple microprocessor.

1.2. INSTRUMENTATION:

It consists of an EDM, Microprocessor combined into one.  It also has a memory card to

store the data.  It also consists of battery socket which houses the battery.  A fully

charged battery works for about 3 to 5 hrs continuously.

Figure 1 Different Parts of Total Station

4
1.3. ACCURACY OF A TOTAL STATION:

Accuracy depending upon the instrument and varies from instrument to instrument

1.The angular accuracy varies from1″ to  20 ″.

2.Distance accuracy depends upon two factors.

Instrumental error which ranges from

+ / – 10mm to + / – 2mm.

b) Error due to the length of measurement.

It can be from + / – 10mm to + / – 2mm per kilometre.

1 prism, 2.5–2.7 km2 prisms

5-7 km3 prisms

10-12 kmNIKONOne second+ / – 2mm/km or 2ppmTriple the number of prisms double the

distance. LEICAOne second SOKKIAOne second.

1.4.  ACCESSORIES FOR TOTAL STATION

With approximately more than 40 different models are available to choose, they are currently the

dominant instrument in surveying.

5
 Figure 2 Accessories of Total Station

The EDM instrument component installed in a Total Station is relatively small but still has

distance ranges adequate for most work.  Lengths up to about 2 km can be measured with a

single prism, and up to about 6 to 7 km with triple prism.

The angle resolution of available Total Stations varies from as low as a half-second for precise

instruments suitable for control surveys, up to 20″ for instruments made specifically for

construction stakeout .

1.5. FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY TOTAL STATIONS

Total Stations, with their micro processors, can perform a variety of functions and computations,

depending on how they are programmed. The capabilities vary with different instruments, but

some standard computations include:

 Averaging multiple angle and distance measurements.

 Correcting electronically measured distances from prism constant, atmospheric pressure,

and temperature.

6
  Making curvature and refraction corrections to elevations determine by trigonometric

levelling.

 Reducing slope distances to their horizontal and vertical components.

 Calculating point elevations from the vertical distance components (supplemented with

keyboard input of instrument and reflector heights).

 Computing coordinates of survey points from horizontal angle and horizontal distance.

o Averages multiple angle measurements.

o Averages multiple distance measurements.

o Computes horizontal and vertical distances.

o Corrections for temp, pressure and humidity.

o Computes inverses, polars, resections.

o Computes X, Y and Z coordinates.

1.6.OPERATION OF TOTAL STATION

Because the Total Station contains delicate electronic components they are not as rugged as

ordinary Theodolite.  They must be packed and transported carefully, handled gently and

carefully removed form their cases.

7
The setting of Total Station over the station mark is similar to an ordinary Theodolite.  This

includes

 Centring

 Levelling

 Removal of parallax

1.7. REMOTELY OPERATED TOTAL STATION (ROBOTIC)

The remote positioning unit (RPU) enables control of a total station instrument from a distance

Robotic total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote

control.Robotic systems offer reflector less measurement superior to any other instrument

available – capable of precision measurements this technology has tremendous benefits for every

user.  This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the reflector

and controls the total station from the observed point. The remote positioning unit, which is

attached to a prism pole, has a built-in telemetry link for communication with the total station. 

Even a person is not needed near the total station. The Total station automatically moves and

locates the target.  

1.8.  APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION

There are many other facilities available, the total station can be used for the following purposes.

 Detail survey i.e., data collection.

8
  Control Survey (Traverse).

 Height measurement (Remove elevation measurement- REM).

 Fixing of missing pillars (or) Setting out (or) Stake out.

 Resection.

 Area calculations, etc.

 Remote distance measurement (RDM) or Missing line measurement (MLM).

Figure 3 Traverse

1.9. REMOTE ELEVATION MEASUREMENT (REM)

The process of finding the height of objects without actually going to the top of the object is

known as Remote Elevation Measuring (REM) i.e., a total station placed remotely (faraway)

from the object is used to measure the heights.

9
 Figure 4 Remote Elevation Measurement

Method:  The prism is kept at the base of the object sight the telescope to the prism, and

measure the slope distance ‘d’, now tilt the telescope up-to the tip of the object.  The height of

the object is displayed, from the bottom of the prism depending upon the instrument.

This feature measures the elevation of a point where a prism can not be placed directly. The

measurement is extended along the plumb line while the elevation is continuously displayed.

1.10. ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION

 The improvised total station by name ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION allows the operator

to control the instrument from a distance via remote control.

 This eliminates the need of an assistant staff member, as the operator holds the reflector

and controls the total station from the observed point.

