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1. Discretization
2. Interpolation
3. Elemental Description or Formulation
4. Assembly
5. Constraints
6. Solution
7. Computation of Derived Variables
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 12/53
F K d
is:
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 24/53
The final goal is to interpret and analyze the results for use
in the design/analysis process.
u u, v , w
T
F Fx , Fy , Fz
T
T T x ,T y ,T z
T
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 27/53
Pi Px , Py , Pz i
T
x y z xy xz yz
where x, y, and z are called normal stress and xy, xz,
and yz are called shear stress.
x xy xz
Fx fx
x y z
xy x yz
Fy fy
x y z
xz yz z
Fz fz
x y z
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 29/53
Boundary Conditions
• There are displacement boundary conditions and surface
loading conditions.
u = c on Su
where c is a given
displacement
T
n nx , ny , nz
Strain-Displacement Relations
• The strains in vector form that corresponds to the stress are:
T
x , y , z , xy , xz , yz
where x, x, and z are normal strains and xy, xz, and yz,
are the engineering shears strains.
T
u v w u v u w v w
, , , , ,
x y z y x z x z y
Strain-Displacement Relations
T
u v w u v u w v w
, , , , ,
x y z y x z x z y
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 32/53
Stress-Strain Relationships
x y z yz
x yz
E E E G
x y z xz
y xz
E E E G
x y z xy
z xy
E E E G
(1 2 )
x y z x y z
E
• By substituting the above relationships into Hooke’s Law
we get an inverse relationship:
D
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 33/53
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
E 1 0 0 0
D
(1 )(1 2 ) 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.5
Special Cases
z xz yz 0
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 34/53
x y x y
x y z x y
E E E E E
2(1 )
xy xy
E
x 1 0
E x
y 1 0 y
1 (1 )
2
xy 0 0 xy
2
For example:
z xz yz 0
x 1 0 x
0 y
E
y 1
1 1 2 0
1
xy 0 2 xy
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 35/53
Temperature Effects
If there is a temperature change T(x, y, z) with respect to the
original state, then an additional deformation can be
estimated.
The temperature strain dose not cause any stresses when the
body is free to deform. The temperature strain is represented
as an initial strain:
0 T ,T ,T , 0, 0, 0
T
1 T
• The total strain energy U is given as: U dV
2V
WP uT f dV uT T dS ui Pi
T
V S
1 T
dV u f dV u T dS ui Pi
T T T
2V V S
1
2
2 2 2
k1 1 k 2 2 k 3 3 k 4 4 F1q1 F3 q3
2
where 1, 2, 3, and 4 are the extensions of the four springs.
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 39/53
1
2
k1(q1 q 2 )2 k 2q 2 k 3 (q3 q 2 )2 k 4 q 3 F1q1 F3 q3
2 2
0 i 1, 2, 3
qi
k 3 (q 3 q 2 ) k 4 q3 F3 0
q3
k1 k1 0 q1 F1
k
k1 k 2 k 3 k 3 q2 0
1
0 k3 k 3 k 4 q3 F3
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 40/53
k1 1 F1
k 2 2 k1 1 k 3 3 0
k 3 3 k 4 4 F3
Rayleigh-Ritz Method
u ai i ( x, y , z ) i 1 to l
v a j j ( x, y , z ) j l 1 to m
w ak k ( x, y , z ) k m 1 to n nml
Rayleigh-Ritz Method
(a1, a2 ,..., an )
0 i 1, 2, , n
ai
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 42/53
a2 2a3
u a3 ( 2 x x 2 ) u( x 1) u1 a3
du
a3 2( x 1)
dx
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 43/53
Galerkin’s Method
Lu P
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 45/53
Galerkin’s Method
d d
EA ()
dx dx
Galerkin’s Method
W (Lu P )dV 0
v
i i 1 to n
Galerkin’s Method
n
Galerkin’s Method
x xy xz xy y yz
V x y z x y z fy y
f x
x
z
xz yz fz z dV 0
x y z
T
where x , y ,z
x dV x dV n dS
V V S
x
• At a point loads: x nx xy ny xz nz dS Px
xy nx y ny yz nz dS Py
xz nx xy ny z nz dS Py
T
( ) dV T f dV T T dS T P 0
V V S
u 2 x x 2 u1 2 x x 2 1
2
1 u1 (2 2 x )2 dx 2 0
0
CIVL 8/7117 Chapter 1 - Introduction to FEM 51/53
du
• The stress in the bar is given by: E 1.5(1 x )
dx
Homework Problems
Homework Problems
Homework Problems
End of
Introduction