SURVEY Module 2 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES Im-Format

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. SURVEY

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
YEAR LEVEL 2 TIME FRAME 12 hr WK NO. 2 IM NO. 1
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Unit 2
II. LESSON TITLE

Measurement of Horizontal Distances
III. LESSON OVERVIEW

Measuring distances by pacing, taping, tachymetry, graphical and mathematical, mechanical devices,
photogrammetry, and EDM.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Calibrate pace factor and compute paced distance based on data from the Pacing Data Sheet.
2. Describe the process of taping.
3. Apply corrections to taped measurements based on given conditions.
4. Know the different uses of tape in survey measurements and layout.
5. Compute distances using tachymetry
6. Know the different mechanical devices used in distance measurements
7. Describe the Electronic Distance Measurement
V. LESSON CONTENT
Distance by Pacing
- Pacing means moving with measured steps, and if the steps are counted distances can be
determined if the length of a step is known.
- To pace a length, it is necessary to know your pace factor by calibrating your pace to some
predetermined length in at least 5 trials.
- It is important to walk naturally when calibrating your pace or pacing distances
Definitions:
1. PACE – the length of a single step
2. STRIDE – two paces or a double step
3. PACE FACTOR – a value determined by dividing the measured or known length of a line by the
mean number of paces taken to walk or traverse the line.
4. PACED DISTANCE – the length of a course as determined by pacing.
5. TAPING – the process of measuring the length of a line or course with a tape
6. DISCREPANCY – in any measurement is the difference between any two measurements involving
the same line.
BREAKING TAPE – a procedure which involves the measurement of short horizontal distances usually
along uneven or sloping ground and accumulating these distances to total full tape lengths.
Example 1. A line 100m long was paced by a surveyor for 5 times with the following data: 142, 145,
145.5, 144.6 and 146. Another line was paced 4 times again with the following results: 893, 893.5, 891,
895.5, and 894.1.
a) Determine the pace factor
b) Determine the average number of paces for the new line
c) Determine the distance of new line.
d) If the taped distance of the new line is 617.5m, determine the relative precision of the
measurement.
Solution:
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
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NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of __
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
TAPED DIST NUMBER OF MEAN NO. OF PACE FACTOR

TRIAL LINE
(m) PACES PACES (m/pace)
1 AB 142.0
2 BA 145.0
3 AB 100 145.5 144.62 0.69
4 BA 144.6
5 AB 146.0
sum 723.1
NUMBER OF REL.
TRIAL LINE MEAN PACED DIST TAPED DIST
PACES PRECISION
1 CD 893.0
2 DC 893.5
3 CD 891.0 893.42 616.46 617.5 1/593.75
4 DC 895.5
5 CD 894.1
Distance by Taping
- Stretching a calibrated tape between points and reading the distance indicated on the tape.
Steel Tape
 It is made of a ribbon of steel 0.5 to 1.0 cm in width, and weighs 0.8 to 1.5 kg per 30 meters.
Lengths of 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 m are available.
Metallic Tape
 Made of water-proof linen fabric into which are woven longitudinally small brass, copper or bronze
wires
Non-Metallic Tape
 A tape woven from selected synthetic materials with strong dimensional stability and coated with
plastic material
Invar Tape
 Made of an alloy of nickel (35%) and steel (65%) with very low coefficient of thermal expansion
Lovar Tape
 A newer type of measuring tape which has properties and costs somewhere between those of
conventional steel tapes and invar tapes
Fiberglass Tape
 Made by weaving fiberglass in a longitudinal and transverse pattern
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
TAPING ACCESSORIES
Range Poles – rods painted with alternate red and white sections used to indicate the location of points
or the direction of lines.
Tape Clamping Handles – scissor-type handles used to apply tension with a quick grip on any part of a
steel tape
Chaining Pins – stuck on the ground to mark the ends of measured tape lengths, and may be used in place
of wooden stakes
Tension Handle or Spring Scale – used at one end of the tape for the application of the right amount of
pull
Tape Thermometer – used to determine the temperature of the air and of the tape during measurement
Plumb Bob – used for projecting the tape ends to the ground when the tape must be suspended above
the ground
Wooden Stake – are 50x50x300mm wood to mark points
Leather Thongs – attached to a ring located near the zero-meter mark of the tape to provide a comfortable
grip
Hand Level and Clinometer – usually a 15 cm long device which consists of a metal sighting tube with a
level bubble
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
Lumber Crayons or Chalk – used to mark points on paved roads, sidewalks, or walls
TAPING PROCEDURE
1. Aligning the tape. Both ends of a line to be measured must first be marked.
2. Stretching the tape. Approximately 4-7 kg of force to be applied.
3. Plumbing. When it is impossible to lay the tape on the ground during measurement.
4. Marking full tape lengths.
5. Tallying taped measurements.
6. Measuring Fractional lengths.
BREAKING TAPE
SLOPE TAPING
 An alternative to breaking tape done by measuring along the slope and the angle α is determined.
The horizontal can then be computed using principles of trigonometry.
TAPING CORRECTIONS – corrections to taping are applied by the use of the following rules:
1. When a line is measured with a tape that is “too long”, corrections are applied to the observed
length by adding.
2. When a specified or required length is to be laid out with a tape that is “too long”, the corrections
are subtracted from the known length to determine the corrected length.
3. When a line is measured with a tape that is “too short”, corrections are applied to the observed
length by subtracting.
4. When a specified or required length is to be laid out with a tape that is “too short”, the corrections
are added from the known length to determine the corrected length.
Too long Too short

