PARAMETERS OF

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

(AS PER BNBC AND ASCE)

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 1

SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS
AS PER BNBC

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 2

Analysis Types (considering applied load, materials and geometry)
SL Applied Loads Materials Analysis Type

1 Static Linear Linear Static Analysis (LSA)

Non-Linear Static Analysis

2 Static Non-Linear
(NLSA/Pushover)

3 Response Spectrum Linear Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA)

Time History
4 Linear Linear Time History Analysis (LTHA)
Analysis

Time History Non-Linear Time History Analysis

5 Non-Linear
Analysis (NLTHA)

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2. Limitations of equivalent static analysis

Assumptions
 Assume that structure is rigid.
 Assume perfect fixity between structure and foundation.
 During ground motion every point on the structure experience same accelerations
 Dominant effect of earthquake is equivalent to horizontal force of varying
magnitude over the height.
1. Why Dynamic Analysis
 Approximately determines the total horizontal force (Base shear) on the structure.
2. Limitations of Equivalent Static Analysis
3. Types of Dynamic Analysis
Limitations
 Empirical relationships are used to specify dynamic inertial forces as static forces
 Static lateral force method is based on a regular distribution of stiffness and mass
in a structure
 It becomes less accurate as the structure varies from this assumption
 Historically- regular buildings perform better in earthquakes than do irregular
buildings.
 Is restricted only to a single mode of vibration of the structure

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Dynamic Analysis Methods

1. Why Dynamic Analysis

2. Limitations of Equivalent Static Analysis
3. Types of Dynamic Analysis

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1. Why Dynamic Analysis ?

According to BNBC 2020:

1. Regular Building, H > 40m (131 ft) in Zones 2,3,4 (Table 6.2.15) and H > 90m (295 ft) in Zone 1
2. Irregular Building, H > 12m (39 ft) in Zones 2,3,4 (Table 6.2.15) and H > 40m (131 ft) in Zone 1
3. Based on Soil profile, Height limitations are given in Table 6.2.19
4. T > Smallest of 4Tc or 2 Sec. Where, H= height of Structure
1. Why Dynamic Analysis
2. Limitations of Equivalent Static Analysis
3. Types of Dynamic Analysis

According to BNBC 2006:

1. Regular Building, H > 75m (246 ft)
2. Irregular Building, H > 20m (66 ft)
3. Structure In zone 3 (Fig. 6.2.10), H > 20m (66 ft)
4. Structure, regular or Irregular, located on soil profile S4 (Table 6.2.25) and Time period > 0.7 sec.
Where, H= height of Structure

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3. Types of Dynamic Analysis

1. Why Dynamic Analysis Response Spectrum Analysis

2. Limitations of Equivalent Static Analysis
3. Types of Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Analysis BNBC 93 Spectra

Time History Analysis

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi El Centro EQ (N-S) 1940 7

Basics of Earthquake Ground Motion
• Most earthquakes result from rapid movement along the
plane of faults within the earth's crust.
• Sudden movement of fault releases a great deal of energy,
which travels through the earth in the form of seismic
waves
• The seismic waves travel for great distances before
finally losing most of their energy.
• When earthquake ground motion occurs underneath a
building and when it is strong enough, it sets the
building in motion,
• starting with the building's foundation,
• and transfers the motion throughout the rest of the
building in a very complex way.
• These motions in turn induce forces that can produce
damage.

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Basics of Earthquake Ground Motion

Source: Dr. Tahmeed Malik Al Hussani, BUET

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 Attenuation Relationships
Basics of Earthquake Ground Motion

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 Ground Motion at a Site
Basics of Earthquake Ground Motion
• The earthquake ground motion characteristics that have the greatest
Site Effects importance for buildings are the duration, amplitude (of displacement,
velocity and acceleration), and frequency of the ground motion.
• Frequency is defined as the number of complete cycles of vibration made by
the wave per second.
• A complete cycle of vibration is from one crest of the wave to the next (one
B full wavelength).

Acceleration
• Frequency is often measured in units called Hertz (Hz). Thus, if two full
waves pass in one second, the frequency is 2 Hz.
A
• Period is proportional to: square root of mass and I
Time • inversely proportional to: square root of stiffness
• Amplifies ground motion • (force required to impart unit displacement)
• centered around the building's natural frequency, the response from ground
• Lengthens duration motion at a frequency close or equal to their natural frequencies.
Generally, the shorter a building is, the shorter its period and the higher its
• Changes frequency content natural frequency. The taller a building is, the longer its period and the
lower its natural frequency.

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Basics of Earthquake Ground Motion

Inertia Force
Inertia Force
u
Roof

Column

Foundation

Soil

Acceleration

Inertia force and relative motion within a building

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Basics of Earthquake Ground Motion
• Acceleration has important influence on damage, because, as an
object in motion, the building obeys Newton’s Second Law of Inertia Force
Motion.
The simplest form of the equation which expresses this law is F = ma. Inertia Force
• The Force acting on the building is equal to the Mass of the building u
Roof
times the Acceleration. So, as the acceleration of the ground, and in
turn, of the building, increases, so does the force which affects the
building and the potential for damage to the building.
• It is important to note that F is actually what's known as an inertia
force, that is, the force is created by the building's tendency to remain Column
at rest, and in its original position, even though the ground underneath
Foundation
it is moving.
In some circumstances, dynamic amplification (due to near resonance) Soil
can increase the building acceleration to a value two or more times that of
Acceleration
the ground acceleration at the base.
Generally, buildings with higher natural frequencies or short natural Inertia force and relative motion within a building
periods tend to suffer higher accelerations but smaller displacements.
In the case of buildings with lower natural frequencies or long natural
periods, this is reversed and the buildings experience lower accelerations
but larger displacements.

