Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 20 (2020) 100689

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Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tsep

Effect of graphene oxide doped nano coolant on temperature drop across the T
tube length and effectiveness of car radiator – A CFD study
⁎
Hamdoon Ijaza, Hassan Razab, , Ghulam Abbas Goharc, Sana Ullahb, Awais Akhtarb,
Muhammad Imrand
a
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
c
COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Pakistan
d
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, FSD Campus, Pakistan

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This study includes the simulation based investigation of thermal characteristics of graphene doped nano coolant
Nanofluid in car radiator. A small radiator part is considered for the system analysis, which is modeled using Solid-works
Graphene oxide software package. CFD analysis is carried out using ANSYS Fluent module. Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles
Convection heat transfer doped in base fluid (water) as nano coolant of car radiator to investigate its effect on temperature drop across the
ANSYS Fluent
tube length and effectiveness. GO nanoparticles with a volumetric fraction of 6%, 8%, and 10% with the inlet
mass flow rate of 2 LPM has been examined. Significant temperature drop is observed as function of con-
centration of GO nano particles by volume. Typically, 9.68 K, 10.89 K and 11.9 K temperature drop is observed
for 6%, 8% and 10% of GO nano particles, respectively. With the percentage increase in the addition of nano
particles, the effectiveness of the radiator also increases. Maximum increase in percentage effectiveness of
97.49% is at 10% volume fraction of GO nanoparticles in water. Using this type of coolant for heat transfer
enhancement can help in developing more compact and lightweight radiators for cars and can be applied in
other industries as well.

1. Introduction liquids, so adding nanoparticles to the conventional coolants has

With the continuous improvement in the power of modern engines,
conventional coolants are mismatched for the higher heat dissipation
requirement of the cooling system and development of efficient heat
transfer coolants are urgently needed. The emergence of nanofluid
technology provides new ideas for enhancement in heat transfer rate
[1]. Researchers working around the globe adopted various methods to
optimize the radiator efficiency including optimization of airflow at the
radiator assembly [2–4] and changed the design of fins, grills, core,
radiator cover etc. [5] to enhance convective heat transfer. By changing
the design of radiator fan for maximum air intake can significantly
increase convective heat transfer, on the another hand increasing the
radiator efficiency is also an alternative reported methodology [6].
Furthermore, by introducing turbulence in the coolant [7], designing
the radiator with an increased surface area of tube/fins [8] and utili-
zation of various coolants can prominently improve the effectiveness of
car radiator.
As the thermal conductivity of solid particles is higher than the
opened new avenues of research [9]. Nanofluids with enhanced uni-
formity, better corrosion resistance, enriched boiling resistance and
high rate of heat transfer than the millimeter or micron particles clearly
depicts advantages in energy transfer. A particle in nanometric size
having one of its dimensions less than 100 nm has considerable effects
on heat transfer rate as it can carry away large amount of heat from the
car engine than that of water (conventional coolant) or other coolants.
Hence, advancement in the economic production of nanoparticles has
drawn attention in most of the practical applications especially in the
automotive industry. Therefore, doping of nanoparticles in the base
fluid have become hot topic of research. A group of researchers, [10]
concluded that there are several reasons behind the enhancement of
heat transfer such as suspended nanoparticles have increased surface
area and heat capacity, nano particles can significantly improve the
thermal conductivity of fluids.
In this regard, H. M. Ali et al. [11] prepared various volume con-
centrations of ZnO-H2O nanofluids (0.01%, 0.08%, 0.2% and 0.3%) to
investigate their effect on performance enhancement of automotive

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hassan.raza@connect.polyu.hk (H. Raza).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100689
Received 1 April 2020; Received in revised form 13 August 2020; Accepted 14 August 2020
2451-9049/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
H. Ijaz, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 20 (2020) 100689

Nomenclature Cp Specific heat capacity (J/kg-k)

ρnf Density of nano fluid (kg/m3)
nf Nano fluid T1 Temperature of inlet fluid (K)
GO Graphene Oxide T2 Temperature of out fluid (K)
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics T3 Ambient temperature (K)
LPM Liter per minute Al2O3 Aluminum oxide
K kelvin CuO Cooper oxide
Knf Thermal conductivity of nano fluid (W/m-k) MWCT Multiwalled carbon nano tubes
Kbf Thermal conductivity of base fluid (W/m-k) ∊ Effectiveness
Knp Thermal conductivity of GO nano particles (W/m-k) HPC High performance computers