Measuring with tape Add Subtract
Laying out with tape Subtract Add
"Measuring" a distance means determining the length between fixed points, whereas "Laying Out" a
distance means setting one point at a particular distance from a fixed point.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
CORRECTION DUE TO INCORRECT TAPE LENGTH, Corr

 Correction per tape length (Corr) is the difference between the true or actual length of tape (TL) and
the nominal length of tape (NL)
Corr = TL – NL
 If Corr is positive, tape used is too long; too short if negative

 The corrected length (CL) is found by subtracting or adding the total correction (cl) to the measured
length or length to be laid out (ML)
cl = Corr (ML/NL)
CL = ML ± cl
CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE, Ch

 Gentle Slopes (less than 20%)
𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐
𝑪𝑪𝒉𝒉 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
 Steep Slopes (between 20% and 30%)
𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉𝟒𝟒
𝑪𝑪𝒉𝒉 = +
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑
 Very Steep Slopes (greater than 30%)
𝑪𝑪𝒉𝒉 = 𝒔𝒔(𝟏𝟏 − 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄)
 Horizontal Distance, d = s - Ch
CORRECTION DUE TO ALIGNMENT, Ca

 The correction due to incorrect alignment can be calculated using the slope correction formula,
however in actual taping, this error is negligible.
CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE, Ct

 The correction to be applied to the length of the tape due to change in temperature is:
Ct = CL (T – Ts)
 Where C = coefficient of linear expansion; L = length of tape or line measured; T = observed

temperature; Ts = temperature at which the tape is standardized.
 The resulting sign will either be positive or negative and is added algebraically to the length
measured to obtain the correct length. It is subtracted algebraically when laying out.
CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION, Cp

IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
 From the expression for the modulus of elasticity, E
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃/𝐴𝐴
𝐸𝐸 = =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 𝑒𝑒/𝐿𝐿
 Substituting (Pm – Ps) to P and Cp to e
(𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 − 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 )/𝐴𝐴
𝐸𝐸 =
𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 /𝐿𝐿
(𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 − 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 )𝐿𝐿

𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐿𝐿′ = 𝐿𝐿 ± 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
 Where Pm = applied pull (kg); Ps = standard pull (kg); L = measured length (m); A = cross-sectional
area of tape (cm2); E = modulus of elasticity of tape material (kg/cm2); L’ = corrected length of
measured line (m)
CORRECTION DUE TO SAG, Cs

 The correction due to sag is the difference between the arc formed by the tape and the subtending
chord.
𝑤𝑤 2 𝐿𝐿3
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
24𝑃𝑃 2
or,
𝑊𝑊 2 𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
24𝑃𝑃2
 Where w = weight of tape per unit length (kg/m); W = total weight of tape between supports (kg); L
=distance between supports or unsupported length of tape (m); P = tension or pull applied on the
tape (kg)
CORRECTION DUE TO WIND

