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Article-14 Genotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and its
components in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under Kashmir valley

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Article-14

Eco. Env. & Cons. 21 (December Suppl.) : 2015; pp. (S73-S77)

Copyright@ EM International
ISSN 0971–765X

Genotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis of

yield and its components in radish (Raphanus sativus
L.) under Kashmir valley
K. Mallikarjunarao1, Pradeep Kumar Singh2, Ashis Vaidya3, Ranjit Kumar Das4 and Rojalin Pradhan5

Division of Vegetable Science, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar 190 025, J and K, India

1, 2,3 &4

5
Department of Vegetable Science, OUAT, Bhubaneswar 751 003, Odisha, India

(Received 8 April, 2015; accepted 2 June, 2015)

ABSTRACT
The present investigation entitled “Genotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis of yield and its
components in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under Kashmir valley” was carried out during Rabi 2011-12 at
the Research Farm Division of Vegetable Science SKUAST-Kashmir in a Randomized Block Design with
three replications. Observations were recorded on growth, root yield component and quality traits.
Correlation studies revealed that root weight was positively and significantly correlated with leaf number,
leaf length, leaf width, leaf weight, root length, root diameter, yield plant-1, total dry matter of roots, vitamin
C while negatively and significantly correlated with shoot to root ratio and total soluble solids at both
phenotypic and genotypic levels. The result of path analysis revealed that characters like leaf weight, leaf
number, leaf length, root length and root diameter showed maximum direct effect towards average root
weight. Hence, these traits should be given more emphasis while selecting genotypes for root yield
improvement.

Key words: Correlation, Path analysis, Radish, Root yield

Introduction
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of the most popu-
lar vegetables of the family Cruciferae, with a chro-
mosome number 2n = 2x = 18. It is an ancient crop,
native to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle
East, although some taxonomists consider China as
the centre of origin (Werth, 1937; Rubatzky and
Yamaguchi, 1997). The first records about radish
consumption in human nutrition date back to about
2000 BC in the ancient Egypt, whereas its cultivation
started in China and Korea about 400 BC (George
and Evans, 1981; Kaneko and Matsuzawa, 1993). Its
economic importance is high and increasing. It is an
important winter vegetable grown all over the India.
The edible portion of the crop is its fleshy root which
is used as salad and vegetables while the tender
leaves are used as vegetables. Besides roots and
green leaves, its immature pod usually called
mongra is eaten raw and also cooked as vegetable.
The high nutritive value of radish is considered
quite useful for patients suffering from piles, liver
troubles, enlarged spleen and jaundice (Brar and
Nandpuri, 1972). Radish roots are good appetizer.
The juice of fresh leaves is useful as diuretic and
laxative. In homeopathy, radish is use for neuralgic
headaches, sleeplessness, and chronic diarrhoea.
Besides health promoting substances, it also fits well
in multiple cropping and brings lucrative returns to
the farmers.