10
 Figure 5 Robotic Total Station

1.11. ADVANTAGES OF TOTAL STATION

 Most accurate and user friendly.

 Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t. known point (base point).

 EDM is fitted inside the telescope.

 Digital display.

 On board memory to store data and compatibility with computers.

 Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates,

 Auto level compensator is available.

11
  Can work in lesser visibility also.

 Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser distances.

 Is water proof.

 On board software are available.

 Total solution for surveying work.

1.12. APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION

IN VARIETIES OF FIELDS:

 Mainly used by land surveyors.

 Used by archaeologists to record excavations.

 By Police, crime scene investigators, private accident re-constructionists and insurance

companies to take measurements of scenes.

IN CIVIL ENGG FIELD USED FOR:

 General purpose angle measurements.

 General purpose distance measurement.

 Provision of control surveys.

 Contour and detail mapping.

 Setting out and construction work.

12
1.13. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

 Targets or Prisms to accurately define the target point of a direction measurement.

 A data recorder if one is not integrated into the total station.

 A download cable and software on a PC to capture and process the captured digital data

to produce contour and detail maps.

13
 CHAPTER 2

2. LITREATURE REVIEW

14
2.1 INTRODUCTION

Like many professions, new technology is becoming more influential in many facets of

surveying.   Computer technology and CAD packages allow us to design, store and manage more

and more data, while at the same time new technology allows us to collect data faster and

markup points in the field with increasing speed and accuracy.    One such piece of equipment is

the reflector less (also known as prism less) total station.   Unlike conventional total stations or

electronic theodolites, which require a prism to return the distance measuring signal, the reflector

less signal, as its name suggests, does not require a prism but can simply reflect off almost

anything.    The main advantage of such reflector less instruments is the ability to measure

inaccessible points.  There could be any number of reasons that points are inaccessible, including

safety concerns, such as forgoing  the need to enter unsupported ground in underground mine

surveying, detail surveys of busy road intersections where traffic control is undesirable or

impossible, or simply finding locations of jetty piles where access simply isn’t possible. The

problem arises then, of the accuracy that is given by such technological techniques.  Whereas

most survey measurements either are or at least can be checked for errors, reflector less

measurement, by their very nature of being inaccessible, are very hard to check.  How then, can

we rely upon such measurements, especially when high accuracy results are essential,  and even

simple checks like using a tape measure between two distinct points is impossible. The aim of

this project is to provide some guidelines outlining the accuracy and precision of reflector less

measurements in differing situations and to suggest some techniques to better ensure the

accuracy of measurements made.

15
2.2 BACKGROUND

Instrument manufacturers generally supply data sheets for their instruments as part of their

marketing system, which discuss the key features and new innovations as well as specifications

on performance and general information.  While this information needs to be truthful, it can also

be quite misleading.  Obviously, while data such as size and weight are quite unambiguous,

claims of accuracy can be misleading.  For instance, the Trimble S6 Datasheet specifies that the

reflector‐less technology can “Measure quickly and safely without compromising accuracy”

(Trimble Engineering and Construction Group, 2005).  Immediately this raises questions about

the ability of reflector‐less technology to reflect the measurement signal solely off the point of

interest.  This can be challenging in difficult to access, crowded or confined areas. So, while both

theoretically and practically, the documented accuracies can be achieved, is it really that simple

and reliable in the field?  Would a reflector‐less measurement signal reflecting off a wall at a

perpendicular angle of incidence be more reliable?  While the measured distance itself may be

correct, is there a possibility that the signal width could cause questions about its reliability in

certain situations?    The Trimble S6 has a beam (DR signal) divergence of 20mm over 50m.  

Therefore, as shown in Figure 1, over a distance of one hundred metres, the signal from the

corner is 40mm wide and 40mm high.      

16
 Figure 6 Reflector‐less signal divergence at an internal corner.

This beam size is going to make it difficult to ascertain whether the distance has been taken to

the corner itself or to the wall next to the corner.  Conversely, using a normal prism shot to

measure the distance, would ensure that the signal is reflected from the correct position. Total

stations are used to achieve high accuracy three dimensional coordinates that are calculated by

the on board computer through the use of trigonometrical calculations.    This is done by the

instrument measuring horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distance.  Stored coordinates

can then be used to calculate relationships between each point in the X,Y and Z planes.  Clearly

then, if a distance is measured incorrectly, then the resultant coordinate will also be wrong.