radiators experimentally at the flow rate (7–11 LPM) and corresponding
Reynolds number (17,500–27600) with temperatures ranges from 45° C
to 55° C and results clearly show noticeable enhancement in heat
transfer capacity at the volume fraction of zinc oxide at 0.2%. The heat
transfer efficiency reaches the highest value up to 46% greater than
original base fluid. Along with this, by regulating the inlet temperature
of fluid from 45 °C to 55 °C, the efficiency of heat transfer is also im-
proved by 4% with respect to base coolant. Another reported study
suggested that [12], incorporation of Al2O3 nanofluid to the cooling
liquid of diesel generators show significant reduction in heat generation
because of the superior capability of heat transfer of the nanofluids.
Other potential nanoparticles that can enhance the thermal properties
of fluids are summarized in table 1. For instance, TiO2 [13] is well
known nanofluid for automotive radiators composed of a base fluid of
40% ethylene glycol + 60% water, the heat transfer coefficient is in-
creased by 37% for this nanofluid. Similarly, the volume fractions of the
silicon dioxide [14] nanofluid with 2.5 vol% have greatly improved
heat transfer rate up to 50%, which is well matched with the simulated
results. In the laminar state, CuO nanoparticles show better heat
transfer performance to automobile radiators, increased performance
by increasing concentration of nanofluids (from 0 to 0.4 vol%) and
decrease in the inlet temperature of the nanofluid is recorded at volume
concentration of 0.4% [15]. The total heat transfer coefficient due to
nano particles is increased by 8% using laminar CuO nanoparticles. In

Table 1
Analysis of previously reported nanofluids for enhanced performance.
Reference Nanoparticle (nm) Base fluid Volume Fraction (%) Thermal conductivity increase (%)

[15,23] Al2O3 (38.4) Water 1.00–4.30 3–10

Al2O3 (38.4) Ethylene glycol 1.00–5.00 3–18
CuO (23.6) Water 1.00–3.41 3–12
CuO (23.6) Ethylene Glycol 1.00–4.00 5–23
CuO (25) Water 0.03–0.30 2–12
[24,25] Al2O3 (28) Water 3.00–5.00 11–16
Al2O3 (28) Ethylene glycol 5.00–8.00 25–41
Al2O3 (28) Water 2.25–7.40 5–30
Al2O3 (28) Water 5.00–7.10 13–20
Al2O3 (29) Ethylene glycol 4.00 18
Al2O3 Water 0.1–0.5 5–14
TiO2 (40) Ethylene glycol 5.00 13
CuO (23) Water 4.50–9.70 17–34
CuO (23) Ethylene glycol 6.20–14.80 24–54
[26,27] CuO (100) Water 2.50–7.50 22–75
CuO (100) Transformer oil 2.50–7.50 12–43
CuO (10) Water 3.00 70
CuO Water 0.1–0.5 3–7
Cu (35.4) Water 2.00 24

[28–30] SiC (26) Water 0.78–4.18 3–17

SiC (26) Ethylene glycol 0.89–3.50 4–13
SiC (600) Water 1.00–4.00 6–24
SiC (600) Ethylene glycol 1.00–4.00 6–23
Al2O3 (60.4) Water 1.80–5.00 7–23
Al2O3 (60.4) Pump oil 5.00 38–39
Al2O3 (60.4) Glycerol 5.00 27
MWCNT (15 × 30000) Water 0.40–1.00 3–7
MWCNT (15 × 30000) Ethylene glycol 0.23–1.00 2–13
[31] Al2O3 (38.4) Water 1.00–4.00 2–24
CuO (28.6) Water 1.00–4.00 3–26
[32] Ag (60–70) Water 0.001 3–4
Au (3–4) Water 0.00013–0.00026 3–8
Au (3–4) Toluene 0.005–0.011 3–9
[33–35] Al2O3 (42) Water 0.19–1.59 1–10
MWCNT, diameter (20–60) Ethylene glycol 0.03–0.84 4–31
Al2O3 Water 0.19–2.5 2–6
0.29–0.68 2–6
[36,37] TiO2(Spherical) Water 0.50–5.00 5–30
TiO2 (10 × 40 cylinder) Water 0.50–5.00 8–33
Al2O3 (80) De-ionized water 5.00 24
TiO2(15) Ethylene glycol 5.00 18
Al (80) Ethylene glycol 5.00 45