 Similar to the effect of sag but is usually much less
NORMAL TENSION, PN
 Tension that eliminates sag error
0.204𝑊𝑊√𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁 =
�𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁 − 𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆
COMBINED CORRECTIONS
 The corrections for the effects of incorrect length of tape, temperature, tension, slope, and sag may
be combined as a single net correction per tape length.
EXAMPLES
SLOPE TAPING. A measurement is made along a line that is inclined by a vertical angle of 15o25’ as
measured using a hand level and clinometer. The slope measurement is 756.52 m. What is the
corresponding horizontal distance? Answer: 729.30 m.
MEASUREMENTS WITH TAPE. The length of line AB measured with a 50-m tape is 465.285 m. When
the tape is compared to a standardized invar tape, it is found to be 0.016 m too long. Determine the
correct length of AB.
(too long, add when measuring)
LAYING OUT DIMENSIONS WITH TAPE. A building 38m x 45m is to be laid out with a 50-m long
metallic tape. If during standardization of the tape is found to be only 49.950m, determine the following:
(a) dimensions to be laid out (b) what should the diagonals read?
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
Answer: (a) 38.038 m x 45.045 m (b) 58.957 m
CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE. Slope distances AB and BC are 330.49m and 660.97m, respectively.
The differences in elevations are 12.22m for points A and B, and 10.85m for points B and C. Using the
approximate formula for gentle slopes, determine the horizontal distance of line AC. Assume AB has
rising slope and BC falling slope.
CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE. A steel tape, known to be of standard length at 20oC, is

used in laying out a runway 2,500.00 m long. If its coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116/1oC,
determine the temperature correction and the correct length to be laid out when the temperature is
42oC.
- (algebraically subtract when laying out)
CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION. A heavy 50-m tape having a cross-sectional area of 0.05 cm2 has
been standardized at a tension of 5.5 kg. If E = 2.10 x 106 kg/cm2, determine the elongation of the tape
if a pull of 12 kg is applied.
(elongation
of the tape)
CORRECTION DUE TO SAG. A 30-m tape is supported only at its ends and under a steady pull of 8kg.
if the tape weighs 0.91kg, determine the sag correction and the correct distance between the ends of
the tape.
NORMAL TENSION. A steel tape weighing 0.85kg has a cross-sectional area of 0.05 cm2. The tape
measures exactly 30.00m when supported throughout its length under a standard pull of 5.5kg. if the E
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
= 2.10 x 106 kg/cm2, determine the tension required to make the tape equal to its nominal length when
supported only at the end points.
COMBINED CORRECTIONS. A line was determined to be 2395.25 m when measured with a 30-m
steel tape supported throughout its length under a pull of 4 kg and at a mean temperature of 35oC.
Determine the correct length of the line if the tape used is of standard length at 20oC under a pull of 5
kg. The cross-sectional area of the tape is 0.03 cm2, its coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116/oC,
and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2.
SURVEYING WITH TAPE

1. Erecting Perpendicular To Line
a) Chord-Bisection Method
b) 3:4:5 Method
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
2. Measuring Angles With Tape (angle is unknown)

a. Chord Method
b. Unequal Lengths – use of trigonometric functions
3. Laying Off Angles With Tape (angle is known)

a. Using a Perpendicular Line
b. Using a Chord Length
4. Determining Obstructed Distances

If obstructions are encountered in the field, indirect measurement has to be performed. Most methods
involve the use of triangles (right triangles, similar triangles, etc...) then computing lengths using
trigonometric equations. An example is shown below.
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EXAMPLES
MEASURING ANGLES WITH TAPE. The angle between two intersecting fences is to be determined
with a tape. A point on each fence line is established 30m from the point of intersection. If the distance
between the established points is 12.20m, what is the intersection angle? Answer: 26.464o
OBSTRUCTED DISTANCES. Line AB is to be measured across a wide river. Line AC is established

perpendicular to AB and its length is 30.0 m. Angle θ formed by lines AC and BC is found to be 62o24’
by chord method. How long is line AB? Answer: 57.38 m
Distance by Tachymetry
- Measurement of horizontal distances are based on the optical geometry of the instruments
employed.
1. Stadia Method
 Introduced in 1771 by James Watt of Scotland
 The equipment consists of a telescope with two horizontal hairs called stadia hairs and a
graduated rod called stadia rod. The spacing of the stadia hairs is so designed that at a
distance 100 m their intercept on a vertical rod will be about 1.0 m. It is important that the
line of sight is horizontal and it intersects the rod at right angles. Generally, the value of k
and c are kept equal to 100 and 0 (zero), respectively, for making the computations simpler.
𝐷𝐷 = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + 𝐶𝐶
C = Stadia Constant
K = Stadia Interval Factor
s = Stadia Interval
 In the case of inclined line of sight as shown below, the vertical angle α is measured, and the
horizontal and vertical distances, D and V, respectively, are determined from the following
expressions.
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2. Subtense Bar Method