2.2.1 SURVEYING DIFFICULTIES

There are a large number of examples of areas where reflector‐less measurements are used at a

distinct advantage.  Underground mining uses reflector‐less technology frequently, but generally

the accuracy required is not high.    In mining (and other earthworks) situations, a value with

0.05m accuracy would be sufficient.  Mechanical surveys where new prefabricated steel

17
structures need to bolt to existing steel structures can require accuracies to within millimetres

only.  There would be circumstances where even closer tolerances are needed, but these

situations require specialist equipment and personnel and so won’t be studied here.    Mineral

bins are an example of infrastructure that are difficult to measure and therefore the accuracy of

reflector‐less measurements are questioned.    They are generally large and high, and usually

cylindrical.  If there is no access to the top, measurements must be taken looking up and so there

is doubt as to what the returned measurement has reflected off.  This angle can be improved

though, by moving further away from the bin to measured, if circumstances allow for this.   

Figure 7 Mineral bin. Angle of incidence improved by distance form bin.

2.2.2 ACCURACY VERSUS PRECISION

When used in general conversation, the words accurate and precise are generally

interchangeable.   In surveying however, accuracy and precision refer to separate results.   

Accuracy refers to the result’s closeness to the true or accepted value.    Precision refers to the

spread of results for a number of measurements.  For instance, six independent measurements of

a line (using a single tape measure) could result in six different distances.  These values may

vary either by very little or by a lot.    This is precision.    If those results were close to the

accepted value then they would also be accurate, but if the tape had been stretched, the results

18
could be far from the accepted true value.   Then, the given result could be said to have high

precision but low accuracy.

Figure 8 : Accuracy versus Precision

2.2.3 TYPES OF ERRORS

While survey observations can be highly accurate, observations are never exact, and therefore

always contain some errors. (Wolf & Ghilani 2001). In surveying, there are three types of errors,

known as systematic errors, random errors and gross errors (Dept of Civil and Environmental

Engineering and Geodetic Science, 2001). Generally, they have different causes, and produce

different results. Gross errors are blunders, simple mistakes that should be found using checks

during a survey. They can be caused by the surveyor, the chainman, the instrument settings and

other variables. Often they occur through carelessness, an incorrect point being measured, hand

recording errors and so on. Gross errors can be either big or small and are non‐cumulative (Dept

of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science 2001).

Systematic errors are a procedural error that can be mathematically modelled and therefore

corrected (Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, 2001). For

instance, measuring using Electronic Distance Measuring Equipment (EDM or EDME), with the

incorrect prism constant will cause every point to have the same error, either toward or away

19
from the instrument. Such errors can be remedied post survey through computer software and

can be avoided using check measurements (to control points) and care when changing between

prisms or types of measurements. Other systematic errors include level bubble out of adjustment

on instrument or prism pole, level staff that has not been fully opened. Systematic errors can be

either big or small and can be cumulative.

2.2.4 ERRORS IN REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENTS

Reflector‐less measurements, like all measurements, can have gross, systematic and random

errors.   Gross errors cannot be ignored, especially for reflector‐less errors.    Because reflector‐

less measurements by their very nature are likely to be inaccessible, it is often difficult to

perform check measures.  An example of this would be measuring the underside of a raised

flange inside a shed.  Especially if the flange is close to the ceiling, we cannot be sure that the

signal is off the flange or off the ceiling itself.    If we had access to the flange, we could easily

check the distance with a tape measure, to prove we have the correct distance.  Without access, it

could become a difficult task to prove.   

2.3 REFLECTORLESS TOTAL STATIONS

2.3.1 TOTAL STATIONS

A Total Station is an electronic surveying instrument that combines Electronic Distance

Measuring Equipment (EDME) with an electronic theodelite and a computer.  The electronic

theodelite simply measures angle on two planes, the X‐Y plane (horizontal plane) and from the

X‐Y plane (vertical plane).  The EDME (or EDM) measures the distance (slope distance) to a

prism to which it is pointed, while the on‐board computer stores and calculates a large number of

20
values form these three measurements.   EDM measurements are taken using laser (Light

Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) technology, developed in the 1960s (Key &

Lemmens, 2005).    There are two types of measuring signals, ‘phase shift’ and ‘time of flight’

(TOF) also known as ‘pulse’.  Phase shift is considered the most accurate and has a narrow beam

but has the disadvantage of a small range.  TOF conversely, has a greater distance but a wider

signal, resulting in a reduction of accuracy (Key & Lemmens, 2005).    Only a small amount of

energy is required to measure a distance to a prism using this technology.    As the name

suggests, ‘time of flight’ measures the distance by directly converting the time taken for the laser

signal to return to the instrument from the prism, while phase shift uses a set of different

wavelengths to calculate the distance.