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Basics of Earthquake Ground Motion
 General principles:
• To provide guidelines to minimize the risk to life for all structures,
• To increase expected performance of higher occupancy structures
compared to ordinary structures ( by increasing importance factor)
• To improve the capability of essential structures to function after an earthquake (by increasing
importance factor)
• Building design without any damage for a major earthquake event not economically feasible
• To allow inelastic deformation & structural damage at preferred locations in structure
• To prevent structural collapse during a major earthquake
• The building structure shall include complete lateral and vertical force‐resisting systems
• Withstand the design ground motions within the prescribed limits of deformation and strength demand
• The design ground motions shall be assumed to occur along any horizontal direction
• The adequacy of the structural systems shall be demonstrated through the construction of a mathematical model

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Base Shear Calculation by Static Analysis Method
1. Earthquake Base Shear
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building

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1. Earthquake Base Shear Base shear V = SaW (Eqn. 6.2.37)
2 ZI
Spectral Acceleration Sa  Cs (Eqn. 6.2.34)
3 R
1. Earthquake Base Shear

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code k >1 k=1

2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor F7
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
Vertical Distribution of base shear F6
k F5
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
w x hx
2.7 Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight. Fx  V n (Eqn. 6.2.41) F4

 wi hi
k
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 F3
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations i 1 F2
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
k = 1 for structure period  0.5 F1
= 2 for structure period ≥ 2.5s
= linear interpolation between 1 and 2 for other periods. V

W = weight of the building

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1. Earthquake Base Shear

1. Earthquake Base Shear

2 3 4 5 1
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient

V = (2/3) ( I Cs / R ) ZW
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 BNBC 2020

4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
1. Z = ag (PGArock)/g; W = mg  ZW = mag
2. 2/3 account for DBE
3. I = Importance factor
4. Cs/C includes
 Soil site characteristic (S) to consider soil amplification and
 Time period of structure (T)
5. R (Response Modification Factor) accounts nonlinear building response

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2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code

1. Earthquake Base Shear

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code

2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property Base Shear, V = SaW
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period Sa = Maximum of (2/3)(ZI/R)Cs and (2/3)(ZIS)β
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.
Where,
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 Sa = Design spectral acceleration (in units of g)
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
β = coefficient used to calculate lower bound for Sa (β = 0.15)
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building Z = Seismic zone coefficient (Table 6.2.15)
I = Structure importance factor (Table 6.2.17)
R = Response reduction factor (Table 6.2.5.7)
Cs = Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Equations
6.2.35a-d)

V = SaW =  F
Seismic Base Shear

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2. BNBC 2015 Method-1: similar to Euro Code

Seismic Zone Coefficient, Z

Table 6.2.14 or Table 6.2.15 or Fig. 6.2.24

Importance factor, I Occupancy Category

Table 6.2.17 Table 6.1.1
Base Shear, V = SaW Site Class
Eq. 6.2.37 Response Reduction Factor, R Seismic Design Category
Table 6.2.13
Table 6.2.19 SDC- B, C, D Table 6.2.18
Eq. 6.2.31~33
1. Earthquake Base Shear Sa ≥ (2/3)(ZI/R)Cs and
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code (2/3)(ZIS)β Eq. 6.2.34
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
Soil factor, S Site Class β = coefficient used to
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property and TB, TC, TD Table 6.2.13 calculate lower bound
2.4 Seismic Design Category Table 6.2.16 Eq. 6.2.31~33 for Sa (β = 0.15)
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.
Damping correction factor, η
Normalized acceleration Eq. 6.2.36
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05
4. Design for Torsional Effect response spectrum, Cs
5. Earthquake Load Combinations Eq. 6.2.35a~d Structure (building) period, T Values for coefficients, Ct and m
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building Section 2.5.7.2, Eq. 6.2.38~40 Table 6.2.20

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2.1. Seismic Zone Coefficient (BNBC 2020)
1. Earthquake Base Shear
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05
4. Design for Torsional Effect
Earthquake Load Combinations
5.
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC
Building
DBE and MCE are seismic design parameters for building code
design. They are derived based on statistical analysis of past
seismicity data.
Idealized Force-Displacement MCE or Maximum Considered Earthquake defines the peak
horizontal accelerations with 2% probability of exceedance in 50
Elastic years. DBE or Design Basis earthquake (DBE) defines the peak
Fu horizontal accelerations with 10% probability of exceedance in 50
years. Determining MCE & DBE is part of the routine probabilistic
seismic hazard analysis of the site.
Elastic Inelastic
Fe For strategic installations, a site specific response spectrum is
developed for soft soil sites after taking into account the soil-building
U interaction. The site specific MCE spectrum is developed by
following the strict provedure. Once MCE is obtained, the DBE is
' e
'u taken as 2/3 times the MCE.
Lateral Displacement
Often due to incompleteness of the historical catalogue of
earthquakes and poor knowledge of ground motion of past
earthquakes, it is not possible to determine MCE in a straightforward
manner. Several customized approaches are used in such cases for
seismic hazard estimation.
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 2.1. Seismic Zone Coefficient (BNBC 2020)

