Instrumentacion J Sanchez

Plasma DIAGNOSTICS
The achievement of the thermonuclear relevant parameters
involves extremely complicated physics and technology developments
Diagnostic techniqes are necessary for:
-> Experiment control
(on-line global parameters, feedback monitors, interlocks)
-> Physics understanding
(detailed analysis)
Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Instrumentación/Diagnó
n/Diagnósticos MINA - 2008
Plasma DIAGNOSTICS
We need information, as much detailed as possible on the distributed values

of many parameters:
-> Magnetic structure: plasma current, resistivity, flux surfaces geometry...
-> Electron and ion density, temperature, gradients, small and large
scale fluctuations, transport...
-> Plasma composition: impurities, radiation losses,

fuel, fusion products: He ashes...
-> Plasma edge conditions, plasma-wall interaction...
-> 'Engineering' parameters: vacuum, mechanical stability, coils currents...

Plasma Diagnostics
Difficulties:
Te, Ti: 30 KeV

Z<1.6
10-4 Torr (10-8)
300x106 oK
neutron and gamma
fluence
limited access
3-dim structure
fast & slow processes

Plasma Diagnostics
Probes
Photon detection
Particle
"scattering"
300x106 oK
Particle Coils
detection
Photon scattering /
refraction /
absorption

Fusion research along the EM and
Fusion neutrons
particle spectrum
Magnetic Proton Recoil spectrometer
Particle systems
Fusion neutrons
particle spectrum
Gamma and X-ray systems
INa, Si detectors for :

-accelerated electron Bremsstrahlung
-Thermal emission tomography
-Impurity spectroscopy
-Ion temperature measurements: (Doppler)
- Electron temperature measurements
(spectrum decay)
Particle systems
Visible+ near UV- IR particle spectrum
UV. Doppler Charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy:
spectroscopy Ti, Visible lines for Doppler and impurity studies
rotation…
Need extensive database on atomic physics:
Laser Thomson Scattering (Te, Ne)

•Titanium Oxide
•Ruby
•Nd YAG /double Nd YAG
Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF): neutral

gas, impurities, E- fields
Motional Stark Effect: internal B field
Atomic beams for edge physics:

Supersonic He beam
Infrared (CO2) Accelerated Li Beam
interferometry &
polarimetry for Ne and B
Technology diagnostics: Infrared cameras,
Speckle interferometry for erosion studies

Fusion neutrons
particle spectrum
Microwave systems
•Microwave scattering for α-particle
•Radiometry of the Electron Cyclotron Emission
(Te) (60-500 GHz)
•Microwave Radar (Ne, turbulence)
- broadband 20-110 GHz heterodyne
systems)
-waveguide systems EM codes
Coil systems
•Rogowski coil (I plasma)
•Diamagnetic coil: Energy content
•Mirnov coils: MHD
•Active Alfven mode coils: fast particle stability,

Fusion neutrons
Fusion research along the EM
and particle spectrum
Heavy Ion beam probe (Ne, Vplasma)
Accelerator
Bt
Sample volume
200-2000kV
++
Cs
Secondary beam
Primary beam
+
Cs Analyzer
Langmuir probes for edge physics

Particle systems
Diagnostics: support technologies
+ Vacuum technology
+ em/mechanical compatibility
+ materials (insulators, plasma facing optics..)
+ data handling
•Each ITER discharge would produce several Gbyte of data.
+ real time interpretation

•fast algorithms, AI techniques...
+ remote participation

ELECTRON DENSITY & TEMPERATURE
The electronic parameters are easier to know than the ionic ones.
-> Many diagnostics: based on interaction of the plasma with e.m. radiation
The lower electron mass leads to the interaction with higher electromagnetic
frequencies :better spatial resolution
example, cyclotron emission: electrons: 28 GHz /Tesla, λ- 1-10 mm
ions: 14 MHz /Tesla, λ- 2-20 m
The electron density ne and temperature Te do not appear in the fusion performance
product but they are fundamental plasma parameters:
-> Give the first approach to the corresponding ionic parameters.
-> Are the starting point for indirect ni and Ti determination.
-> Determine important part of the stability, confinement and transport properties.