2.3.2 REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENTS

Reflector‐less measurements have only quite recently become in‐built into total stations.  They

can allow for extremely easy safe and accurate measurements provided they are used correctly,

and users are aware of their limitations.    Range of these instruments have increased and some

now exceed 1500 meters (Topcon Australia, 2009) to white targets or several hundred meters to

natural darker targets.  This is generally quite sufficient as at ranges of several hundred meters, it

is difficult to accurately point the instrument at its target and beam divergence can become a

problem.

21
2.3.3 REFLECTORLESS MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES

There are two main causes of error and unreliability in the use of reflector‐less total station

measurements.    These are caused either by beam divergence or reflector uncertainty.   

Reflector uncertainly is a situation when the laser beam is reflected off something other than

what it was supposed to.  This could be either in front or behind the desired object.  This can

only be avoided through care, checks on measurements, and instrument knowledge.   

Figure 9 Laser beam divergence onto a sloped surface

2.4 SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

Although there is not a lot of data available indicating specific techniques for the use of reflector‐

less total stations, a Trimble Support Note (Haefeli‐Lysnar, 2007) gives several techniques on

the use of this technology in specific cases.  Several of the techniques are based on calculations

from indirect measurements.  These include:

22
• The measuring of two intersecting wall planes to calculate the corner.  

• Using the instrument’s ‘max range’ and ‘min range’ to ensure there is no interference from

other objects.

• Distance / angle offset by measuring a distance to centre of an object and using an offset to

determine the edge position. Non calculation‐based methods include:

• Measuring in both face‐left and face‐right to “cancel out the effect of the slope caused by [an]

oblique angle” (Haefeli‐Lysnar, 2007).

23
24
 CHAPTER 3

3. MTHODOLOGY

3.1 EXPERIMENT 1

Plotting layout of the lawn in front of civil section building

Aim: To plot the top view of the lawn in front of the civil sechi building using measured

readings from the total station

Procedure:

1. First of all we unpack the total station from the box, and then we take the tripod of total

station and fix it on the given point on the ground. Then we put the total station on the top

of the tripod and then we make the level of the total station level with the help of the

screws given on the bottom side of the total station. We can check the bubble given on

the total station, for making it level .When bubble is in the centre we will tight the screws

for fixing the total station.

2. Then we start the total station, we will see the different menu on the main screen of the

total station, press the menu and enter to the Data collection.

3. Then we have enter station information.

4. Then do the job name and user name.

5. Then include E, Z, N to know your station and you have to include the height of the total

station after that press enter.

25
 6. Then choose (Fs) if the coordinate not known choose ANGLE.

7. Press Go

8. Then start taking measurement in points that are required.

9. Then transfer the information to flash then put it in computer and then open it with the

AutoCAD,for ploting the lay out .

Table 1 Lawn Layout readings

PTID East North Height Code Info1-8

1 0 0 0

3 0.3979 2.9011 -0.2004

4 7.2594 3.9077 -0.2095

5 4.1553 27.013 -0.2203

6 -2.7759 25.8309 -0.2353

7 -4.206 25.6896 -0.2309

8 -14.0753 24.3563 -0.2059

9 -10.7527 1.4414 -0.3158

10 -0.8162 2.6826 -0.1757

11 14.5604 1.7001 0.0416

12 9.7146 30.5577 0.0238

13 -23.1059 25.6717 0.0621

14 -19.3954 -3.1572 0.0028

26
Figure 10 Layout of Lawn plotted in AutoCAD

27
 3.2 EXPERIMENT 2

Plotting front elevation of Mechanical engineering building

Aim: To plot the front elevation of mechanical engg.building using total station & AutoCAD .

Procedure:

1. First of all we unpack the total station from the box, then we take the tripod of total

station and fix it on the given point on the ground. Then we put the total station on the top

of the tripod and then we make the total station level with the help of the screws given on

the bottom side of the total station. We can check the bubble given on the total station,

for making it level .When bubble is in the centre we will tight the screws for fixing the

total station.

2. Then we start the total station, we will see the different menu on the main screen of the

total station, press the menu and enter to the Data collection.

3. Then you have to check your station information.

4. Then do the job name and user name.

5. Then include E, Z, N to know your station and you have to include the height of the total

station after that press enter.

6. Then choose (Fs) if the coordinate not known choose ANGLE.

7. Press Go

8. Then start taking readings of the top corner and angle, then down angle/points.

28
 9. Then transit the information in flash then put it in computer and then open it with the

AutoCAD.