1. Earthquake Base Shear Table 6.2.14: Description of Seismic Zones

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar Seismic
to Euro Code
Seismic Seismic Zone
Location Coefficient,
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient Zone Intensity
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
Z
2.4 Seismic Design Category Southwestern part including
2.5 Structural/Building Period 1 Barisal, Khulna, Jessore, Rajshahi Low 0.12
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
Lower Central and Northwestern
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight. part including Noakhali, Dhaka,
Pabna, Dinajpur, as well as
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 2 Southwestern corner including Moderate 0.20
4. Design for Torsional Effect Sundarbans
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC
Building Upper Central and Northwestern
part including Brahmanbaria,
3 Sirajganj, Rangpur Severe 0.28

Northeastern part including

Very
4 Sylhet, Mymensingh, Kurigram.
Severe
0.36

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 2.2. Importance factor (BNBC 2015)
BNBC 2020
1. Earthquake Base Shear Occupancy Category
Occupancy category I: who cares if it falls down?
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code Table 6.2.17: Importance factor for Buildings
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
and Structure Occupancy category II: normal buildings
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category Importance Occupancy category III: schools, hospitals, water and sewer
Occupancy Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period factor plants, power generation stations.
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs) I,II 1 Buildings and areas of buildings where a lot of people
2.8 Seismic Weight. III 1.25 congregate. Buildings that would make life very difficult if
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 we did not have them after an earthquake or where a large
IV 1.5
4. Design for Torsional Effect number of people could be in one room and hurt or
5. Earthquake Load Combinations trapped.
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
Note:
Occupancy Category of Buildings and other Occupancy category IV: Essential for life safety immediately
Structures for Flood, Surge, Wind and after an earthquake. Designed to take the impact from a
Earthquake Loads is described in Table 6.1.1 quake and keep going, like the energizer rabbit. Hospitals with
ER and surgery suites, police and fire stations. The building
must be designated as an essential facility to be IV, if not
designated it should be III.

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 Occupancy Category of Buildings and Other Structures (Table 6.1.1)
2.2. Importance factor (BNBC2020) Occupancy
Nature of Occupancy
Category

1. Earthquake Base Shear Buildings and other structures that represent a low hazard to human life in the I
event of failure
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code All buildings and other structures except those listed II
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient in Occupancy Categories I, III, and IV
2.2 Importance factor Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
life in the event of failure, including, but not limited to: III
2.4 Seismic Design Category • W here more than 300 people congregate in one area
2.5 Structural/Building Period • Daycare facilities with a capacity greater than 150
2.6 Response Reduction Factor • S chool facilities with a capacity greater than 250
2.7 Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs) • C olleges or adult education facilities having more than 500 students.
2.8 Seismic Weight. • Health care facilities with a capacity of 50 or more resident patients but nor
surgery facility.
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 • Jails and detention facilities
4. Design for Torsional Effect Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities, including, but
5. Earthquake Load Combinations not limited to: IV
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building • Hospitals and other health care facilities having surgery or emergency
treatment facilities
• Fire, rescue, ambulance, and police stations and emergency vehicle garages
• Designated earthquake, hurricane, or other emergency shelters
• Designated emergency preparedness, communication, and operation
centers and other facilities required for emergency response
• Power generating stations and other public utility facilities required in an
emergency
• Ancillary structures (including, but not limited to, communication towers,
fuel storage tanks, cooling towers, electrical substation structures, fire
water storage tanks or other structures housing or supporting water, or
other fire-suppression material or equipment) required for operation of
Occupancy Category IV structures during an emergency

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2.3. Site Class based on soil Property (BNBC 2020) BNBC 2020 (Table 6.2.13)
Average Soil Properties in top 30 meters

Site Standard
Description of soil profile up to 30 meters depth Shear wave Undrained
Class Penetration
velocity shear strength,
1. Earthquake Base Shear Value, 𝑵
𝑽 𝒔 (m/s) (blows/30cm) 𝑺 𝒖 (kPa)
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code Rock or other rock-like geological formation, including at most 5
SA > 800 -- --
m of weaker material at the surface.
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very stiff clay, at least
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property SB several tens of meters in thickness, characterized by a gradual 360 – 800 > 50 > 250
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period increase of mechanical properties with depth.
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
Deep deposits of dense or medium dense sand, gravel or stiff clay
2.7 Normalized acceleration SC 180 – 360 15 - 50 70 - 250
response spectrum (Cs) with thickness from several tens to many hundreds of meters.
2.8 Seismic Weight. Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesionless soil (with or without
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: SD some soft cohesive layers), or of predominantly soft-to-firm < 180 < 15 < 70
4. Design for Torsional Effect cohesive soil.
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building A soil profile consisting of a surface alluvium layer with Vs values
SE of type C or D and thickness varying between about 5 m and 20 -- -- --
m, underlain by stiffer material with Vs > 800 m/s.
Deposits consisting, or containing a layer at least 10 m thick, of
< 100
S1 soft clays/silts with a high plasticity index (PI > 40) and high -- 10 - 20
(indicative)
water content
Deposits of liquefiable soils, of sensitive clays, or any other soil
S2 -- -- --
profile not included in types SA to SE or S 1
Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 24
2.3. Site Class based on soil Property (BNBC 2015)
Site Categories
A: HARD Rock (not the café)
1. Earthquake Base Shear B: Rock but not hard rock (soft rock, rockabilly) BASIS for the
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar values on maps
to Euro Code
C: Soft rock and dense soil (carol king and engineers (dense)
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient most soils in the Midwest
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property D: Stiff soil: (guy that doesn’t leave a tip) Default if you don't
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
know what the composition of the soil
2.6 Response Reduction Factor E: Soft clay, Play Doh, soft clay in Houston area, moves a lot in
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs) an earthquake
2.8 Seismic Weight.
F: liquefiable soils sensitive clays, peat, organic clays think
3.
4.
BNBC 2020 Method-2:
Design for Torsional Effect
pudding or watered down oatmeal. Noncohesive soils are prone
5. Earthquake Load Combinations to liquefaction (Not included in BNBC)
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
All formulas, maps, etc, are based on site category B material.
Factors used in determining Sd1,
Sds, Cs are adjustment to account for the difference in the way
the soils will react to an earthquake.

