F. Convertino et al.

Building and Environment 177 (2020) 106875

where: τ is the grey optical thickness and is defined as:

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
τ ¼ 2:232 1:875ðTea = 273:15Þ þ 0:7356 φ=φ* (A.7)

where φ [m] is the precipitable water and is calculated as follows:

φ ¼ 46:5⋅10 2 Pv ∕Tea (A.8)

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and φ* is the reference value of precipitable water, equal to 25∙10 m.
Prata [47]:
� �pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi �
εsky ¼ 1 1 þ φ 102 exp 1:2 þ 3φ102 (A.9)

Brutsaert [48]:
� �1=7
εsky ¼ 1:24 Pv ⋅10 2 Tea (A.10)

EN ISO 52016–1 [36]:

Tsky ¼ Tea 11 (A.11)

Appendix B. Configuration factors

The fraction of ground surface that gives a significant contribution to the LWIR radiation towards the vertical wall was obtained with the following
procedure. At first, the dimension “w” of the rectangular ground area in front of the wall was determined, afterwards the dimension “p” was defined
(Fig. B1(a)).

Fig. B1. Emitting (Ag) and receiving surface (Avs) (a), perpendicular finite rectangles with a common edge (b), perpendicular finite rectangles with a common
vertex (c).

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