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M sys dV
sys
D
Dt sys
dV
t CV
dV CS V . ˆ
ndA
time rate of
change of the net rate of
time rate of change
mass of the flow of mass
of the mass of the
contents of the through the
coincident system
coincident control control surface
volume
CS
ˆ
V .ndA
ˆ volume flow rate
V .ndA
through dA
ˆ m out m in
V .ndA
CS
ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
5.1 .1 Derivation of the continuity Equation
t CV
dV V .ndA
CS
ˆ 0
12
ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Mass Flow Rate
In many practical applications, the density is
essentially uniform over the pipe cross section.
Velocity, however, is never uniform over a cross
section of a pipe. We define the average velocity as
A V .ndA
ˆ
V
A
If the velocity is considered
uniformly distributed over the
section area, A, then
A V .ndA
ˆ
V V
A
13
ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
E 5.1 Conservation of Mass-Steady, Incompressible Flow
Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-
shaped nozzle at the end of a fire hose. If the nozzle
exit velocity must be at least 20 m/s, determine the
minimum pumping capacity required in m3/s.
T1 = 300 K T2 = 250 K
1.2 cm
0.45 m
0 m
0.6
1.5 m
t CV
dV W .ndA
CS
ˆ 0
0.45 m
0 m
0 .6
1.5 m
Transport Phenomena - I
ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
5.2 Newton’s Second Law – The Linear Momentum
5.2 .1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation
Newton’s second law of motion for a system is
time rate of change of the Sum of external forces
linear momentum of the system acting on the system
DP D
Dt sys Dt sys
V dV FSys FS FB
D
Dt sys
V dV
t CV
V dV V V .ndA
CS
ˆ
t CV
v dV v V .ndA
CS
ˆ FBy Fsy
w dV wV .ndA ˆ FBz Fsz
t CV ME F212CSFluid Mechanics
E 5.10 Linear Momentum – Change in Flow Direction
A horizontal jet of
water exits a nozzle
5.6 10-3 m2
with a uniform speed
of V1=3 m/s, strikes a
vane, and is turned
through an angle .
Determine an
anchoring force
needed to hold the
vane stationary.
Neglect gravity and
viscous effects.
A horizontal jet of
water exits a nozzle
5.6 10-3 m2
with a uniform speed
of V1=3 m/s, strikes a
vane, and is turned
through an angle .
Determine an
anchoring force
needed to hold the
vane stationary.
Neglect gravity and
viscous effects.
A = 0.009 m2
V = 15 m/s
V=
15
m/s
V = 15 m/s
Transport Phenomena - I
ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
E 5.13 Linear Momentum – Pressure and Change in Speed, and Friction
D
Dt sys
Vxyz dV
t CV
Vxyz dV Vxyz Vxyz .ndA
CS
ˆ
t CV
Vxyz dV Vxyz Vxyz .ndA
CS
ˆ FC.V FS FB
0.3 m
(1) Rx
Ry
(1)
Rx
(2)
DM sys
Dt
t CV
b dV b V .ndA
CS
ˆ
Vrf is the velocity of the control volume coordinates xyz
with respect to the absolute stationary coordinates XYZ.
ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Non-deforming Moving Noninertial Control Volume
Since we are assuming the motion of xyz is pure
translation, without rotation, relative to inertial reference
frame XYZ, then
dVXYZ dVxyz dVrf
a XYZ axyz arf
dt dt dt
Where
a XYZ is the rectilinear acceleration of the system relative
inertial
reference frame (XYZ)
axyz is the rectilinear acceleration of the system relative
noninertial reference frame (xyz)
arf is the rectilinear acceleration of the noninertial
reference frame (xyz) relative to inertial frame (XYZ)
ME F212 Fluid Mechanics
Non-deforming Moving Noninertial Control Volume
DPXYZ D DVXYZ
F
Dt sys Dt M ( sys ) VXYZ dV
M ( sys )
Dt
dV
DVxyz
arf dV dV
M ( sys ) M ( sys )
Dt
D
F arf dV Vxyz dV
M ( sys )
Dt M ( sys )
DPxyz
F arf dV
Dt
M ( sys ) sys
D
Dt sys
Vxyz dV
t CV
Vxyz dV Vxyz V .ndA
CS
ˆ
FS FB arf dV Vxyz dV Vxyz V .ndA
ˆ
V ( CV )
t CV CS
D
Dt
V V Fparticle (1)
where V particle velocity measured in an interial reference
system
particle density
V infinitesimally small particle volume
Fparticle resultant external force acting on the particle
Moment-of-Momentum Equation
If we form the moments of each side of Eq. 1 with respect
to the origin of an inertial coordinate system, we obtain
D
r
Dt
V V r Fparticle (2)
is
where r the position vector from the origin of the
inertial coordinate system to the fluid particle. We note
that
D Dr D
Dt
r V V
Dt
V V r
Dt
V V
D
V V V r V V
Dt
D
0r V V (3)
Dt
Moment-of-Momentum Equation
Now the Eq. 2 can be modified using Eq. 3
D
Dt
r V V r Fparticle
(4)
D
Dt sys
r V dV
t CV
r V dV r V V .ndA
ˆ
CS
(10)
time rate of change time rate of change
of the moment-of- net rate of flow of
of the moment-of-
moment-of-momentum
momentum of the momentum of the
through the C.S
system contents of the C.V
t CV
ˆ rF
r V dV r V V .ndA
Contents
of the control
CS volume
(11)
0.3 m
0.25 m
0.025 m
Q = 0.11 m3/s
0.6 m
0.57 m3/s
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics- The Energy Equation
The first law of thermodynamics for a system is
time rate of net time rate of net time rate of
increase of the energy addition energy addition
total stored energy by heat transfer by work transfer
of the system in to the system in to the system
D
Dt sys
e dV Q Q
in out sys W in W out
sys
D
Dt sys
e dV
Q
net in W
net in sys
Qnet in W
net in sys
Q net in W net in
coincident
control volume
For a system and the contents of a coincident control
volume that is fixed and nondeforming, the Reynolds
transport theorem allows us to conclude
D
Dt sys
e dV
t CV
e dV eV .ndA
CS
ˆ
p
Simple, fully developed pipe flow
p V2
t CV
e dV CS 2
u gz
V . ˆ
ndA Q net in W shaft
net in
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
In energy equation, the term e dV
t CV
represents the time rate of change of the total stored
energy, e, of the contents of the control volume. This
term is zero when the flow is steady. This term also zero
in the mean when the flow is steady in the mean
(cyclical).
p V2
In E.E, the integrand of u ˆ
gz V .ndA
CS
2
can be nonzero only where fluid crosses the control
volume. Otherwise, V .nˆ is zero and the integrand is
zero for that portion of the control surface.
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
If the properties within parentheses are all assumed to be
uniformly distributed over the flow cross-sectional areas
involved, the integration becomes simple and gives
p V2 p V2 p V2
CS 2
u gz V . ˆ
ndA u
2
gz
m u
2
gz m
flow flow
out in
p p Vout 2 Vin 2
m uout uin g zout zin Qnet W shaft
out in 2 in net in
Vout 2 Vin 2
pout zout pin zin wShaft loss
2 2 net in
V 2
p z
2
Total pressure, if we neglect then it is stagnation pressure
5.3.3 Application of the modified Energy Equation
If the mechanical energy equation is divided by
acceleration of gravity, g, we get
V2 2
outVout inVin
2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ m
2
2
5.3.4 Application of the E.E to Nonuniform Flows
V2
m V 2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ
2
for flow through surface area A of the control surface.
Thus
V 2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ
2
mV
2
5.3.4 Application of the E.E to Nonuniform Flows
It can be shown that for any velocity profile, α >= 1, with
α = 1 for only for uniform flow. Some typical velocity
profile examples for flow in a conventional pipe are
shown in the sketch below.
5.3.4 Application of the E.E to Nonuniform Flows
Therefore, for nonuniform velocity profiles, the energy
equation on an energy per unit mass basis for the
incompressible flow
pout outVout 2 pin inVin 2
gzout gzin wShaft loss
2 2 net in
β
Water enters a pump impeller radically. It leaves the
impeller with a tangential component of absolute velocity
of 10 m/s. The impeller exit diameter is 60 mm and the
impeller speed is 1800 rpm. If the stagnation pressure rise
across the impeller is 45 kPa, determine the loss of
available energy across the impeller and the hydraulic
efficiency of the pump.