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2.4. Seismic Design Category (BNBC 2015)

1. Earthquake Base Shear

Table 6.2.18: Seismic Design Category of Buildings
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code

2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient Occupancy Category I,II and III Importance Class IV
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category Site Class Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration SA B C C D C D D D
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.
SB B C D D C D D D
SC B C D D C D D D
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2:
4. Design for Torsional Effect SD C D D D D D D D
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building SE, S1, S2 D D D D D D D D

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2.4. Seismic Design Category (BNBC 2015)
1. Earthquake Base Shear
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2:
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5.
6.
Earthquake Load Combinations
Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
Buildings are to be designed in accordance with
Seismic Design Category (SDC).
Seismic Design Category vs RC design requirement.
SDC Severity Design requirement
B Low  Ordinary reinforcement design provisions considering code specified
seismic and other loads.
 Use of reinforcement up to Grade 80 is possible for main reinforcement.
C Medium  Reinforcement design provisions considering code specified seismic and
other loads.
 Use of reinforcement up to Grade 80 is possible for main reinforcement.
 Specific detailing of reinforcement at joints are required (no special
calculation needed).
D High  Special seismic design provisions considering code specified seismic and
other loads for reinforcement design.
 Maximum Grade 60 steel is allowed for main reinforcement. Rebar must
have fu/fy>1.25 as well as meet specified ductility requirement.
 Reinforcement design and detailing at joints are required based on special
design calculations specific for joints. This is essential.
Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 27
2.4. Seismic Design Category (BNBC 2015)
1. Earthquake Base Shear
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2:
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
Buildings are to be designed in accordance with Seismic Design Category (SDC -D).
Ductility and behaviour factor
Designing structures to remain elastic in large earthquakes is likely to be uneconomic in most cases, as the force
demands will be very large. A more economical design can be achieved by accepting some level of damage short of
complete collapse, and making use of the ductility of the structure to reduce the force demands to acceptable levels.
Ductility is defined as the ability of a structure or member to withstand large deformations beyond its yield point (often
over many cycles) without fracture. In earthquake engineering, ductility is expressed in terms of demand and supply. The
ductility demand is the maximum ductility that the structure experiences during an earthquake, which is a function of
both the structure and the earthquake. The ductility supply is the maximum ductility the structure can sustain without
fracture. This is purely a structural property.
Of course, if one calculates design forces on the basis of a ductile response, it is then essential to ensure that the structure
does indeed fail by a ductile mode well before brittle failure modes develop, that is, that ductility supply exceeds the
maximum likely demand – a principle known as capacity design. Examples of designing for ductility include
• Ensuring plastic hinges form in beams before columns
• Providing adequate confinement to concrete using closely spaced steel hoops
• Ensuring that steel members fail away from connections
• Avoiding large irregularities in structural form
• Ensuring flexural strengths are significantly lower than shear strengths
Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 28
 2.5. Structural/Building Period

1. Earthquake Base Shear

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar

to Euro Code
Time Period, T= Ct (hn)m
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property Table 6.2.20: Values for Coefficients to Estimate Approximate
2.4 Seismic Design Category Period
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
Structure type Ct m
response spectrum (Cs) Concrete moment-resisting frames 0.0466 0.9
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Steel moment-resisting frames 0.0724 0.8

4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations Eccentrically braced steel frame 0.0731 0.75
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
All other structural systems 0.0488 0.75