ne , Te in the Plasma Core
MICROWAVE and FIR
-> Interferometry ( line average ne )
-> Reflectometry ( ne, fluctuations)
-> Collective scattering ( ne fluctuations)
-> Electron cyclotron emission and absorption (Te)
LASER
->Thomson scattering : (Te, ne)
OTHERS:
-> Spectroscopy, X-ray...

ne: Interferometry
For a wave with freq. ω, propagating:

Btor
-> perpendicular to Btor E
-> polarized with E//Btor k
(Ordinary wave propagation)
The refraction index is independent on the magnetic field:
ω 2p e 2 ⋅ne
µ = 1− 2 where: ω 2p = (plasma frequency)
ω ε 0 ⋅ me
If: ωp>>ω, we can write: ω 2p (ωp/2π = 30 to 100 GHz, for the

µ ≈ 1− 2 typical densities: microwave range)
2ω

ne: Interferometry
We measure the phase difference between a beam crossing the

plasma and a second reference beam:
ne profile
∆φ = reλ ∫ ne ⋅dl
L
where:
e2
re = 2 = 2.82 x1015 m
4 πc ε 0 me
E1 cos( ωt) E2 cos( ωt +∆φ)
Detector
The phase shift provides the
average density along the beam line
V
∆f can be determined by interference:
E12 E22
V= + + E1 ⋅ E2 cos(∆φ )
2 2

Heterodyne Interferometer
f1
f1+δ
δ
∼
∆f+δ
δ
δ
f2 f1-f2=∆
∆f
∆f
∼

Interferometry
Line integrated effects:
The density is not constant along the beam line: <ne> can differ from
the central value ne(0).
This problem appears in many plasma diagnostics:

contributions from different parts along the line of observation
add at the detector.
Tomography: the radial distribution of the density is obtained from a

complete series of line integrals along a set of parallel lines
-> Abel inversion is used for cylindrical symmetry
-> Numerical methods used in general geometries
Problems:
Tomography with interferometry requires good access to the device,
not always available.

Tomography

ne: Reflectometry
The problem of the tomographic reconstruction can be avoided if we can

distinguish the contributions from the different parts along the line of observation.
In reflectometry, a microwave beam is launched to the plasma and

reflected when the critical density is reached:
ω 2p
µ = 1− 2 (for the ordinary wave, E//B)
ω
ω5 ne
If ω=ωp, µ=0 => beam reflection
r5
ω4
r4
Different frequencies, ω3
launched with the same r3
antenna, reflect at different ω2
radial positions: r2
ω1
One single line of sight + many views r1
RADIUS

ne: Reflectometry
f=30-100 GHz
Homodyne
reflectometer:
Is the simplest and

E1 E2 more versatile (broadband)
approach.
BUT:
∆φ is determined
as the argument of
the cosine function
and coupled to
V ∝ E1 E2 cos ∆φ the amplitudes E1, E2
More sophisticated techniques for the determination of ∆φ/∆f have

been developed, taking advantage of the advances in RF electronics:
Dual homodyne (sin-cos), Heterodyne,Pulse radar,

Amplitude modulation, Noise correlation...
ne,Te:Thomson Scattering
LASER
PLASMA
DETECTOR
A laser beam is launched to the plasma. The scattered radiation

from a given area is observed with angle θ.
The spectrum of the scattered radiation carries the information on

the plasma properties.
This diagnostic was used by scientists from Culham in 1968 to confirm

the high temperatrures reached in the first Russian Tokamaks,
leading to the development of Tokamak devices all over the world.