*Corresponding author’s email : mallik.vicky41@gmail.com

S74
The cultivated radish has a small short season
cool climate type salad radish and a large type salad
and vegetable radish with a wide range of tempera-
ture adaptations. Four varieties namely Raphanus
sativus ridicula, Raphanus sativus niger, Raphanus
sativus olerifera and Raphanus sativus mougri are rec-
ognized within this species. Out of these Raphanus
sativus ridicula and Raphanus sativus niger are grown
for tuberous roots while as Raphanus sativus olerifera
is grown for oil in its seeds and Raphanus sativus
mougri is grown for its pods. In India, it is grown on
an area of 160.290 thousand hectares with an annual
production of 2285.90 thousand tonnes while in
Jammu and Kashmir state it is grown over an area of
3630 hectares with an annual production of 81.45
thousand tonnes (NHB, 2011).
Yield is a complex polygenic character. Thus di-
rect selection would not be a reliable approach on
account of its being highly influenced by environ-
mental factors. Correlation provides information on
the nature and magnitude of association of different
component characters with yield. Path coefficient
analysis on the other hand, is an efficient statistical
technique specially designed to quantify the inter-
relationships of different components and their indi-
rect effects on root yield (Rao et al., 1997). The infor-
mation on nature of associations and path-coeffi-
cient analysis are meager in this crop. Thus the char-
acters highly contributing to yield could be useful
for exercising effective selection for high yield.
Materials and Methods
The present investigations were carried out at the
Research Farm Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-
e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences and
Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar during Rabi 2011-
12. The experiment was laid out in Randomized
Block Design with three replications. Each genotype
was planted in two rows and spacing between rows
and plants were maintained at 30 and 10 cm, respec-
tively. Standard package and practices were used
for raising a healthy crop. The observations for mor-
phological quantitative and qualitative characters
were recorded on five randomly selected competi-
tive plants from each row in each replication for all
traits, namely leaf number, leaf length (cm), leaf
width (cm), leaf weight (g), root length (cm), root
diameter (cm), root weight (g), shoot to root ratio,
total dry matter of roots (%), vitamin C (mg 100g-1),
total soluble solids (oBrix). The genotypic and phe-
Eco. Env. & Cons. 21 (Dec. Suppl.) : 2015
notypic correlation coefficients were calculated as
per methods given by A1-Jibouri et al., (1958) by
using analysis of variance and covariance matrix in
which total variability had been splitted into replica-
tions, genotypes and errors. Path coefficient analysis
was done to calculate direct and indirect contribu-
tions of different characters towards yield plot-1. The
path analysis was performed according to the meth-
ods followed by Dewey and Lu (1959).
Results and Discussion
Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients
among different characters are presented in Table 1.
The estimates of genotypic correlation coefficients
were mostly found to be higher in magnitude,
though similar in direction than their corresponding
estimates of phenotypic correlation coefficients, and
these similar observations have also reported by
Danu and Lal (1998), Murali et al.,(1998),
Mukhdoomi et al., (2008) and Sharma et al., (2009). In
the present investigation root weight exhibited posi-
tive significant correlation with leaf number, leaf
length, leaf width, leaf weight, root length, root di-
ameter, yield plant-1, total dry matter of roots and
vitamin C content suggesting that root weight can
be effectively improved through selection of these
component characters where it has showed signifi-
cant negative correlation with shoot to root ratio and
total soluble solids. Significant positive correlation
with root weight was reported by Danu and Lal
(1998) for leaf number, leaf weight and root length.
Panwar et al., (2003) and Ullah et al., (2010) observed
significant positive correlation for root length and
root diameter with root weight. Root weight showed
significant positive correlation with leaf number,
leaf length, leaf width, root length, root diameter
and total dry matter of roots as supported by
Sharma et al., (2009).
Root weight exhibited significant and negative
correlation with total soluble solids. Consequently
selection aimed at improvement of total soluble sol-
ids shall automatically influence root weight in the
negative direction. This indicates the selection for
higher root weight will not lead to simultaneous
improvement in total soluble solids quality trait. The
significant positive correlation between dry matter
and vitamin C content indicated that selection in one
will lead to simultaneous improvement in the other,
thus the interrelationship among quality traits like
dry matter content and vitamin C content is desir-
Table 1. Genotypic (upper value) and phenotypic (lower value) correlation coefficients between various pairs of characters in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Character Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Root Root Root Yield Shoot Total dry Vitamin C Total
number length width weight length diameter weight plant-1 to root matter content soluble
(cm) (cm) (g) (cm) (cm) (g) (g) ratio of roots mg solids
(%) 100-1g (oBrix)
Leaf number - 0.552** 0.625** 0.719** 0.422** 0.095 0.588** 0.736** 0.122 0.122 0.159 0.343**
0.469** 0.502** 0.632** 0.322** 0.088 0.502** 0.645** 0.104 0.121 0.119 0.235*
MALLIKARJUNARAO ET AL

Leaf length (cm) - 0.535** 0.663** 0.496** 0.041 0.483** 0.642** 0.161 0.370** 0.113 0.021
0.425** 0.586** 0.416** 0.039 0.421** 0.571** 0.152 0.336** 0.101 0.015
Leaf width (cm) - 0.758** 0.491** 0.231* 0.345** 0.606** 0.416** 0.102 -0.214 0.323**
0.657** 0.376** 0.223* 0.285* 0.525** 0.366** 0.069 -0.197 0.226*
Leaf weight (g) - 0.735** 0.093 0.547** 0.856** 0.466** 0.234* 0.025 0.267*
0.628** 0.085 0.515** 0.849** 0.430** 0.229* 0.012 0.237*
Root length (cm) - -0.231* 0.347** 0.595** 0.306** -0.030 0.115 0.321**
-0.224* 0.287* 0.510** 0.283* -0.021 0.091 0.284*
Root diameter (cm) - 0.657** 0.454** -0.553** 0.651** 0.301** -0.217
0.615** 0.424** -0.492** 0.604** 0.298* -0.185
Root weight (g) - -0.599** 0.507** 0.701** 0.323** -0.234*
0.573** -0.499** 0.690** 0.305** -0.221*
Yield plant-1 (g) - -0.091 0.491** 0.212 0.002
-0.061 0.475** 0.182 0.001
Shoot to root ratio - -0.369** -0.308** 0.431**
-0.324** -0.303** 0.368**
Total dry matter of roots (%) - 0.244* -0.269*
0.228* -0.229*
Vitamin C content mg-1100g - 0.193
0.113
Total soluble solids (oBrix) -
*, ** Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively
S75
S76 Eco. Env. & Cons. 21 (Dec. Suppl.) : 2015