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2.6. Response Reduction Factor (BNBC 2020)
Table 6.2.19: Response Reduction Factor (R)
Response System Deflection SDC B SDC C SDC D
Seismic Force–Resisting System Reduction Overstrength Amplification
Height limit (m)
1. Earthquake Base Shear
Factor, R Factor, Ω0 Factor, C𝒅
A. BEARING WALL SYSTEMS (no frame)
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar 1. Special reinforced concrete shear walls 5 2.5 5 NL NL 50
to Euro Code
2. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 4 2.5 4 NL NL NP
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient 3. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls 2 2.5 1.75 NL 50 NP
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property 4. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls 1.5 2.5 1.25 18 NP NP
2.4 Seismic Design Category B. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS (with
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
bracing or shear wall)
2.7 Normalized acceleration 1. Steel eccentrically braced frames, moment
response spectrum (Cs) resisting connections at columns away from 8 2 4 NL NL 50
2.8 Seismic Weight.
links
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: 2. Steel eccentrically braced frames, non-
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
moment-resisting, connections at columns 7 2 4 NL NL 50
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building away from links
3. Special steel concentrically braced frames 6 2 5 NL NL 50
4. Ordinary steel concentrically braced frames 3.25 2 3.25 NL NL 11
5. Special reinforced concrete shear walls 6 2.5 5 NL NL 50
6. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 5 2.5 4.25 NL NL NP
7. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls 2 2.5 2 NL 50 NP
8. Ordinary plain masonry shear walls 1.5 2.5 1.25 18 NP NP
Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 30
2.6. Response Reduction Factor (BNBC 2020)
Table 6.2.19: Response Reduction Factor (R)
Response System Deflection SDC B SDC C SDC D
Seismic Force–Resisting System Reduction Overstrength Amplification
Height limit (m)
1. Earthquake Base Shear Factor, R Factor, Ω0 Factor, C𝒅
C. MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code SYSTEMS (no shear wall)
1. Special steel moment frames 8 3 5.5 NL NL NL
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor 2. Intermediate steel moment frames 4.5 3 4 NL NL 35
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property 3. Ordinary steel moment frames 3.5 3 3 NL NL NP
2.4 Seismic Design Category 4. Special reinforced concrete moment frames 8 3 5.5 NL NL NL
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor 5. Intermediate reinforced concrete moment
5 3 4.5 NL NL NP
2.7 Normalized acceleration frames
response spectrum (Cs)
6. Ordinary reinforced concrete moment
2.8 Seismic Weight. 3 3 2.5 NL NP NP
frames
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2:
4. Design for Torsional Effect
D. DUAL SYSTEMS: SPECIAL MOMENT
5. Earthquake Load Combinations FRAMES CAPABLE OF RESISTING AT
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building LEAST 25% OF PRESCRIBED SEISMIC
FORCES (with bracing or shear wall)
1. Steel eccentrically braced frames 8 2.5 4 NL NL NL
2. Special steel concentrically braced frames 7 2.5 5.5 NL NL NL
3. Special reinforced concrete shear walls 7 2.5 5.5 NL NL NL
4. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 6 2.5 5 NL NL NP

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 31

2.6. Response Reduction Factor (BNBC 2020)
Table 6.2.19: Response Reduction Factor (R)

Response System Deflection SDC B SDC C SDC D

Seismic Force–Resisting System Reduction Overstrength Amplification
1. Earthquake Base Shear Height limit (m)
Factor, R Factor, Ω0 Factor, C𝒅
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar E. DUAL SYSTEMS: INTERMEDIATE
to Euro Code MOMENT FRAMES CAPABLE OF
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient RESISTING AT LEAST 25% OF
2.2 Importance factor PRESCRIBED SEISMIC FORCES (with
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property bracing or shear wall)
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period 1. Special steel concentrically braced frames 6 2.5 5 NL NL 11
2.6 Response Reduction Factor 2. Special reinforced concrete shear walls 6.5 2.5 5 NL NL 50
2.7 Normalized acceleration 3. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls 3 3 3 NL 50 NP
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight. 4. Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 5.5 2.5 4.5 NL NL NP
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2:
F. DUAL SHEAR WALL-FRAME SYSTEM:
4. Design for Torsional Effect ORDINARY REINFORCED CONCRETE
5. Earthquake Load Combinations MOMENT FRAMES AND ORDINARY 4.5 2.5 4 NL NP NP
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR
WALLS
G. STEEL SYSTEMS NOT SPECIFICALLY
3 3 3 NL NL NP
DETAILED FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 32

2.7. Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs) (BNBC 2020)
1. Earthquake Base Shear Equations 6.2.35
S = Soil factor (Table 6.2.16)  T 
2.5  1
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code C s  S  1  for 0  T  TB
T = Structure (building) period (Section 2.5.9.2)  TB 
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor TB, TC, TD are given in Table 6.2.16 C s  2.5Sη for TB  T  TC
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category η = Damping correction factor =1 for 5% viscous damping T 
2.5 Structural/Building Period C s  2.5S  C  for TC  T  TD
2.6 Response Reduction Factor T 
2.7 Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs)
T T 
C s  2.5S  C 2D  for TD  T  4 sec
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2:  T 

4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building

η  10 /(5   )  0.55

Here  is structural damping

expressed as a percentage of
critical damping.

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 33

2.7. Normalized acceleration response spectrum (Cs) (BNBC 2020)
1. Earthquake Base Shear
Table 6.2.16 : Site dependent soil factor and other parameters defining elastic response spectrum
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code

2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient Soil type S TB(s) TC (s) TD (s)

2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category SA 1.0 0.15 0.40 2.0
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration SB 1.2 0.15 0.50 2.0
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight. SC 1.15 0.20 0.60 2.0
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2:
4. Design for Torsional Effect SD 1.35 0.20 0.80 2.0
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
SE 1.4 0.15 0.50 2.0