Thomson Scattering
Scattering phenomenon:
Radiation-> charged particle accelerates -> emits its own radiation
Due to the smaller mass, most of the scattering comes from the electrons
The scattered power from the electrons itself is just a small fraction of the
incident power, typically 10-13
This is due to the small scattering cross section:
8π e2
σ= 2 = 6.65 ×10 −29 m2
3 mc
Pure scattering experiments require powerful sources in order

to get enough signal to noise ratio

ne,Te :Thomson Scattering
DETERMINATION OF THE ELECTRON TEMPERATURE:

(Non-Relativistic approximation)
Maxwellian velocity distribution at temperature Te:

r ne − (v2k a 2 )
f( v) = 3 2 3 e where: a = (2 κ T m )12
π a e 0
Scattered power per unit solid angle:
dσ nσ  λ −λ 
2
⋅ 
( ω s ) = 1e 2 0 e −(B) 1 
where: B= c s 0
dΩ π ak  λ0a  1 − cos θ 
The scattered spectrum for a Maxwellian distribution is Gaussian and the width
is proportional to the electron temperature Te:
FWHM(nm) = 3.3[(TeeV)(1 − cos θ )]1 2 ; λ 0 = 694nm
The electron density ne:

is proportional to the absolute scattered power

Incoherent Thomson Scattering
DATA ANALYSIS:
The scattered spectrum is recorded for

several channels using interference filters.
FILTERS
SPECTRUM
The data are fitted to a Gaussian
pattern: width and scattered power are
obtained.
(Simplest fit: look for the slope of the spectrum
in semi-logarithmic plot ).
If we have enough signal and spectral λ

resolution: non-Maxwellian
features can be analyzed.
For Te larger than 1KeV, relativistic analysis

is needed

Thomson Scattering
LIDAR:
A single line of sight for laser and detection system is used
Space resolution is gained from the time-resolved signals:
-> JET:
laser pulse:200 ps, detector response (streak camera):150 ps
Space resolution:4 cm (presently 10 cm)
LASER
T2
T1 T3
x=ct
x
t1 t2 t3
1ns->30cm
DETECTION SYS. PLASMA
LIDAR: probable use in ITER

(small access)

LIDAR at JET: principle
ne as er
Te L
c.t
x =
λ Space resolution:
Collection
optics ∆x2= c2.( tlaser2+ tdet2+ tdaq2)/4
tlaser=300ps
tdet= 600ps
tdaq= 400ps
x=c.t/2 ∆x= 12 cm

JET LIDAR
System

Ion Temperature Diagnostics
Ions show a weak and non-local interaction with em radiation,
therefore most of the diagnostics for dirtect Ti determination are based
on particle interaction:
-> Charge exchange analysis (CX)

-> Rutherford scattering
Ti is a very important parameter in determining the Fusion yield, the observation

of fusion products gives information on the ion temperature:
-> Neutron flux and spectrum measurements
The movement of the ions can also be observed through the collective scattering
of the elctrons moving around:
-> Collective Thomson Scattering
The temperature of the Hydrogenic ions must be similar to that of the neutrals and
impurity ions which emit line radiation:
-> Doppler spectroscopy

Ti:Charge Exchange Analysis
A hot confined ion encounters

a cold neutral e- Cold H
+
+ + +
H + H -> H + H Hot H
The resulting hot neutral leaves

the plasma carrying the energy of 0 0
Cold H Hot H
the original ion.
The neutrals are detected, their energy distribution reflects that of the
original ion population.
If the ions have a Maxwellian distribution the temperature can be obtained

from the logarithmic decay of the neutrals spectrum.
 m 
32 − E
i  κ Ti
f (E) = ni ⋅  ⋅e
 2 πκ Ti 


DIFFICULTIES:
Calibration factors:
In the plasma:
CX cross section: well known for the Ti range of interest: <50 KeV, drops for larger Ti
Faster ions have smaller probability to undergo the CX reaction.
Plasma transmission: many processes involved, cross sections known.