able. Mugniev et al., (1991) and Singh et al., (2005)
were found significant negative association between
root weight and total soluble solids. Root length
showed significant negative correlation with root
diameter. Same findings were observed by Sharma
et al., (1982) and Yadav et al., (1984). Shoot to root
ratio showed significant negative correlation with
root weight and root diameter. Same findings were
made by Mukhdoomi et al., (2008). Total dry matter
of roots negatively and significantly correlated with
total soluble solids.
Leaf width showed positive non significant corre-
lation with total dry matter and negative non signifi-
cant correlation with vitamin C content. Leaf weight
showed positive non significant association with
root diameter and vitamin C content. Root length
showed positive non significant correlation with to-
Fig. 1. Path coefficient analysis (genotypic path diagram)
for root weight
tal dry matter of roots and vitamin C content. Vita-
min C content exhibited non significant positive cor-
relation with total soluble solids. Non significant
positive association between vitamin C content and
total soluble solids was also reported by Yadav et al.,
(1984).
In view of the fact that correlation coefficients do
not take into account extremely complex interrela-
tionships between various characters. Path analysis
was applied to partition the correlation into direct
and indirect effects. The results of significant path
analysis obtained with various root characters have
been represented in Table 2. The path coefficient
analysis revealed that the traits namely leaf number,
leaf length, leaf weight and root diameter showed
the positive direct effect on root weight. Leaf weight
showed the highest positive direct effect followed
by root diameter, leaf number and leaf length. Ear-
lier workers like Singh et al., (2002), has also re-
ported positive direct effects of leaf number, leaf
length, leaf weight and root diameter on root
weight. The positive direct effects of leaf number
and root diameter on root weight by Sharma et al.,
(2009) and root diameter on root weight by Ullah et
al., (2010) have been reported. The traits like leaf
width, root length and shoot to root ratio showed
negative direct effects with root weight. Shoot to
root ratio showed the highest negative direct effect
followed by root length and leaf width. Similarly
negative direct effects of root length on root weight
was reported by Ullah et al., (2010). Singh et al.,
(2002) had also reported negative direct effects of
leaf width and shoot to root ratio on root weight.
The positive significant correlation (0.657) be-
tween root diameter and root weight was due to its
positive direct effect (0.10532) and its positive indi-

Table 2. Path coefficient analysis of direct (diagonal) and indirect (above and below diagonal) effects of component
traits in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Character Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Root Root Shoot Root
number length width weight length diameter to root weight
(cm) (cm) (g) (cm) (cm) ratio (g)
Leaf number 0.02743 0.01264 -0.01563 0.57909 -0.04082 0.01503 0.01078 0.588**
Leaf length (cm) 0.01515 0.02306 -0.01337 0.62615 -0.04802 0.00431 -0.12456 0.483**
Leaf width (cm) 0.01715 0.01234 -0.02499 0.71547 -0.04750 0.01441 -0.34144 0.345**
Leaf weight (gm) 0.01973 0.01529 -0.01893 0.94427 -0.07111 0.00984 -0.35250 0.547**
Root length (cm) 0.01157 0.01145 -0.01227 0.69421 -0.09673 -0.01029 -0.25134 0.347**
Root diameter (cm) 0.00261 0.00094 -0.00342 0.08823 0.00945 0.10532 0.45366 0.657**
Shoot to root ratio 0.00285 0.00350 -0.01040 0.40557 -0.02962 -0.05822 -0.82071 -0.507**
Residual effect: 0.01348; Italics figures represent direct effects and others indirect effects
 MALLIKARJUNARAO ET AL
rect effects via traits like leaf number, leaf length,
leaf weight, root length and shoot to root ratio. It
also exhibited negative indirect effect via leaf width.
The manifestation of significant and negative cor-
relation between shoot to root ratio and root weight
was due to its negative direct effect (-0.82071) on
root weight and also due to its negative indirect ef-
fects via traits like leaf width, root length and root
diameter. It had positive indirect effects via traits
like leaf number, leaf length, and leaf weight.
In this study, the residual effect was relatively
low (0.01348) indicating that adequate characters
were utilized for the study. It is also evident that leaf
width, root length and shoot to root ratio had the
negative direct and indirect effect on root weight,
thus these characters not considered during selec-
tion programme.
Conclusion
From the present study, it is quite obvious that leaf
number, leaf length, leaf width, leaf weight, root
length, root diameter, total dry matter of roots and
vitamin C content are major traits affecting the root
weight and hence simultaneous selection for all
these traits would lead to overall improvement in
root weight. The negative significant correlation of
root weight with shoot to root ratio and total soluble
solids further indicates that an improvement in root
weight would lead to considerable deterioration of
characters like total soluble solids and shoot to root
ratio. The components like root diameter, leaf num-
ber, leaf length and leaf weight had direct effect on
root weight. Hence, plant breeders can use root di-
ameter, leaf number, leaf length and leaf weight as
selection indices for improvement of root weight in
radish.
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