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 34

2.8. Seismic Weight

BNBC 2020
1. Earthquake Base Shear
Seismic weight, W, is the total dead load of a building or a structure, including
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar
to Euro Code partition walls, and applicable portions of other imposed loads listed below:
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period a) For live load up to and including 3 kN/m2, a minimum of 25 percent of the live
2.6 Response Reduction Factor load shall be applicable.
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs) b) For live load above 3 kN/m2, a minimum of 50 percent of the live load shall be
2.8 Seismic Weight. applicable.
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: c) Total weight (100 percent) of permanent heavy equipment or retained liquid or
4.
5.
Design for Torsional Effect
Earthquake Load Combinations
any imposed load sustained in nature shall be included.
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 35

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05

1. Earthquake Base Shear

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code

2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient

2.2 Importance factor Base Shear V = Cs W Cs = SDSI/R
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category Cs = the seismic response coefficient
2.5 Structural/Building Period
≤ (SD1I /R)/T for T ≤ TL
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration ≤ (SD1I /R)/(TL /T2) for T > TL
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight. ≥ 0.01
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
SD1 = (2/3)FvS1
SDS = (2/3)F S
a s

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 36

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05

1. Earthquake Base Shear Seismic Design Parameter for Method-2 (Alternative Method) of Base Shear Calculation
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code
Notation Parameter ASCE 7-05 Address BNBC-2015 Address
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property Cs Seismic response coefficient Sec. 12.8.1.1
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period I Structure importance factor Table 15.5-1 T-6.2.17, T-6.1.1
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
R Response reduction factor Table 12.2-1 T-6.2.19
response spectrum (Cs)
T Structure (building) period Sec 12.8.2 Eq. 6.2.38, T-6.2.20
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 TL Long period transition period (sec) Sec. 11.4.5
4. Design for Torsional Effect
SD1 Design spectral response parameter at a period 1.0 sec Eq. 11.4-3 Appendix C (T-6.C.5)
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
SDS Design spectral response parameter in the short period Eq. 11.4-4 Appendix C (T-6.C.4)
Ss Spectral response acceleration in the short period Eq. 11.4.1 Appendix C (T-6.C.1)
S1 Spectral response acceleration at a period 1.0 sec Eq. 11.4.1 Appendix C (T-6.C.1)
Fa Site Coefficient Table 14.4-1 Appendix C (T-6.C.2)
Fv Site Coefficient Table 14.4-2 Appendix C (T-6.C.3)

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 37

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05

1. Earthquake Base Shear SDS is the design spectral acceleration corresponding to 0.2 sec period.
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code
SD1 corresponds to design spectral acceleration at 1 second period.
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor It is significant in the way that for small amplitudes SDS governs the
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category spectrum and for large amplitudes, SD1 governs the spectrum. These
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor parameters help in enhancing or reducing the earthquake coefficient based
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
on the response spectrum generated by damping percentage.
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05

4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 38

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 Table 6.C.1: Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter Ss
and S1 for Different Seismic Zone
Parameters Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
1. Earthquake Base Shear
Ss 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code S1 0.12 0.2 0.28 0.36
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient Table 6.C.2: Site Coefficient Fa for Different Seismic
2.2 Importance factor Zone and Soil Type Table 6.C.3: Site Coefficient Fv for Different Seismic Zone
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property and Soil Type
2.4 Seismic Design Category Soil Type Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
2.5 Structural/Building Period SA 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Soil Type Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
2.6 Response Reduction Factor SA 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2.7 Normalized acceleration
SB 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
response spectrum (Cs) SC 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 SB 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
2.8 Seismic Weight. SC 1.725 1.725 1.725 1.725
SD 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 SE 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 SD 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
SE 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building
Table 6.C.4: Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter Table 6.C.5: Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter SD1
SDS for Different Seismic Zone and Soil Type for Different Seismic Zone and Soil Type
Soil Type Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4 Soil Type Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4
SA 0.2 0.333 0.466 0.6 SA 0.08 0.133 0.186 0.24
SB 0.24 0.4 0.56 0.72 SB 0.12 0.2 0.28 0.36
SC 0.23 0.383 0.536 0.69 SC 0.138 0.23 0.322 0.414
SD 0.27 0.45 0.63 0.81 SD 0.216 0.36 0.504 0.648
SE 0.28 0.466 0.653 0.84 SE 0.14 0.233 0.326 0.42
Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 39
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE The accidental torsional moment 𝑀𝑡𝑎𝑖 at level 𝑖 is given as:

1. Earthquake Base Shear

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code

Mtai  eaiFiAx
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
Where,
2.2 Importance factor accidental eccentricity of floor mass at level i applied in the same direction at all
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property floors =±0.05Li
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
Li= floor dimension perpendicular to the direction of seismic force considered.
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05

4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building

Design for torsional effects:

Torsional design moment at a given storey = Accidental torsional
moment 𝑀𝑡𝑎 + Inbuilt torsional moment 𝑀𝑡 (if any).
In-built torsional effects: When there is in-built eccentricity
between center of mass and center of rigidity (lateral resistance) at
floor levels, rigid diaphragms at each level will be subject to
torsional moment 𝑀𝑡. Figure 6.2.29 Torsional amplification factor Ax for plan
Accidental torsional effects: In order to account for uncertainties irregularity.
in the location of masses and in the spatial variation of the seismic
motion, accidental torsional effects need to be always considered. Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 40
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE

1. Earthquake Base Shear

BNBC 2017 PROVISIONS
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code Load Effect Combinations for LRFD/USD (Sec. 2.7.3):
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property 1. 1.4(D+F) D= Dead load
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2. 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R) E= Seismic Load
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor 3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (L or 0.8W) F= Fluid pr.
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs) 4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or R) H= Soil pr.
2.8 Seismic Weight.
5. 1.2D + E + L L= Live load
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 6. 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H Lr = Roof live load
4.
5.
Design for Torsional Effect
Earthquake Load Combinations 7. 0.9D + E + 1.6H R= Rain load
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building T= Thermal load
W= Wind load

Definition of Seismic Load, E

Total load effects of earthquake that include both horizontal and
vertical, or related internal moments and forces.