Table 2 Front Elevation readings

PTID East North Height Code Info1-8

1 0 0 0

3 -25.776 28.407 0.0498

4 -25.7821 28.4135 9.4589

5 24.6121 28.4135 9.4386

6 24.6121 27.8275 9.4386

7 24.5978 25.2984 10.2134

8 54.0226 27.5135 9.4238

9 54.0342 27.5001 -0.0057

10 29.6165 25.395 0.0632

11 24.8172 25.4776 0.0604

29
Figure 11 Front elevation of Mechanical Engg. Building plotted using AutoCAD

30
 3.3 EXPERIMENT 3

Area of Classroom

Aim: To plot the area of the classroom using total station and AutoCAD.

Procedure:

1. First of all we unpack the total station from the box, and then we take the tripod of total

station and fix it on the given point on the ground. Then we put the total station on the top

of the tripod and then we make the total station level with the help of the screws given on

the bottom side of the total station. We can check the bubble given on the total station,

for making it level . When bubble is in the centre we will tight the screws for fixing the

total station.

2. Then we pressed menu (Application).

3. Then you have to check your station information.

4. Then do the job name and user name.

5. Then include E, Z, N to know your station and you have to include the height of the total

station after that press enter.

6. Then choose (Fs) if the coordinate not known choose ANGLE.

7. Press Go

8. Then we start taking readings of the classroom corners /points.

9. Then transfer the information in the flash memory then put it in computer and then open

it with the AutoCAD.

31
 Calculation

Area of classroom = L * W

L = 11.3 m

W = 7.46 m

= 11.3 * 7346

= 84.298 M2

P = 11.3 + 11.3 + 7.4 + 7.4

P of classroom: 37.5 m

7.4 m

11.3 m

A = 84.2 m2 Figure 12 Area of Classroom

AT 42.1 m2

32
33
 CHAPTER 4

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The output from the Total Station was compared with manual measurements during some

experiments. Overall the Total Station was found to give very accurate and quick results unlike

manual measuremnt/ survey methods.

34
CHAPTER 5

35
 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

1. Total Station helps in improving the accuracy during the survey as we found during our
study.
2. We can take many readings in one day of survey without missing any readings due to
human errors.
3. Readings can be transferred to computer after the survey for plotting using suitable
software, e.g; AutoCAD.
4. Confidence and do quick work.
5. Understanding the coordinate system.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

1. Using the modern survey equipments like Total Station gives many advantages and
improve the survey quality reducing the time also.
2. Its helps a lot in making the accurate measurements for the given area without any errors.
3. For short distance measurement without prismatic target.
4. It give the on board software for memory storage which can be transferred to the
computers.

36
CHAPTER 6

37
 5. FUTURE WORKS

1. Vloume calculations for earthworks

2. Contor map preperation.
3. Tropographic surverys.
4. Apex surveys.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

38
CSIRO. (1992). LOOKING BACK The Changing face of the Australina Continent. Retrieved
July 26, 2009, from CSIRO: www.publish.csiro.au

Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science. (2001, Sept.). Errors in
Surveying. Retrieved May 2009, from Geodetic and Geoinformation Science:
http://www.vermessungsseiten.de/englisch/vermtech/errors.htm

Haefeli Lysnar. (2007, October 5). S6 DR 300+ and DR Standard Beam DIvergence Footprint.
Perth: Haefeli Lysnar.

Haefeli‐Lysnar. (2007, October 5). S6 DR300+ and DR Standard Beam Divergence Footprint.
Support Note . Perth, Australia: Haefeli‐Lysnar.

Höglund, R., & Large, P. (2005). Direct Reflex EDM Technology for the Surveyor and Civil
Engineer. Westminster, Colorado.: Trimble.

Key, H., & Lemmens, M. (2005). Reflectorless Laser Distance Measurement. GIM
International , Vol 19. Leica Geosystems. (n.d.). Insrument Comparision: Trimble S6 ‐ Leica
TPS1200 ‐ Topcon GTS8200. Heerbrug, Switzerland: Leica Geosystems. Leica Geosystems.
(n.d.). Lieca HDS6100 Latest generation of ultra‐high speed laser scanner. Heerbrugg,
Switzerland: Leica Geosystems.

Leica Geosystems. (2005, January). Reflectorless EDM ‐ Laer Class. System 1200

Newsletter ‐ No. 17 . Switzerland.

Topcon Australia. (2009). Topcon Total Stations. Retrieved from Topcon Australia / New
Zealand: www.topcon.com.au/

Trimble Engineering and Construction Group. (2005). Trimble S6 Total Station Data Sheet .
Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A.: Trimble.

Trimble. (2005). Trimble S6 Total Station. Brochure . Dayton, Ohio, USA: Trimble.

Trimble. (2007). Trimble S8 Total Station. Datasheet . Dayton, USA: Trimble.

Wolf, R., & Ghilani, C. (2001). Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics, 10th
Edition. Prentice Hall.

39