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H. Ijaz, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 20 (2020) 100689

continuation, another group [16] studied, liquid heat transfer medium where knf ,kbf and knp are the thermal conductivities of Nanofluid, base
for the thermal control systems of the spacecraft. Addition of little fluid, and graphene-oxide nanoparticle [47].
concentration of Cu nanoparticles, the results show that the thermal While the calculation of the heat capacity of mixture following
conductivity of nanofluid at a Cu volume fraction of 2.5% is 45% higher equation is solved [48].
than the original base fluid and the concentration of Cu by volume is
increased from 0.2% to 2.5%, the thermal conductivity increased from m1 ⎞ m2 ⎞
C pmixture = ⎛ ⎜ ⎟ C p1 + ⎛
⎜ C p2
⎟

0.09 to 0.45. P. Sharma at el. [17] used flat tube to study the effect of ⎝ m mixture ⎠ ⎝ m mixture ⎠ (2)
CuO nanofluids on its performance. The results suggested that with the
addition of 0.1 to 0.5% volumetric fraction of CuO nanoparticles the Similarly, density of the nanofluid is calculated according to the
heat transfer coefficient is increased by 5.1 to 14% as compared to the equation [48].
base fluid (water). Later on D. Kumar at el [18] numerically studied the d1 × n1 + d2 × n2
performance of CuO nanofluid (0.1–0.4 vol fraction) by incorporating dtot =
n1 × n2 (3)
bend of 90° in the flat tube, a percentage increase in heat transfer
coefficient from 7 to 19% was reported in comparison with the straight
tube. In continuation, D. Kumar at el [19] further studied the effect of
2.2. CFD analysis
bend at extended range of volumetric fraction 0.1–0.5% with operating
temperature 50 °C and studied its effect on thermophysical properties of
The nanofluid is considered as incompressible [49] and the flow is
nanofluid. 18.54% increase in heat transfer coefficient was reported
laminar [50]. The SIMPLE scheme is used for the case of viscous la-
with the volumetric fraction of 0.5% CuO nanoparticle. H. Ma et al.
minar. The flow rate of 2 LPM is studied only as our focus is to study the
reported that [20] with the use of diamond-H2O nanofluid filled in an
effect of graphene oxide for the performance enhancement purpose of
oscillating heat pipe, a high-performance radiator was developed, with
the radiator. Although there is a considerable effect in heat transfer rate
a heat dissipation capacity of almost 1 kW/cm2.
when the flow rate is increased as studied by [51]. The following
Comparing the nano coolant with convectional coolant to achieve
equation is used in CFD analysis;
the doubled efficiency, the conventional coolant requires an increase in
Energy equation: [52]
the pumping power by ten times [21]. Obtaining the same heat transfer
effect without providing additional pumping power is a challenge of the ∂ ∂ ⎛
day. Based on the above comprehension, it is concluded that there is an (ρ Cpnf Uj Ui ) = ⎜Knf
⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟

∂x i nf ∂x i ⎝ ⎝ ∂x i ⎠ ⎠ (4)
urgent need of effective nano particle based cooling system that it
should maintain the engine’s temperature in the extreme weather Momentum equation:
conditions and fluctuating temperatures ranges [22]. A novel approach
is suggested in this study to use the Graphene oxide nanofluid at con- ∂ ∂p ∂ ⎛ ⎛ ∂Uj ⎞ ⎞
centration of 6, 8 and 10% by volume in the radiators where the inlet (ρ Uj Ui ) = + ⎜μ ⎜⎟ ⎟

∂x i nf ∂x j ∂x i ⎝ nf ⎝ ∂x i ⎠ ⎠ (5)
temperature of the coolant is ranges from 190 to 220°F (360–378 K).
The effects on temperature drop and effectiveness have also been in- Effectiveness is given as: [49]
vestigated.
T1 − T2
ε=
T1 − T3 (6)
2. Properties of nano coolant and related governing equations:
where T1, T2 and T3 are the temperature of inlet fluid, outlet fluid and
2.1. Graphene ambient air temperature, respectively.