 The distance is then computed as follows:
𝑠𝑠⁄2
tan 𝜃𝜃2 =
𝐷𝐷
EXAMPLES
DISTANCE BY STADIA. A stadia rod held at a distant point B is sighted by an instrument set up at A.
The upper and lower hair readings were observed as 1.300 m and 0.900 m, respectively. If the stadia
interval factor (K) is 100, and the instrument constant (C) is zero, determine the length of line AB.
𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎

𝑫𝑫 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏(𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒) + 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎
Length of line AB = 40 m
DISTANCE BY SUBTENSE BAR. The following subtended angle was read on a 2-m long subtense bar
using a theodolite: 0o54’13’’. Compute the horizontal distance from the theodolite to the position of the
bar.
𝟎𝟎°𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓′𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏′′ 𝟐𝟐⁄𝟐𝟐
𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 =
𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫
𝑫𝑫 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎
DISTANCE BY STADIA (Inclined). To determine the distance between two points A and B, a
tacheometer was set up at P and the following observations were recorded.
(a) Staff at A
Staff readings = 2.225, 2.605, 2.985
Vertical angle = + 7°54′
(b) Staff at B
Staff readings = 1.640, 1.920, 2.200
Vertical angle = – 1°46′
(c) Horizontal angle APB = + 68°32′30″

Elevation of A = 315.600 m
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
k = 100 m
c = 0.00 m
Determine the distance AB and the elevation of B.
Solution:
Distance by Graphical and Mathematical Methods

- Unknown distances may be determined through their relationship with known distances
geometrically.
- Widely employed in plane table surveys and triangulation work
- Determining distances by scaling from maps or aerial photographs
Distances by Mechanical Devices

1. Odometer – a device attached to a wheel that records the number of revolutions when rolled over a
distance similar to the speedometer of a car.
2. Measuring Wheel – similar to the odometer but this gives automatically the distance in m.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
3. Optical Rangefinder – this device can be handheld or mounted on a tripod and can be used to
determine distances approximately simply by focusing then the distance is read on a graduated
scale of the device
Distance by Photogrammetry
- Measurement of images on a photograph taken from an aircraft with the axis of the camera pointed
vertically toward the terrain photographed.
Electronic Distance Measurement

- EDM, first introduced in the 1950s by the founders of Geodimeter Inc., has undergone continual
refinement since those early days. The early instruments, which were capable of very precise
measurements over long distances, were large, heavy, complicated, and expensive. Rapid
advances in related technologies have provided lighter, simpler, and less expensive instruments.
These EDM instruments are manufactured for use with theodolites and as modular components of
total station instruments.
- Current EDM instruments use infrared light, laser light, or microwaves. The once-popular
microwave systems use a receiver/transmitter at both ends of the measured line, whereas infrared
and laser systems utilize a transmitter at one end of the measured line and a reflecting prism at the
other end. EDM instruments come in long range (10–20 km), medium range (3–10 km), and short
range (0.5–3 km). Some laser EDM instruments measure relatively shorter distances (100–2,000
m) without a reflecting prism, reflecting the light directly off the feature (e.g., building wall) being
measured. Microwave instruments were often used in hydrographic surveys and have a usual upper
measuring range of 50 km.
- EDM devices can be mounted on the standards or the telescope of most theodolites; they can also
be mounted directly in a tribrach. When used with an electronic theodolite, the combined
instruments can provide both the horizontal and the vertical position of a point relative to another.
The slope distance provided by an add-on EDM device can be reduced to its horizontal and vertical
equivalents by utilizing the slope angle provided by the theodolite. In total station instruments, this
reduction is accomplished automatically.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
Principles of EDM
- Figure 3.26 shows a wave of wavelength λ. The wave is traveling along the x-axis with a velocity of
299,792.458 km/s (in vacuum). The frequency of the wave is the time taken for one complete
wavelength:
𝑐𝑐
λ=
𝑓𝑓
λ = wavelength in meters
c = velocity in km/s
f = frequency in hertz (one cycle per second)
Figure 3.26 shows the modulated electromagnetic wave leaving the EDM device and being reflected
(light waves) or retransmitted (microwaves) back to the EDM device. You can see that the double
distance (2L) is equal to a whole number of wavelengths (nλ), plus the partial wavelength (φ) occurring
at the EDM instrument:
2𝐿𝐿 = 𝑛𝑛λ + ∅ meters
Distance by Total Station