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 41

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE

1. Earthquake Base Shear

BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS
2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code
E= Total load effects of earthquake that include both horizontal and
vertical, or related internal moments and forces.
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
Eh = Horizontal seismic load effect when the effect of system
2.4 Seismic Design Category overstrength factor is not included.
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor Ev = Vertical effect of seismic load.
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 Earthquake Load Effects and Load Combinations (Sec. 2.5.13)
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building 1. For use in load combination 5 in Section 2.7.3, E shall be determined in
accordance with the following equation,
E = Eh + Ev

2. For use in load combination 7 in Section 2.7.3, E shall be determined in

accordance with following equation,
E = Eh − Ev
Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 42
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE

1. Earthquake Base Shear BNBC 2017 SEISMIC PROVISIONS

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code
Horizontal Earthquake Load Effect, Eh
2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient
2.2 Importance factor The horizontal seismic load effect, Eh, shall be taken as the horizontal load
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
effects of seismic base shear V (Sec. 2.5.7 or 2.5.9).
The directions of application of horizontal seismic forces for design shall be
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
those which will produce the most critical load effects. Earthquake forces act
2.8 Seismic Weight. in both principal directions of the building simultaneously. In order to account
3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05 for that,
4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations (a) For structures of Seismic Design Category B, the design horizontal seismic
forces are permitted to be applied independently in each of two
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building

orthogonal directions and orthogonal interaction effects are permitted to

be neglected.
(b) Structures of Seismic Design Category C and D shall, as a minimum,
conform to the requirements of (a) for Seismic Design Category B and in
addition the requirements of this section as follows:

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 43

USD/LRFD Load Combination (BNBC 2015) for SDC-C (Except with Plan Irregularity Type-V) & SDC-B
1.0 1 1.4D 20 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WX1 39 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX1+EV 56 0.9D+1.6WY1
2.0 2 1.2D+1.6L+0.5Lr 21 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WX2 5.2 40 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX2+EV 57 0.9D+1.6WY2
4.1 6.3
3.0 3 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5L+L>100 22 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WX3 41 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX3+EV 58 0.9D+1.6WY3
4 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WX1 23 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WX4 42 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY1+EV 59 0.9D+1.6WY4
5 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WX2 24 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WX1 5.3 43 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY2+EV 60 0.9D-1.6WY1
3.1
6 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WX3 25 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WX2 44 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY3+EV 61 0.9D-1.6WY2
4.2 6.4
7 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WX4 26 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WX3 45 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY1+EV 62 0.9D-1.6WY3
8 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WX1 27 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WX4 5.4 46 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY2+EV 63 0.9D-1.6WY4
9 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WX2 28 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WY1 47 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY3+EV 64 0.9D+EX1-EV
3.2
10 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WX3 29 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WY2 48 0.9D+1.6WX1 7.1 65 0.9D+EX2-EV
4.3
11 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WX4 30 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WY3 49 0.9D+1.6WX2 66 0.9D+EX3-EV
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WY1 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WY4 6.1
12 31 50 0.9D+1.6WX3 67 0.9D-EX1-EV
13 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WY2 32 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WY1 51 0.9D+1.6WX4 7.2 68 0.9D-EX2-EV
3.3
14 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WY3 33 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WY2 52 0.9D-1.6WX1 69 0.9D-EX3-EV
4.4
15 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WY4 34 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WY3 53 0.9D-1.6WX2 70 0.9D+EY1-EV
1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WY1 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WY4 6.2
16 35 54 0.9D-1.6WX3 7.3 71 0.9D+EY2-EV
17 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WY2 36 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX1+EV 55 0.9D-1.6WX4 72 0.9D+EY3-EV
3.4
18 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WY3 5.1 37 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX2+EV 73 0.9D-EY1-EV
19 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WY4 38 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX3+EV 7.4 74 0.9D-EY2-EV
Where, D = Dead Load L>100 = Live load > 100 psf EX = Earthquake load in X-direction 75 0.9D-EY3-EV
L = Live Load WX = Wind load in X-direction EY = Earthquake load in Y-direction
Lr = Roof Live Load WY = Wind loadRahman
in Y-direction EV = Earthquake load in Z-direction
Shafiqur Shafi 44
USD/LRFD Load Combination (BNBC 2015) for SDC-C (with Plan Irregularity Type-V) & SDC-D
1.0 1 1.4D 26 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WX3 51 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY1-0.3EX1+EV 76 0.9D+EX1+0.3EY1-EV
4.2
2.0 2 1.2D+1.6L+0.5Lr 27 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WX4 5.6 52 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY2-0.3EX1+EV 7.1 77 0.9D+EX2+0.3EY1-EV
3.0 3 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5L+L>100 28 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WY1 53 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY3-0.3EX1+EV 78 0.9D+EX3+0.3EY1-EV
4 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WX1 29 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WY2 54 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY1+0.3EX1+EV 79 0.9D+EX1-0.3EY1-EV
4.3
5 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WX2 30 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WY3 5.7 55 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY2+0.3EX1+EV 7.2 80 0.9D+EX2-0.3EY1-EV
3.1
6 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WX3 31 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WY4 56 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY3+0.3EX1+EV 81 0.9D+EX3-0.3EY1-EV
7 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WX4 32 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WY1 57 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY1-0.3EX1+EV 82 0.9D-EX1+0.3EY1-EV
8 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WX1 33 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WY2 5.8 58 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY2-0.3EX1+EV 7.3 83 0.9D-EX2+0.3EY1-EV
4.4
9 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WX2 34 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WY3 59 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EY3-0.3EX1+EV 84 0.9D-EX3+0.3EY1-EV
3.2
10 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WX3 35 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WY4 60 0.9D+1.6WX1 85 0.9D-EX1-0.3EY1-EV
11 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WX4 36 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX1+0.3EY1+EV 61 0.9D+1.6WX2 7.4 86 0.9D-EX2-0.3EY1-EV
6.1
12 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WY1 5.1 37 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX2+0.3EY1+EV 62 0.9D+1.6WX3 87 0.9D-EX3-0.3EY1-EV
13 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WY2 38 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX3+0.3EY1+EV 63 0.9D+1.6WX4 88 0.9D+EY1+0.3EX1-EV
3.3
14 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WY3 39 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX1-0.3EY1+EV 64 0.9D-1.6WX1 7.5 89 0.9D+EY2+0.3EX1-EV
15 1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8WY4 5.2 40 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX2-0.3EY1+EV 65 0.9D-1.6WX2 90 0.9D+EY3+0.3EX1-EV
6.2
16 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WY1 41 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EX3-0.3EY1+EV 66 0.9D-1.6WX3 91 0.9D+EY1-0.3EX1-EV
17 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WY2 42 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX1+0.3EY1+EV 67 0.9D-1.6WX4 7.6 92 0.9D+EY2-0.3EX1-EV
3.4
18 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WY3 5.3 43 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX2+0.3EY1+EV 68 0.9D+1.6WY1 93 0.9D+EY3-0.3EX1-EV
19 1.2D+1.6Lr-0.8WY4 44 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX3+0.3EY1+EV 69 0.9D+1.6WY2 94 0.9D-EY1+0.3EX1-EV
6.3
20 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WX1 45 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX1-0.3EY1+EV 70 0.9D+1.6WY3 7.7 95 0.9D-EY2+0.3EX1-EV
21 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WX2 5.4 46 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX2-0.3EY1+EV 71 0.9D+1.6WY4 96 0.9D-EY3+0.3EX1-EV
4.1
22 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WX3 47 1.2D+0.5L+L>100-EX3-0.3EY1+EV 72 0.9D-1.6WY1 97 0.9D-EY1-0.3EX1-EV
23 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100+1.6WX4 48 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY1+0.3EX1+EV 73 0.9D-1.6WY2 7.8 98 0.9D-EY2-0.3EX1-EV
6.4
24 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WX1 5.5 49 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY2+0.3EX1+EV 74 0.9D-1.6WY3 99 0.9D-EY3-0.3EX1-EV
4.2
25 1.2D+0.5L+0.5Lr+L>100-1.6WX2 50 1.2D+0.5L+L>100+EY3+0.3EX1+EV 75 0.9D-1.6WY4
Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 45
6. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to Euro Code

1. Earthquake Base Shear

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code

2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient

2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05

4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 46

6. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05

1. Earthquake Base Shear

2. BNBC 2020 Method-1: similar to Euro Code

2.1 Seismic Zone Coefficient

2.2 Importance factor
2.3 Site Class based on soil Property
2.4 Seismic Design Category
2.5 Structural/Building Period
2.6 Response Reduction Factor
2.7 Normalized acceleration
response spectrum (Cs)
2.8 Seismic Weight.

3. BNBC 2020 Method-2: Similar to ASCE 7-05

4. Design for Torsional Effect
5. Earthquake Load Combinations
6. Example For a Multi-storied RC Building

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 47

References
1. BNBC (2020): Bangladesh National Building Code BNBC (2006): Bangladesh National Building Code
2. ASCE 7 (2005): Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ASCE 7 (2010): Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures CSI Knowledge Base - Computers and Structures Inc.
3. Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings- Bungale S. Taranath
4. Lectures from Workshop on BNBC 2020 by S K Ghosh organized by S K Ghosh Associates
5. Lectures from Workshop on BNBC by Prof. Dr. Khan Mahmud Amanat organized by Military Institute of Science
and Technology
6. Lectures from Course on BNBC 2020 by Prof. Dr. Jahangir Alam organized by Military Institute of Science and
Technology
7. Lectures from 24 (Twenty-Four) Hours Online Course organized by Engineering & Research Associates Limited
(ERA)
8. Lectures from Course organized by 3C Engineering & Research
9. Lectures from Course organized by Nithiliya Drift Consultant
10. Lectures from T. Bart Quimby, P.E., Ph.D. organized by Quimby & Associates

Shafiqur Rahman Shafi 48