G. Pérez et al.

Building and Environment 206 (2021) 108320

Table 3
Vegetation volume [m3] on east facade according to the different regions, rows
(Nrow i = 300) and columns (Ncol i = 300) with their totals.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Row Totals

Row 3 0.185 0.196 0.199 0.579

(1.849d) (1.957cd) (1.987cd) (1.931δ)
Row 2 0.204 0.236 0.244 0.684
(2.042c) (2.364b) (2.438b) (2.282χ)
Row 1 0.208 0.279 0.263 0.749
(2.076c) (2.790a) (2.625a) (2.497β)
Column 0.597 0.711 0.705 2.013
Totals (1.989B) (2.371A) (2.350A) (2.237)

Average cell volumes [dm3] are included in brackets. Averages not connected by
the same lowercase letters are significantly different. Column total averages not
connected by the same uppercase letters are significantly different. Row total
averages not connected by the same Greek letters are significantly different. All
average comparisons applied the Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05).

Table 4
Vegetation volume [m3] on south facade according to the different regions, rows
(Nrow i = 300) and columns (Ncol i = 300), with their totals.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 RowTotals
Fig. 14. South facade. The colour scale indicates the vegetation depth (i.e.
Row 3 0.130 0.141 0.112 0.383
distance of the vegetation from the wall). (For interpretation of the references (1.300def) (1.412de) (1.118fg) (1.276δ)
to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of Row 2 0.200 (2.002b) 0.182 (1.816c) 0.127 0.509
this article.) (1.267ef) (1.695β)
Row 1 0.222 (2.217a) 0.147 0.096 0.464
(1.468d) (0.958g) (1.548χ)
Col 0.552 0.470 0.334 1.356 (1.506)
Totals (1.840A) (1.565B) (1.114C)

Average cell volumes [dm3] are included in brackets. Averages not connected by
the same lowercase letters are significantly different. Column total averages not
connected by the same uppercase letters are significantly different. Row total
averages not connected by the same Greek letters are significantly different. All
average comparisons applied the Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05).

Table 5
Vegetation volume [m3] on west facade according to the different regions, rows
(Nrow i = 300) and columns (Ncol i = 300) with their totals.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Row Totals

Row 3 0.121 (1.209e) 0.114 (1.136e) 0.107 (1.072e) 0.342

(1.139δ)
Row 2 0.234 0.216 (2.157d) 0.241 0.691
(2.342cd) (2.410bc) (2.303χ)
Row 1 0.275 (2.752a) 0.260 0.275 (2.746a) 0.810
(2.603ab) (2.701β)
Col 0.630 0.590 0.623 1.843 (2.048)
Totals (2.101A) (1.966B) (2.076A)

Fig. 15. West facade. The colour scale indicates the vegetation depth (i.e.
distance of the vegetation from the wall). (For interpretation of the references
to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of
this article.)
Average cell volumes [dm3] are included in brackets. Averages not connected by
the same lowercase letters are significantly different. Column total averages not
connected by the same uppercase letters are significantly different. Row total
averages not connected by the same Greek letters are significantly different. All
average comparisons applied the Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05).

extent. It is confirmed through statistical analysis, where the effects of
factors Row and Column, and their interaction, proved to be significant
(all p-values < 0.0001). The average cell volume in column 3 is signif­
icantly lower than in columns 1 and 2 (Table 4). Row total average cell
volumes 1 and 3 are also significantly lower than row 2. However, the
most vegetated zone is region 1.
As previously mentioned, at the time of the measurement, a disease
was affecting the plants in columns 2 and 3 of the south facade, which
temporarily reduced their volume. This fact was perfectly captured
during the data collection process as shown in Fig. 14, highlighting the
effectiveness of the set methodology as well as the data collection
process.
As on the other facades, the volume is always higher in the lower
rows than in the upper ones, coinciding with the logical growth of the
plants. This fact was already characterized in previous LAI measurement
studies using traditional methods [10,14]. Perhaps in future experi­
ments it would be necessary to study in detail how this volume decrease
with the plant height influences the ability to provide shade and energy
savings for cooling.
3.3.3. West facade
The west facade looks much more uniform than the other two
(Fig. 15). Although the adjusted factorial model was significant, the
significance of factors Row (p-value < 0.0001), Column (p-value =
0.0011) and their interaction (p-value = 0.0199) was slightly lower.
As on the other facade, the rows on this west facade follow a

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