Graphene in its integrated forms such as graphene oxide (GO), na- 3. Methodology
notubes, nanoparticles are trending material with exceptional elec-
trical, mechanical, and thermal properties and it can significantly im- 3.1. Project description
prove the properties of host materials and liquids [38–40]. Among the
currently known materials, graphene has the highest thermal con- The fins and a tube based model of radiator according to dimension
ductivity [41] attracted many researchers to conduct in-depth research (see Table 4 for details) is drafted on Solid Works software package as
on graphene and has a great impact on enhancing the performance of represented in Fig. 3. Hot coolant (6% GO vol. + water) is applied at
different cooling systems. Graphene oxide nanoparticles have great the inlet of tube and complete description of applied conditions at the
suspension stability and are well-dispersed in water as studied by Yu- inlet and outlet of tube and crossing air for analysis is given in Table 3.
dong at el. [42]. For the well-dispersed nanoparticles in the base fluid, According to principle, when hot coolant flows in the tube, heat is
the effect induced by Brownian motion including thermal conductivity transferred to attached fins. As the air is crossing the fins, there is
and hydrodynamic properties is considered on a minor scale as reported convection at the fins, so the heat is transferred from hot coolant to cold
by [43,44]. Thermal stability of Graphene oxide at higher temperature air. Heat transfer rate is investigated in this study with the addition of
has also predicted in [45] suggesting that as the Graphite oxide is 6%, 8% and 10% (volumetric fraction) of graphene oxide in water
thermally stable at high temperatures [46], therefore the Graphene (considered conventional coolant of car radiator) (Table 5).
which is a single separated layer of Graphite behaves in a similar way.
Keeping in mind these exceptional properties graphene oxide (GO) is Table 2
used as nano coolant and its properties are mentioned in table 2. Var- Properties of GO and nano fluid.
ious reported mathematical expressions are used to calculate the basic
Properties Graphene Oxide Nano Fluid (6% GO
properties before executing the simulations on ANSYS Thermal con-
(GO) vol. + Water)
ductivity of the Nano fluid is calculated by
Density (kg/m3 ) 121 954.34
ϕnp knp
Knf ⎛ + 2Kbf + 2(ϕnp knp) − 2ϕkbf ⎞ Specific Heat (J/ kg-k) 2100 4065.18
ϕ
=⎜ ⎟ Thermal Conductivity (W/m- 2720 0.701
ϕnp knp
Kbf ⎜ + 2Kbf − (ϕnp knp) − ϕkbf ⎟ k)
⎝ ϕ ⎠ (1)