->The plasma can become opaque at high densities: only neutrals generated close
to the edge can be detected.
In the analyzer:
Stripping cross sections must be included.
In REACTORS: Neutron flux causes noise in the detection system
->Solution: Time of Fight measurements with coincidence analysis

Ti: Active Charge Exchange Analysis
The signal of the neutrals 'naturally' generated at the plasma

can become very weak.
In addition neutrals generated at different positions reach the same detector
(if the plasma transparency is good: the signal comes
mainly form the region with maximum Ti)
Active CX:
INJECTOR
The local density of neutrals can be strongly
enhanced by the Neutral Injectors (used either
for heating or for diagnostic purpose)
ANALYZER
-> Higher signals: access to higher densities
-> Local measurement

Radiation from the plasma
A hot Hydrogen plasma can radiate:
Runaway electrons: High energy X-Ray (>100 KeV)
Thermal electrons: free-free transitions ( Bremsstrahlung) (X-Ray)
Cyclotron radiation ( far infrared )
In addition impurities can lead to:
Free-bound transitions (radiative recombination ) (X-Ray)
Line radiation (UV to Visible)
Neutral atoms & molecular radiation ( UV to visible)

(also present in the cooler areas of the hydrogen plasma)
Most of the radiated power lies in the range 0.2 - 200 nm

Radiation from the plasma
Radiation measurements are important:
-> Radiation, as a global magnitude, can become an important loss channel:

Decrease confinement time
Local cooling-> instabilities and disruptions
-> The analysis of the radiated power and its spectral distribution
can be used to gain information on the plasma characteristics:
-> Impurity types and concentrations, Zeff
Neutral gas distribution, particle fluxes
-> Electron temperature, density (not usual)
-> Plasma rotation (Doppler shift)

-> Ion temperature (Doppler broadening)

Global Radiation
Global radiation detectors:
-> Provide the total radiated power without spectral analysis

-> Must have a flat response to the energy along the whole spectrum.
Usually based on thermal changes:

Spectroscopy
Standard spectroscopy techniques:
Dispersion systems:
Hard X-ray: pulse high statistics, INa (Tl) detectors
X-ray (0.1-1 nm ) : crystal spectrometer
UV (1-200 nm) : vacuum , grating spectrometer
Visible & IR (200 -... ) nm: non vacuum, grating spectrometer...
RF (2 -...) mm : coherent heterodyne receivers
Detectors:
usually common commercial detectors are used for X-ray to IR radiation:
Semiconductor, photomultilpliers, detector arrays (OMA, CCD...)

E > 1 MeV (Gamma ray) Material adicional
no se considerará
Gamma rays from the plasma para el examen
are due to nuclear reactions :
D+p -> 3He + γ (5.5MeV)

T+p -> 4He + γ (20 MeV)
D+D -> 4He + γ (24 MeV)
9Be+α α -> n+12C+ γ (4.44MeV)
10B+α α -> p+13C+ γ (3.1, 3.7, 3.85 MeV)
... ...
Gamma spectroscopy is a tool to study the properties of

the reacting particles:
α particle distribution

E>20 keV (Hard X- ray) Material adicional
no se considerará
Hard X-rays originated by run-away electrons para el examen
finite loop voltage + low density ->

Some electrons are accelerated , loss
collisionallity and gain high energy
(up to 50 MeV !)
Bremsstrahlung leads to X-ray emission
Runaway e- suffer no collisions and are very sensitive

to the magnetic structure, their confinement time can
give information about the existence of magnetic
turbulence

Gamma- Hard X ray, technology Material adicional
no se considerará
para el examen
Disparo
Ventana de acero inoxidable del TJ-I
Colimador Detector Fotomultiplicador
CAMAC
TJ-I
Fuente de Vax
Blindaje de plomo alta tensión

E> 500 eV (Soft X- ray) Material adicional
no se considerará
Bremsstrahlung (free-free transitions) para el examen
Radiated power from an electron with energy E0:
I(E < E0 ) = 1.19 ×10 −19 Z2 ni E0−1/2 ,erg / s (uniformly distributed for the interval 0-E0 )
If we have an electron distribution f(ε):