Our surveying equipment consists of a Total Station and a pole-mounted prism. The total station
combines an electronic transit with a laser distance measurer. The operator sights on a pole-mounted
prism. Horizontal (relative to a previously determined baseline) and vertical angles from the station to
the prism are measured. By pressing a button on the total station, a laser sights on the prism,
determining the distance to the prism.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
The surveyor on the foreground sights through the Total Station and centers the cross hair to the prism, presses a button to read the
horizontal distance from the total station to the prism. (No need to compute manually)
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
1. A person has an average of 88 paces by walking along 60.00 m known length on level ground and
an average of 111 paces of unknown distance AB. What is the pace length and the length of AB?
2. A rectangular building 250.00 m by 130.00 m is to be laid out using a 30-m steel tape having a cross
sectional area of 0.05 cm2 under a steady pull of 10 kg and at a mean temperature of 32oC. Under
standardization the 30-m steel tape supported at its full length is 0.010 m too short at a standard pull
of 6 kg with a weight of 1.20 kg with E = 2.0 x 106 kg/cm2 and a thermal coefficient of 0.0000116/oC
at standard temperature of 20oC. Determine the following:
a) Correction for the length and width of the building due to incorrect length.
b) Correction for the length and width of the building due to temperature.
c) Correction for the length and width of the building due to tension.
d) Correction for the length and width of the building due to sag.
e) Total Correction
f) Adjusted length and width of the building.
g) The needed tension to be applied to the tape to eliminate the error due to sag.
3. At point A, a surveyor set the transit and sighted a rod held at point B due east of point A. The upper
and lower hair readings at B were observed as 1.200 m and 0.600 m, respectively. The rod was then
held at point C located due north of point A. The upper and lower hair readings at C were observed
as 1.400 m and 0.700 m, respectively. If the stadia interval factor (K) is 100, and the instrument
constant (C) is zero, determine the shortest distance between B and C.
4. The subtended angle read on a 2-m long subtense bar using a theodolite is 0o38’17’’. Compute the
horizontal distance from the theodolite to the position of the bar.
5. The following tacheometric observations were made on two points P and Q from station A. The height
of the tacheometer at A above the ground was 1.55 m. Determine the elevations of P and Q if the
elevation of A is 75.500 m. The stadia constant k and c are respectively 100 and 0.00 m.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
IX. REFERENCES
1. Surveying and Levelling by N. N. Basak , Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Surveying: Theory and Practice by James M. Anderson, Edward M. Mikhail, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Principles & Application of Surveying, Kavanagh
4. Elementary Surveying, La Putt
5. Higher Surveying, La Putt
6. Surveying Fundamentals, McCormac
Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN
School Year
Semester
Course Number
e.g.:
IM-COURSE NO-SEMESTER-SCHOOL YEAR
IM-MCB180-1STSEM-2020-2021

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. SURVEY

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

TAPED DIST NUMBER OF MEAN NO. OF PACE FACTOR

Too long Too short

CORRECTION DUE TO INCORRECT TAPE LENGTH, Corr

 If Corr is positive, tape used is too long; too short if negative

CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE, Ch

CORRECTION DUE TO ALIGNMENT, Ca

CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE, Ct

 Where C = coefficient of linear expansion; L = length of tape or line measured; T = observed

CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION, Cp

(𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚 − 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 )𝐿𝐿

CORRECTION DUE TO SAG, Cs

CORRECTION DUE TO WIND

CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE. A steel tape, known to be of standard length at 20oC, is

- (algebraically subtract when laying out)

SURVEYING WITH TAPE

2. Measuring Angles With Tape (angle is unknown)

b. Unequal Lengths – use of trigonometric functions

3. Laying Off Angles With Tape (angle is known)

b. Using a Chord Length

4. Determining Obstructed Distances

OBSTRUCTED DISTANCES. Line AB is to be measured across a wide river. Line AC is established

2. Subtense Bar Method

𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎

(c) Horizontal angle APB = + 68°32′30″

Distance by Graphical and Mathematical Methods

Distances by Mechanical Devices

Electronic Distance Measurement

2𝐿𝐿 = 𝑛𝑛λ + ∅ meters

Distance by Total Station

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN

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