3
H. Ijaz, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 20 (2020) 100689

Table 3 having flow rate for coolant fixed at 2 L per minute (LPM), 0.011 K
Boundary conditions. temperature drop is observed. This data is deduced for the complete
Boundary conditions Inlet Nano 368 K (Temperature) radiator have 9.68 K temperature drop for nano coolant while for the
water it is calculated to be 6.026 K with a temperature drop of 0.007 K
coolant 2 LPM (Flow rate) for the length of tube equal to 23.56 mm.
Air 298 K (Temperature)
Fig. 3 is a representation of temperature drop along the length of
1.5 m/s (Inlet velocity)
Outlet Gage pressure 0 Pa (Pressure)
tube of the radiator with comparison of base coolant and 6% by volume
addition of nanoparticles of graphene oxide (GO). It is observed that
heat transfer is started at identical condition of temperature (368 K)
Table 4 and temperature decreasing trend is observed through the complete
Dimensions of a part of radiator. length of the tube of radiator ranges from 0 mm to 600 mm by both
coolants, while cooling rate of GO nanoparticles based coolant is more
Parameter Measurement (mm)
as compared with based coolant (water only). Basic reason behind this
Length of tube 23.56 fast rate of cooling is enhanced thermal conductivity of GO particles
Width of tube 34.64 that are incorporated in the water by volume percentage.
Length of fins 34.84
Fig. 4 is illustrated the comparison of three volume concentration
Pitch of fins 4.89
Height of fins 6 (6%, 8%, 10%) of GO nanoparticles in water. The effect of Brownian
Height of tube 1.56261 motion with the addition of nanoparticles, resulting in chaotic move-
Fins thickness 0.06 ment is on a minor scale especially at the boundary for the well-dis-
Tube thickness 0.1 persed nanoparticles like Graphene oxide. It is observed that tempera-
ture drop along the length of tube of radiator is a direct function of
volume concentration of nanoparticles as increasing the volumetric
Table 5
concentration of the nanoparticles further drop in temperature is ob-
Mesh independent study.
served. 9.68, 10.89, and 11.9 K of temperature drop is observed for an
Grid type No of cells Temperature (K) increase in volumetric fraction of GO by 6%, 8% and 10%, respectively
Course 1,922,725 367.89134
(Figs. 6, 7). At the initial stage of the process of heat transfer, as the low
Medium 2,796,533 367.89131 concentration particles are more well dispersed, so heat transfer rate is
Fine 4,621,392 367.891313 high, while at higher concentrations particles are considered agglom-
erated, but some after some with increased circulation speed of nano
coolant high concentration liquid is performing well as compared to
3.2. Modelling low concentration of GO nano coolant particles, this phenomenon is
represented in Fig. 4 till 200 mm length of tube. Maximum temperature
V-type fins used in this study is taken from the Rotax kart engine drop is recorded at 10% of GO, as by enhancing the number of nano-
radiator. According to the below mentioned selected parameters, particles in water heat carrying components are increased and max-
modeling of geometry is drafted using Solid Works software package. imum heat is exchanged between the crossing air (considered as cold
Step by step geometry construction is illustrated in Fig. 1. All four views liquid) and circulating coolant.
of small part of car radiator is also shown there for better visualization Fig. 5 clearly shows the effectiveness comparison of radiator at
of geometrical aspects of the radiator. different concentrations of GO nanoparticles and compared with base
coolant water. Typically, in this simulation selected concentrations
3.3. Meshing (6%, 8% and 10% volumetric fraction) of graphene oxide nanofluid
have significant effects on the effectiveness. Effectiveness bar chart
Meshing is done in Ansys ICEM module which is a good choice for clearly depicts values 0.086085, 0.138, 0.1557 and 0.17 for water, 6%,
structured meshing. The mesh is refined at the boundary and sharp 8% and 10% by vol of the nanoparticles, respectively (Fig. 8). Percen-
edges. Fig. 2 shows the meshed layout of the front side of the model. tage improvement of effectiveness equal to 62.227% is calculated from
Fig. 3 is the enlarge view emphasize on the refinement at the boundary. the results with the addition of 6% by vol. GO nanoparticles in water
The grid is coarsened radically with the height of the fins keeping the and it increases up to maximum value 97.49% with the addition of 10%
growth rate less than 1.2 in order to reduce the computational cost as by vol. GO nanoparticles. The reason for such enhancement in effec-
much as possible. Complete meshed model shown in Fig. 4. tiveness is due to the increased thermal conductivity of nanofluid as
compared to water. Increase in thermal conductivity of nanofluid with
3.3.1. Grid independence study the concentration of GO nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 9.
For grid independence study computation is performed for three
different mesh sizes followed by course, medium and fine having 5. Conclusions
1922725, 2,796,533 and 4,621,392 cells, respectively. The outlet
coolant temperature monitored for this study. There is a minor effect on Graphene nanoparticles doped in base fluid (water) for performance
the result for all the three cases. The results are the same up to 5 dec- enhancement purpose has been studied. Graphene oxide nanoparticles
imal places from medium to fine mesh. Therefore, for saving time and with volumetric fraction of 6%, 8% and 10% in water with the inlet
computation costs medium sized mesh is selected for further studies. mass flow rate of 2 LPM have been studied. 9.68, 10.89, and 11.9 K of
The computations are done on an HPC facility supported by BUAA. temperature drop for the whole radiator is observed for 6%, 8% and
Most of the computations are done on 2 nodes and 32 CPU cores on 10% volumetric fraction of Graphene oxide nanoparticles in water,
Intel Xeon ® Gold 6240 system. respectively. With the percentage increase in the addition of nano-
particles, the effectiveness of radiator increases. Percentage effective-
4. Results and discussion ness of 62.227% is calculated with the addition of 6% vol. fraction of
GO in water (Figs. 6–8).
Contour of temperature for the nanofluid (6%, vol. GO + water) is The results are applicable for high temperature applications such as
given in Fig. 2. Red color shows maximum temperature and minimum in car radiators where the inlet coolant temperature is relatively high.
temperature is shown in blue color. Along the given length of tube Using this type of coolant for heat transfer enhancements can help in

4
H. Ijaz, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 20 (2020) 100689

Fig. 1. Geometry construction steps and its four views.

Fig. 2. Meshing layout (Front view).

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H. Ijaz, et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 20 (2020) 100689

Fig. 3. Enlarge view of boundary mesh.

Fig. 6. Temperature vs tube length at 6%by Vol. GO.

Fig. 4. Complete meshed model.

developing more compact and lightweight radiators for cars and can be
applied in other industries as well.

6. Industrial applications

This study will help to provide better understanding the effect of

nano coolant on the effectiveness of car radiator. This study will pro-
vide new avenue for designing the compact and light weight radiators
but enhanced performance. Fig. 7. Temperature drop across the length of tube at various concentration of
GO.

Fig. 5. Temperature contour for Nano fluid.

6
H. Ijaz, et al.
Fig. 8. Comparison of effectiveness at different % ages of nano particles.
Fig. 9. Thermal conductivity at different % ages by vol of GO.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Hamdoon Ijaz: Formal analysis. Hassan Raza: Supervision,
Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft. Ghulam
Abbas Gohar: Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing. Sana Ullah:
Supervision, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing. Awais
Akhtar: Writing - review & editing. Muhammad Imran: Writing - re-
view & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
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