∞
Z 2n i 2ne eε −1/2 − ε /Te
I(E) = ∫ C 1/ 2 f (ε )dε f maxwellian: f (ε ) = 1/2 3/2 e
ε π Te
E
I(E) = C ⋅ Z 2ni ne Te1 / 2 e −E / Te

Σni Zi2
The decay of the spectrum gives Te Zeff = R =
The absolute emission gives information on Zeff Σni Z i

E> 500 eV (Soft X- ray) Material adicional
Te measurements: must be done taking into account possible linenoradiation
se considerará
in the range of observation-> analysis codes para el examen
methods: PHA, filters.
Zeff measurements:
-> Effects of recombination, which show a similar spectral

dependence but with a dependence on Z**4:
Bremsstrahlung dominates for high Te: (> 2.6 RH Zi )
-> Corrections must be included to the model ( Gaunt factors) as well as

the effect of partially shielded nuclei when lthe impurities are heavy.
The method is being used for the last years taking the radiation in the
visible to IR regions, codes are used to substract the effect of line emission.

E> 1eV (VUV-Visible)
This range is dominated by line radiation:
VUV: heavy impurities from the hot areas
Visible: light impurities, neutral H from the edge

emission from CXR
Information is gained from:
Intensity (concentrations, Te...)
Shape-shift (Ti, rotation)
Polarization (internal B-field)

Line Intensity
The analysis of line radiation is one of the oldest methods
in plasma diagnostics
principle: Iij ∝ ni ⋅ Aij → ni

Difficulties: the plasma is not in equilibrium, different
phenomena contribute to ionization and
excitation:
Relationship Intensity/concentration is not direct.

L.T.E.
Models: CORONA
COLLISIONAL-RADIATIVE (laser plasmas)
FULL TRANSPORT MODEL
Resto del documento:
Material adicional no se considerará
para el examen

L.T.E.
Local Thermodynamical Equilibrium:
- population densities determined exclusively
by collisions
- collisions: fast enough , equilibrium follows plasma changes

nz,1 g1  Ez,1 − E z,2 
Boltzmann and = exp −  [1]
Saha eqs apply: nz,2 g2  kTe 
nz +1,0 ⋅ ne gz+1,0  2πmkTe   χ z,0 

=2   exp −  [2]
nz,0 gz,0  h 2   kTe 
z
I1,2 ∝ nz,1 ⋅ A1,2 [3]
nz,1 is determined from eqs [1],[2],[3]

Conditions for LTE: Ne>> NOT REACHED in magnetic fusion

Corona model
Describes the low density plasmas:
balance between:
collisional ionization - excitation
radiative recombination - decay
Rate equation for ionization states:

dnz,1
= SZ −1ne nz −1,1 − (α z + Sz )ne nz,1 + α z+1ne nz +1,1
dt
α: recombination rate -> provided by theory or semi-empirical

S: ionization rate (mainly depend on Te)
nz +1 Sz
steady state: =
nz α z+1
Due to the Te dependence of α,S each ionization state
appears for a given Te range
Coronal eq. is usually applied to toridal plasmas but not all

impurities are in such equilibrium.
-> TRANSPORT EFFECTS
Impurity transport
Particle (impurity) fluxes must be considered:
dnz
+ ∇Γz = Sources − Sinks
dt
Γz: radial impurity flux
The radial distribution of the ionization species is not only dependent

on the local values of ne and Te
The ionization degree is smaller than the corona prediction for a given Te

Diagnostic NBI for CXR spectroscopy

CXRS in TJ-II

UV-Visible (1nm<λ<1µm)
Active diagnostics:
Thomson Scattering
Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Impurity & pellet injection

