PROBLEM SET NO.

3
 1. TWO PEG TEST. In the two-peg test of a dumpy level the following observations were
taken: with level set up near A, observed readings are a=1.855m and b=1.434m; with level set up
near B, c= 1.790m and d=2.211m. Determine the correct reading on the rod held at A with the
instrument still in the same position at B for a horizontal line of sight.
Given: Conventional Method

ROD
INSTRUMENT NEAR A INSTRUMENT NEAR B
READING

On point A a = 1.855 m d=2.211 m

On point B b = 1.434 m c = 1.790 m

Required: d’
Illustration:

Solution: d’ = c + TDE
TDE = DEa + DEb 2
DEa = a-b DEa = 1.855 – 1.434 DEa = 0.421

TDE = 0.421 d’ = 1.790 + 0.421

d’ = 2.211 m
DEb = d-c DEb = 2.211 – 1.790 DEb = 0.421

 2. TWO PEG TEST. The two-peg test is used to determine if the line of sight of the telescope
is parallel to the axis of the bubble tube. A tilting level is set up halfway between points A and B
and rod readings on both points are 1.969m and 2.161 m, respectively. The level is then set up
1.50m away from A along the extension of the line AB and 53.50 from B. Then rod readings on
A and B were recorded as 1.554m and 1.728m, respectively. Determine if the line of sight is
inclined downward or upward and the amount by which the horizontal cross hair should be
moved to adjust the line of sight.
Given:

INSTRUMENT
ROD at INSTRUMENT at
READING P
M
 On point A a = 1.969m c = 1.554m

On point B b = 2.161 m d = 1.728m

Required: inclination of the line of sight

Illustration:

Solution:
TDE=|a−b|
¿1.969−2.161
¿0.192
Assuming LOS upward
'
c =c−en

Equation 1,
en ef= 3.5 57
Equation 2,
57en =3.5ef

¿1.555m

¿1.747m
LOS IS INCLINED DOWNWARD
3. DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION. A dumpy level is set up and leveled approximately halfway
between two points, C and D. The elevation of point C is 135.00m above the main sea level and
the reading on a rod held at this point is 1.52m. If the reading on the rod held at point D is 2.74
m, determine the difference in elevation between the two points. Also, determine the elevation at
point D.
Given:
el. of C = 135.00m rod reading at C = 1.52m rod reading at D = 2.74 m

Required: TDE and el. D

Illustration:
 4. DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION. The backsight reading on a point is 2.25 m and the
foresight reading on a second point is 0.86 m. If the elevation of the first point is 460.96 m,
determine the elevation of the second point.
Given: BS1 = 2.25 and FS1 = 0.86
el. 1 = 460.96 m
Required: el. 2
Illustration:
Solution el .2=TDE+el. 1

 5. DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION. Reading on a rod held at two point A and B, 75 m apart,

are 2.965 m and 1.215m, respectively. Determine the rod reading at points on line AB which are
25 m and 45 m from A. Assume that there is a uniform gradient along line AB.
Given: AB=75 m
RR at A= 2.965 m
RR at B= 1.215 m
A to B= 75 m
A to C= 25 m
A to D= 45 m
Required: RR at C, RR at D
Illustration:

D C Solution:

Rod Readingat D=rr @ A+1.05

 6. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. Determine the combined effect of curvature and
refraction on level sights of 30, 50, 100, 250, 300, 500, 1000 and 2000 m.
Given: level sights 30, 50, 100, 250, 300, 500, 1000, and 2000 m Required: h Solution:
 7. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. A backsight of 3.055m is taken on a point 75m from
a level station and foresight of 1.258m from the same station.
Determine the difference in elevation between the two points, taking into account the combined
effect of curvature and refraction.

Required: K Illustration:

 8. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. Determine the backsight or foresight distance for an

instrument set up which will cause an error due to the earth’s curvature
and atmospheric refraction equal to 0.0015m, 0.0575 m, 0.0986m, 0.2935 m, and 0.8750m.
Given:

hcr2 =0.0575m
hcr3 =0.0986 m
hcr4 =0.2935 m
hcr5 =0.8750 m
Required:
K1 , K2 , K3 ,K 4 , K5
Illustration:

Solution:
 9. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. An observer standing on shore can just see the top of
a lighthouse 16.5 km away. If the eye height of the observer above sea level is 1.735m,
determine the height of the lighthouse above sea level. Neglect the effect of the waves.
Given: distance = 16.5 km Eye height = 1.735m
Required: height of lighhouse Illustration:

1.735 m
16.5 km
Solution:

H=8.819 m

 10.CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. Determine how far ( in km ) out from shore an

inter-island vessel will be when a red light on its deck, 9.45 m above the water, disappears from
the line of sight of a child standing on shore and whose eye level is 1.32 m above the water.
Given:
hcr1 = 9.45 m and hcr2 = 1.32 m
Required: K Illustration:

1.32
Solution:
9.45

 11.CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. By taking a sight across a lake 24 km wide through

a pair of binoculars, determine the height of the shortest tree on the opposite shore whose tip the
observer can see. Assume that the eyes of the observer are 1.675 m above the shore line on
which he stands.
Given: hm= 1.675m and K= 24 km Required: height of shortest tree
Illustration:
1.675

24 km
Solution:
?

¿ ( 0.0675) (19.01855294 )2
ht =24.415 m
12.CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. Two towers, A and B, are located on level ground and
their bases have equal elevations above sea level. Determine the distance between the two towers
if a person standing on top of tower A can just see the top of tower B. His eyes are 15.50 m
above the ground.
Given: hcr = 15.50m
Required: K
Illustration:

B
A
Solution:

K =30.307 km
 13.CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. A lifeguard is standing on a watchtower at the edge
of the water such that his eye level is 3.50 m above sea level. If a life raft stars floating out to
sea, determine how far out it could go before it disappears from the sight of the lifeguard.
Assume that the sea is calm and a pair of binoculars is available to tract the movement of the raft.
Given:
hcr=3.50m
Required: K
Illustration:

Solution:
PROBLEM SET NO. 4
 1. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING. Complete the differential level notes shown below and
perform the customary arithmetic check.
Given:

ELEVATIO
STA BS HI FS
N

BM1
2.085
0
137.450m

TP1 2.015 140.568 m 0.982 138.553 m

TP2 1.864 141.004 m 1.428 139.140 m

TP3 0.579 140.056 m 1.527 139.477 m

BM1
0.423 138.056 m 2.423 137.633 m
1

TP4 1.446 137.695 m 1.807 136.249 m

TP5 1.778 137.748 m 1.725 135.970 m

TP6 2.051 137.460 m 2.339 135.409 m

TP7 2.920 139.375 m 1.005 136.455 m

BM1
3.186 140.203 m 2.358 137.017 m
2

TP8 2.805 142.013 m 0.995 139.208 m

TP9 0.774 141.581 m 1.206 140.807 m

BM1
0.603 140.978 m
3

Required: HI and Elev

Solution:

HI =Elev .+ BS ELEV .= HI − FS

HI BM 10 =137.450 m +2.085=139.535 m EL .TP−1 =139.535−0.982=138.553 m

HI TP−1 =138.553+ 2.015=140.568 m EL .TP−2 =140.568−1.428=139.140 m

HI TP−2 =139.140+1.864=141.004 m EL .TP−3 =141.004−1.527=139.477 m

HI TP−3 =139.477 +0.579=140.056 m EL .BM 11 =140.056−2.423=137.633 m

HI BM 11 =137.633 +0.423=138.056 m EL .TP−4 =138.056−1.807 =136.249 m

HI TP−4 =136.249 +1.446=137.695 m EL .TP−5 =137.695−1.725=135.970 m

HI TP−5 =135.970+1.778=137.748 m EL .TP−6 =137.748−2.339=135.409 m

HI TP−6 =135.409 +2.051=137.460 m EL .TP−7 =137.460−1.005=136.455 m

HI TP−7 =136.455+2.920=139.375 m EL .BM 12 =139.375−2.358=137.017 m

HI BM 12 =137.017 +3.186=140.203 m EL .TP−8 =140.203−0.995=139.208 m

HI TP−8 =139.208+2.805=142.013 m EL .TP−9 =142.013−1.206=140.807 m

2. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING. In running a line of differential levels from BM1 to BM2, the
following rod readings were taken in order given: 2.40, 1.30, 1.43, 0.98, 1.25, 0.87, 1.85, 1.05,
2.94, 2.08, 1.69, 2.50, 1.61, 2.71, 0.75 and 2.11 meters. If the elevation of BM1 is 445.25 m,
complete the level notes and show the customary check on the computations.
Given: rod readings are : 2.40, 1.30, 1.43, 0.98, 1.25, 0.87, 1.85, 1.05, 2.94, 2.08, 1.69, 2.50,
1.61, 2.71, 0.75 and 2.11 meters
El. BM1 = 445.25m
Required: Level notes & customary check
Solution:

STA BS HI FS ELEV

BM-1 2.40 447.65 445.25

TP-1 1.43 447.78 1.30 446.35

TP-2 1.25 448.05 0.98 446.8

TP-3 1.85 449.03 0.87 447.18

TP-4 2.94 450.92 1.05 447.98

TP-5 1.69 450.53 2.08 448.84

TP-6 1.61 449.64 2.50 448.03

TP-7 0.75 447.68 2.71 446.93

BM-2 2.11 445.57

BS =¿ 13.92
∑¿
BS−∑ FS

BM 1+∑
el . BM 2=el .

¿ 445.25+13.92− 13.6
el . BM 2=445.57 m

ELEV .= HI − FS
 3. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING. Prepare and complete the differential level notes for the
information shown in the companying illustration, Include the customary arithmetic check.
Given:

STA BS HI FS ELEV

BM-1 1.74 570.49 568.75 m

TP-1 1.28 568.32 3.45 567.04

TP-2 1.85 566.85 3.32 565

TP-3 1.66 565.72 2.79 564.06

TP-4 1.83 563.63 3.92 561.8

TP-5 3.05 563.97 2.71 560.92

BM-2 2.08 561.89

∑ FS
=18.27

∑¿

Required: HI and Elev

Illustration:

Solution:
HI=570.49m
Elev= HI − FS
Elev=570.49 −3.45
Elev=567.04 m
 4. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING. The companying schematic arrangement of lines portrays
a differential level route. The values indicated represent backsight and foresight readings taken at
different points as labeled. Prepare and complete level notes for the information shown and
perform the customary arithmetic check.
Given:

STA BS HI FS ELEV.

BM-1 3.25 103.595 100.345

TP-1 1.75 102.515 2.83 100.765

TP-2 2.08 102.545 2.05 100.465

TP-3 2.63 103.385 1.79 100.755

TP-4 2.22 104.275 1.33 102.055

BM-2 3.15 101.125

11.93 11.15

Required: Elev of BM
Illustration:

Solution:

HI ( BM −1)=100.345+3.25=103.595
HI (TP −1)=100.765+ 1.75=102.515
HI (TP −3)=100.755 +2.63=103.385
HI (TP −4)=102.055+ 2.22=104.275
ELEV .= HI – FS
ELEV .(TP−1)=103.595 – 2.83=100.765
ELEV .(TP− 2)=102.515 – 2.05=100.465

ELEV .(TP− 3)=102.545 – 1.79=100.755

l ELEV .(TP− 4)=103.385 – 1.33=102.055
ELEV .( BM −2)=104.275 – 3.15=101.125
 5. DOUBLE-RODDED LEVELLING. Set up and complete the level notes for a double-
rodded line from BM45 to BM46. In the following rod readings H refers to the stations along the
high route and L refers to stations along the low route: BS on BM45=2.238, FS
onTP1(H)=0.703, FS on TP1(L) = 1.252, BS on TP1(H)=2.855, BS ON TP1(L) = 3.402, FS on
TP2(H) = 1.173, FS on TP2(L) = 1.558, BS on TP2(H)=2.542, BS on TP2(L)=2.932, FS on
TP3(H) = 1.339, FS on TP3(L)=1.660, BS on TP3(H) = 2.390, BS on TP3(L) = 2.711, and FS on
BM46=1.015 meters. Assume that the elevation of BM45 is 524.550m. Perform the customary
arithmetic check.
Given:

F
s S
H
T BS (m) ( ELEV (m)
I
A m
)

B
M
2.238 524.550
4
5

T
P
1
( 0.
H 7
) 0
3

T 3.402 1.
P 2
1 5
(
L
2
)

T
P 1.
2 1
2.542
( 7
H 3
)

T
P 1.
2 5
2.932
( 5
L 8
)

T
P 1.
3 3
2.390
( 3
H 9
)

T
P 1.
3 6
2.771
( 6
L 0
)

B 1.
M 0
4 1
6 5

Required: Fill up missing info

Solution:
HI =Elevation+ Backsight
Elevation= HI – Foresight below
Arithmetic ˇ:

∑ BS ( L)=11.343 m
∑ FS ( H )= 4.23
∑ FS ( L)=5.485

 6. LOCATING STATIONS. Determine the distance from station 4 + 38.85 to the following
stations: 8 + 68.42, 16 + 50.56. 2 + 73.05, 0 + 69.08 and 36 + 10.14.
Given: 4 + 38.85, : 8 + 68.42, 16 + 50.56. 2 + 73.05, 0 + 69.08 and 36 + 10.14
Required: Distance
Solution:

¿ 429.57 m
d 2=1650.56− 438.85
¿ 1211.71 m
d 3=438.85−273.05
¿ 165.80 m
d 4=438.85−69.08
¿ 369.77 m
d 5=3610.14 −438.85
¿ 3171.29 m
 7. PROFILE LEVELING. Complete the following set of profile level notes and show the
customary arithmetic check.
Given:

IF
STA BS HI FS ELEV
S

BM-a 1.24 235.75 - - 234.51 m

TP-1 1.11 233.46 3.40 - 232.35

1+00 - - - 4.6 228.86

+25 - - - 2.8 230.66

+50 - - - 3.6 229.86

+75 - - - 2.4 231.06

TP-2 3.21 234.21 2.46 - 231

2+00 - - - 1.2 233.01

+25 - - - 3.2 229.81

+50 - - - 2.8 227.01

TP-3 3.06 234.53 2.74 - 231.47

BM-b - - 2.40 - 232.13

∑ FS
∑ BS= 8.62 -
=11

Required: complete the table and arithmetic check

Solution:

¿ 234.51+ 8.62−11
el . BMb=232.13 m
 8. RISE AND FALL METHOD. Using the rise and fall method, complete the level notes
given below and show the customary arithmetic check.
Given:

DIFFRENCE IN
ROD READINGS
ELEV REDUCE D
STA
LEVEL
BS IFS FS RISE FALL

1.7 BM
3  766.45 m 13

2.0
0.32 766.13 0+00
5

1.8
0.17 766.3 +35
8

1.7
0.13 766.43 +60
5
 2.3
0.64 765.79 +80
9

3.2
0.86 764.93 1+00
5

2.4
0.81 765.74 +15
4

1.8
0.58 766.32 +40
6

1.0
0.77 767.09 +90
9

2.1
1.06 2+00
5
766.03

1.8
2.63 0.48 765.55 TP-1
4

0.7
1.07 766.62 2+45
7

1.1
0.42 766.2 +68
9

1.0
0.11 766.31 3+00
8

2.5
1.44 764.87 +50
2

BM
2.14 0.38 765.25
14

∑ Rise= ∑
4 Fall=5
Required:
Complete level notes and arithmetic check
Solution:

el . BM 14=362.690 m
 9. RISE AND FALL METHOD. Given below is the schematic arrangement of lines of a level
route run from BM-1 to BM-2 I which intermediate foresights to a number of points have been
observed, it is desired to determine the elevation of BM-2 and also the elevations of the
intervening points. Prepare and complete the appropriate format of level notes for the portrayed
information using the rise and fall method of leveling. Also show the customary arithmetic
check.
Given:

ROD DIFFRENCE
READINGS IN ELEV ST
REDUCE D LEVEL
A
BS IFS FS RISE FALL

2.36 BM
362.45 m
3 -1

1.23
1.129 SS a
4

2.16
0.934 362.645 b
8

3.22
1.061 361.584 c
9

1.78
1.445 363.029 d
4

2.33
0.551 362.478 e
5

1.76 0.89
1.436 363.914 CP1
5 9

0.66
1.102 365.016 f
3

1.12
0.465 364.551 g
8
 1.77
0.648 363.903 h
6

2.30
0.529 363.374 i
5

1.76
0.542 363.916 j
3

2.98 3.28  362.399

1.517 CP2
6 0

1.54
1.445 363.844 k
1

2.01
0.469 363.375 l
0

2.05
0.048 363.327 m
8

3.519 1.461 361.866 n

1.022 2.497 364.363 o

2.695 1.673 362.690 BM-2

∑ Rise= 9.59 ∑ Fall= 9

Required: elev of BM-2 and arithmetic check

Solution:

 10.RECIPROCAL LEVELING. Reciprocal leveling between points A and B, located on

opposite banks of a wide river gives the following readings in meters. From the first setup near
A: on A, 0.993; on B, 2.076, 2.077, and2.078. For the set up near B the readings are: on B,
2.549; on A, 1.463, 1.462 and 1.463. If the elevation of A is 925.28 meters, determine the true
difference in elevation between the two points and elevation of B.
Given:
a=0.993 m a’=2.076, 2.077 and 2.078 m b=1.463, 1.462 and 1.463 m b’=2.549 m

Required: Elev.B and TDE

Illustration:

Solution:

TDE=−0.4485 m
Elev B = Elev of A + TDE

Elev B = 924.8315
 11.RECIPROCAL LEVELING. In reciprocal leveling across a deep ravine the
following sets of od readings were taken:
Instr Near A: BS on A = 1.719m, Average FS on B = 2.578m Instr Near B: Average BS on A= 1.335 m, FS on B = 2.176m

Point A is one side of the ravine and has a known elevation of 197.428 m. Point B is on the other
side. Determine the elevation of point B
Given: el A = 197.428
Instr Near A: BS on A = 1.719m, Average FS on B = 2.578m Instr Near B: Average BS on A= 1.335 m, FS on B = 2.176m
Required: Elev B Illustration:

Solution:

Instrument Set-up Near A

Instrument Set-up Near B
 STA BS FS STA BS FS

a 0.993 b’ 2.176

b(ave) 1.335 a’ 2.578

DE DE 0.402
-0.342

TDE=0.06 m

elev . B=197.368 m
12.TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING. Two points, A &B, are 3,134.50 meters apart. From the
third point, C, on the line between A and B, and 1,992.25 meters from A, the measured vertical
angle is +35°28’ and that to B is -15°14’. Determine the difference in elevation between A and B
making due allowance for the effects of curvature and atmospheric refraction.
Given and Illustration:

Required: DEab
Solution:

DEcb=−311.056 m∨311.056 m
DEac=1419.310 m

DEab=1730.486 m
 13.TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING. In problem 12, and still considering the effects of
curvature and refraction, determine the difference in elevation between the same two points if the
measured vertical angles of A and B are instead +28°30’ and +6°10’, respectively.
Given and Illustration:

Required: DEAB
Solution:

DEac=1081.703 m
DEab=123.416−0.088+ 1081.703+ 0.268
DEab=1205.299 m
 14.ALTIMETER SURVEY. Given the following data gathered from an altimeter survey:
Elevation of the high base, 818m; elevation of the low base 422 m, altimeter readings at the high
base is 6579; and altimeter reading at the low base 3333. If the altimeter reading at a field station
is 4775, determine its corresponding elevation.
Given and Illustration:

Required: Elev of FS
Solution:

DiffHF=1804 m

DEfl = DEhl Diff . fl Diff . hl

 15.INVERSE LEVELING. A line of inverse levels was run into a shaft for a copper mine. All
of the stations in the accompanying tabulations were located in the shaft’s ceiling and rod
readings were taken by inverting the leveling rod. Complete the given level notes and perform
the customary arithmetic check.
Given:

STA BS HI FS ELEV

BM 66 2.84 101.46 104.30 m

TP-1 2.43 100.68 1.65 103.11

TP-2 2.76 100.4 2.48 103.16

TP-3 2.19 98.91 0.70 101.1

BM 67 3.05 96.81 0.95 99.86

TP-4 1.45 97.02 1.66 98.47

TP-5 0.96 98.14 2.08 99.1

BM 68 3.06 101.2

FS=¿ 12.58
∑¿

Required: Elev of BM68

Solution:

Elev . BM 68=101.2 m
 16.INVERSE LEVELING. It is desired to determine the elevation of the bottom of the
protruding concrete beam. In so doing, the instrumentman observes a backsight reading of 1.25
m on a rod held in a normal position on a bench mark whose known elevation is 225.26m. The
rod is next is held upside down against the bottom of the beam and foresight reading of 2.32 m is
observed. Determine the required elevation.
Given: BS=1.25 and FS=2.23 Required: elev of B Illustration:
Solution:

Elev . B= 228.74 m
 17.INVERSE LEVELING. A backsight of 1.47 m is read on a rod held upside down against
BM-1 (elev=315.15 m) on the ceiling of a mine. Then a foresight of 1.52 m is taken on TP-1 on
the floor with the rod in normal position. The instrument is next transferred and setup at another
station and a backsight of 1.45 m is read on TP-1. Determine the elevation of BM-2 set on the
ceiling if the foresight of 2.12 m is read on it with the rod again held upside down.
Given and Illustration:

Required:Elev of BM-2 Solution:

STA BS HI FS ELEV

1.4
BM-1 313.68 315.15 m
7

1.4 1.5
TP-1 313.61 312.16
5 2

2.1
BM-2 315.73
2

Elev.BM-2=315.73 m
 18.LEVELS OVER ONE ROUTE. Starting a BM-42 whose known elevation is 810.15 m, a
closed level circuit was run to set the elevations of several benchmarks as shown in the
accompanying tabulation. Adjust these observed elevations.
Given:
Elevation observe= 809.90 Elevation known= 810.15 Required: Adjusted values of each

Solution:

DISTANCE DISTANCE
FROM BM OBSERVED FROM BM OBSERVED
STA STA
ELEVATION ELEVATION
42 42

BM BM
0.000 km 810.15 m 10.005 km 805.22 m
42 46

BM BM
2.525 843.29 16.112 815.14
43 47

BM BM
6.428 876.40 18.234 813.75
44 48

BM BM
8.050 793.85 20.500 809.90
45 42

Ec =elev . obs .−elev . kwn .

= 809.90− 810.15
Ec=−0.25

D=20.5
BM 45 =793.85+ 0.0981707317=793.948 m
BM 46 = 805.22+ 0.1220121951=805.342 m
BM 47 = 815.14 +0.1964878049 =815.336 m

BM 42 =809.90+ 0.25=810.15 m
 19.LEVELS OVER DIFFERENT ROUTES. Six lines of levels are run over different routes
to establish the elevation of BM-X as shown in the accompanying tabulation. Determine the
most probable elevation of the bench mark.
Given:

ROUT LENGT OBS ELEV OF BM- ROUT LENGT OBS. ELEV OF BM-
E H X E H X

a 4.15 246.85m D 5.82km 246.75m

b 5.20 246.63 E 6.03 246.56

c 4.76 246.70 R 246.69

4.98

Required: most probable elevation

Solution:

Σ Wtd Elev =291.5604456

 20.LEVELS OVER DIFFERENT ROUTES. By Route 1 (3.0 km long) point b is 21.200

meters higher than point A, By route 2 (4.0 km long) B is 20.972 meters above A and by route
3(6.0 km long) B is 21.261 meters above A. Determine the following:
 a. The most probable value of the difference in elevation.
 b. The elevation of point B, if the elevation of point A is 532.462 meters above mean sea
level.
LENGT
Given: ELEV
H

ROUTE

1 3.0 km 21.200 m

2 4.0 km 20.972 m

3 6.0 km 21.261 m
Required: MPV Elev of B

Illustration:

Solution:
ΣW = W1 + W2 + W3 ΣW =0.747 Σweighted elevation = EL1W1 + EL2W2 + EL3W3 = 15.790 MPVDE = 21.14 m ELEVB = ELEVA + DE = 532.462 + 21.14 = 553.602 m