Impurity injection by laser blow-off

Pellet injection

MAGNETIC STRUCTURE
GLOBAL PLASMA CURRENT
Determines:
-> Safety factor q at the edge: stability
-> Ohmic heating power (in tokamaks)
-> Bootstrap current in currentless stellarators
Range : 100 A to 20 MA
Time resolution: 0.1 ms to 1 s
Techniques:
-> Rogowski coil: measures current variations

Superconducting coil for long pulse devices
-> Fibre optics polarimetry (Faraday effect)

JET Magnetic coils

JET Magnetic coils (II)

MAGNETIC STRUCTURE
PLASMA RESISTIVITY:
Gives information on:
-> Input power (Ohmic heating)

P=Ip Vloop
-> Electron temperature or
-> Effective ion charge
Techniques:
-> Loop voltage coil,determines the plasma resistivity if the measurement is taken
when the plasma current and inductance are constant:
Zeff = ∑ Zi2 ⋅ ni ne
i
a 2Vloop
Vloop = I p ⋅ R -> η=
2 R0 I p

Plasma resistivity
Z ln Λ
Spitzer resistivity: η = 3.04x10 −3 ⋅ 2 3 Ω ⋅ cm,(Te :eV) [1]
γ ( Z)Te
where: Z is the effective ion charge

ln Λ is the Coulomb logarithm, slowly varying
function with the plasma parameters:
ln Λ ≈ 17, for:ne = 10 13 cm − 3and :Te = 1keV
γ(Z)=0.58 for Z=1, 0.79 for Z=4, 1.0 for Z=∞
[1] Can be used to determine the plasma temperature as a rough approach.

If Te is known, Z can be deduced.

Diamagnetic loop
Magnetic field BD, originated by Jθ:
r r 1 dBD [1]
(∇ × BD )θ = µ 0 ⋅ J θ → J θ = − ⋅
µ 0 dr
Jθ is related to the plasma pressure:

r r r Jθ =
1  dp + J B  [2]
∇p = J × B , in radial components: φ θ
Bφ  dr 
the pressure p is related to the local parameters:
p= k n T
The diamagnetic flux δφ

can be evaluated: Jθ
a
J φ ,B φ
δφ = 2 π ∫ BD (r ) ⋅rdr [3] Bθ
0

Diamagnetic loop (II)
From [1], [2] and [3] we can finally derive:

2
µ 02 Iφ 8π E
δφ = ⋅ (1 − β θ ) , where: βθ =
8π Bφ µ 0 Iφ2
E
The energy confinement time can be obtained: τ=
P
The measurement is technically difficult: the diamagnetic contribution

must be obtained subtracting the flux due to the toroidal field.
T.F. coil
In order to determine this
contribution: a second loop
(compensating loop) is used
Jθ
Typical values are:
1Wb for the total flux J φ ,B φ

1mWb for the diamagnetic Bθ
contribution

Magnetic surface mapping in
stellarators by e-Beam
For each position of the e-beam Electron gun

one surface is obtained
The consecutive turns draw

Electron
the magnetic surface
beam
Fluorescent grid
Capacitive probe
CCD Camera
∆t
A capacitive probe is used

to determine the value of
the rotational transform by
time of flight measurement

E-field: Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP)
Heavy Ions with high enough energy have Larmor radius

larger than the plasma size
Accelerator
( Tl, Au, Cs >100 keV)
Secondary ions produced at Bt

the plasma escape with Lr/2: Sample volume
sample volume is defined by

trajectory calculations ++
Cs
Secondary beam
Primary beam
+
Cs Analyzer
Cross section for secondary ionization is close

to constant for a large range of beam energies and
plasma temperatures

Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP)
Plasma potential: W3 = W1 + (q3 − q1 )φ 2
Absolute values of φ, difficult: W~500-5000 keV; φ~500 V
But: useful for fluctuation measurements

and E field 1
qs
I
Electron density: s = I n
p e δl ⋅ σ
qp
2
δI s δne
Density fluctuations: ≈
Is ne ++
Cs
(but: strong edge fluct modulate Ip)
+ 3
Poloidal field measurements possible: Cs
deduced from the toroidal displacement
of the secondary beam.
-> Very massive diagnostic (big access)

General difficulties: -> Trajectories : must be calculated with high accuracy
-> Beam would suffer strong attenuation in reactor plasmas
Motional Stark Effect (MSE)
High energy H beam in B field :
Hαα line is observed, transverse to

the beam E=VxB
B
E= Vbeam x B, V
Spectrometer
E= 40 kV/cm is typical ( 1.3T, 55 keV)
E-field -> strong Stark effect: 0.4 nm

σ lines polarized perp to E, -> II to B
(for transversal view)
H beam
Advantages:
-> High energy H beams available

-> Good penetration
-> Strong splitting
-> High spatial resolution

γ diagnostics
Neutron/Gamma Camera: 3He-minority RF heating
o o
( a ) 54239 (+90 ) ( b ) 54243 (-90 )
N3B 54239 49.500000 N3B 54243 49.000000
2.0
Gamma tomography 54239 and 54243 (normalized)

γ-ray emission from the
nuclear reaction: 1.0
12C(3He,pγ )14N
Z (m)
0.0
ICRF-induced pinch -1.0
JG01.407-5c
of resonating ions:
Different types of the fast 3He ion
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
orbits for two ICRF phasings
R (m) R (m)
1.0
54239: +900 RF
JET gamma tomography cross-sect. at magn. axis

(x1014 photons m-3s-1)
54243: - 900 RF gamma emissivity 54239
Cross-sections 0.5
in mid-plane:
54243
37 MHz, 7MW @ 1.8MA/3.45T
JG01.407-7c
0.0
2.5 3.0 3.5
R (m)

Instrumentacion J Sanchez

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instrumentacion J Sanchez

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Plasma DIAGNOSTICS

The achievement of the thermonuclear relevant parameters

involves extremely complicated physics and technology developments

Diagnostic techniqes are necessary for:

-> Experiment control

(on-line global parameters, feedback monitors, interlocks)

-> Physics understanding

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

We need information, as much detailed as possible on the distributed values

-> Magnetic structure: plasma current, resistivity, flux surfaces geometry...

-> Plasma composition: impurities, radiation losses,

-> Plasma edge conditions, plasma-wall interaction...

-> 'Engineering' parameters: vacuum, mechanical stability, coils currents...

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Te, Ti: 30 KeV

fast & slow processes

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Magnetic Proton Recoil spectrometer

Gamma and X-ray systems

INa, Si detectors for :

Laser Thomson Scattering (Te, Ne)

Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF): neutral

Motional Stark Effect: internal B field

Atomic beams for edge physics:

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Heavy Ion beam probe (Ne, Vplasma)

Langmuir probes for edge physics

+ real time interpretation

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

-> Give the first approach to the corresponding ionic parameters.

-> Are the starting point for indirect ni and Ti determination.

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

MICROWAVE and FIR

-> Interferometry ( line average ne )

-> Reflectometry ( ne, fluctuations)

-> Collective scattering ( ne fluctuations)

-> Electron cyclotron emission and absorption (Te)

->Thomson scattering : (Te, ne)

-> Spectroscopy, X-ray...

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

For a wave with freq. ω, propagating:

-> polarized with E//Btor k

(Ordinary wave propagation)

The refraction index is independent on the magnetic field:

If: ωp>>ω, we can write: ω 2p (ωp/2π = 30 to 100 GHz, for the

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

We measure the phase difference between a beam crossing the

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Line integrated effects:

This problem appears in many plasma diagnostics:

Tomography: the radial distribution of the density is obtained from a

-> Abel inversion is used for cylindrical symmetry

-> Numerical methods used in general geometries

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

The problem of the tomographic reconstruction can be avoided if we can

In reflectometry, a microwave beam is launched to the plasma and

Fusion nuclear: Instrumentació

Is the simplest and

More sophisticated techniques for the determination of ∆φ/∆f have