SCIENCE
ATOMIC MODELS RUTHERFORD pictures the atom as
mostly empty space and its mass is concentrated in the
nucleus, where you find the protons and the neutrons.
NIELS BOHR described the electron to be moving in
definite orbits around the nucleus.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL comes from the
mathematical solution to the Schrodinger equation. This
views an electron as a cloud of negative charge having a
certain geometrical shape.
CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BOND is formed by
complete transfer of one or more electrons from one
atom to another, resulting in the formation of
oppositely charged ions that attract one another.
COVALENT BOND is formed between two nonmetals
that involve sharing of one pairs of valence electrons
METALIC BONDS are the chemical bonds that hold
atoms together in metals.
S, P, D, F ORBITALS S ORBITAL (SHARP) is the spherical
cloud that becomes less dense as the distance from the
nucleus increases. It can only carry less than or equal to
2 number of electrons.
P ORBITAL (PRINCIPAL) is the dumbbell shaped cloud,
having two lobes on opposite sides of the nucleus. It
can carry less than or equal to 6 number of electrons.
D ORBITAL (DIFFUSED) is like a four-leaf clover, as an
hour and as a ring. It can carry less than or equal to 10
number of electrons.
F ORBITAL (FUNDAMENTAL) the f orbitals are difficult
to represent and too complex to visualize among them.
It can carry less than or equal than to 14 number of
electrons.
CARBON ATOM Carbon can also with itself. This ability
makes the carbon a unique atom. HYDROCARBONS are
made up of carbon and hydrogen which are covalently
bonded.
ALKANES (SINGLE BOND) 〖CH〗_4 Methane
ALKENES (DOUBLE BOND) C_2 H_4 Ethene
ALKYNES (TRIPLE BOND) C_9 H_16 1-Nonyne
NAMING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS BINARY (Metal and
Nonmetal, Two Nonmetals) When naming binary ionic
compounds, name the cation first (specifying the
charge, if necessary), then the nonmetal anion (element
stem + -ide). Do NOT use prefixes to indicate how many
of each element is present; this information is implied in
the name of the compound.
TERNARY make use of a polyatomic ion. Ternary
compounds are composed of three or more elements.
Ternary compounds are named by stating the cation
first, followed by the anion. Positive and negative
charges must balance.
AVOGARDROS NUMBER is the number of particles in
one mole of a substance. It is a very large number equal
to 6.02 x 10 particles.
MOLE CONCEPT is a unit of measurements for the
quantity of a substance.
MOLECULAR FORMULA gives the exact ratio of the
elements involved in the compound.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA is the simplest formula of a
compound. It is the smallest whole number ratio of the
elements found in the compound.
MATH
VARIATION -defines a concept that deals with
variability in mathematics.
DIRECT VARIATION is whenever a situation produces
pairs of numbers in which their ration is constant. y=kx
INVERSE VARIATION is when the one quantity increases
at a constant rate as the other quantity decreases.
y=k/x
JOINT VARIATION is a situation where one variable
depends on two (or more) other variables, and varies
directly as each of them when the others are held
constant. z=kxy
COMBINED VARIATION is just the combination of
direct and inverse proportionality. y=kx/z
CONSTANT OF VARIATION means the relationship
between variables does not change.
EQUATION OF VARIATION The equation of variation
given that y varies directly as x and inversely as z, y=kx/z
RATIONAL EXPONENT AND RADICALS POSITIVE
EXPONENT (a/b)n = an/bn and this is applicable for
every positive integer “n”.
NEGATIVE EXPONENT indicate that the reciprocal of the
base is to be used. a^(-n)=1/a^n , a≠0 ZERO EXPONENT
a^0 = 1, a≠0 INDEX the small number tucked inside the
check mark portion of the radical sign. n the expression
a_b, a is the index.
RADICAND the quantity written inside the radical
symbol, beneath its horizontal roof; b is the radicand of
the radical expression a_b.
RADICAL SIGN the symbol that looks like a check mark
with an elongated horizontal line stuck to the end of it.
√
POWER to which the radicand is raised becomes the
numerator and the root becomes the denominator.
LAWS OF EXPONENT If a b are real numbers and m and
n are positive integers, the it is a radical. xmxn=xm−n
LAWS OF RADICAL represent a fractional exponent in
which the numerator of the fractional exponent is the
power of the base and the denominator of the
fractional exponent is the index of the radical.
OPERATION ON RADICALS Addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division with radicals can be
accomplished by using the laws and rules for radicals.
HEALTH
RISK FACTORS OF DRUGS
Lack of self respect .
Not active in school activities and sports .
Disrepect for authority and the Law .
Unable to express emotions in healthfull ways.
PROTECTIVE FACTORS AGAINST DRUGS
. Being Resilient
. Self - respect
.Social Skills
.Set goals and planning
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS Also called psychotropic , is a
term that is applied to chemical substances that charge
a person's mental state by affecting the way the brain
and nervous system work. It affects their perceptions,
moods, and consciousness.
STIMULANTS Also reffered to as "uppers " are
psychoactive drugs which stimulate the central renvous
system. this causes the user to have elevated mod ,
alertress, and awareness. The user will feel fatigue,
weakness, Sleepiness, deep sadness, and depression.
DRUG ABUSE is using a harmful drugch purpose . They
harm themselves and those who are close to them.
their actions bring Form Fox
RESISTANCE SKILLS . this are helpful skills that will
enable a person to say NO or leave a situation and not
be forced into it. Also known as refusal skills , these are
useful against negative peer pressure of also help
individuals practice ways to reinforce decisions, gain
confidence and learn delayed gratification.
DRUG This is generally associated with prescription
medicines . Prescription medicines are meant to be
taken as directed by doctors . This is because these
types of drugs can cause adverte side effects if
directions are not followed.
MOST COMMON DRUG IN THE PHILIPPINES .Most
commonly drug in the PH is a variant of
methomphetaminc called shabu or "poor man's
cocaine."
HOW TO PREVENT DRUG ABUSE
.sports
.volunteering
.clubs or organization
.hobbies
MUSIC nasaksihan o napanood at maaari ring likhang isip
lamang.
FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN One of the composers of the
classical. Eras , called him " Father of the Classical ISUREZUREGUZA
Period " and "Father of the string Quartet " .
.Ito ay isang librong naglalaman ng koleksiyon ng mga
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART Baptised as Johannes sanaysay ng isang Buddhistang Monghe na si Yoshida
Chrywastomus Wolf going theo philus Mozart. He Kenko.
composed from the age of five and performed before
PABULA
European Royalty, earlydeath at the age of 35.

LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN A German compayer and .Nagmula sa salitang Griyegong muzos na ang ibig
sabihin nito ay ‘myth’ o mito.Gumagamit ng mga hayop
pianist one of the most admired composers in the
history of Western Music . His works ranks amongstthe na nagsasalitang parang tao bilang mga panauhing
tauhan.
mastperformed of theclassical music repertoire
andspanthe transition from the classical period to the AESOP – itinuring na ‘Ama ng Sinaunang Pabula’
Romantic eva in Classical music.
TANKA – Ang unang uri ng tulang sumibol at nagging
SONATA . A type of musical composition the commonly tanyag sa bansang Japan. Nangangahulugang maiikling
has a solo instrument or a small instrumental ensemble. awitin na puno ng damdamin ito ay nagpapahayag ng
Capne from the Italian verb "sonare "which means " to emosyon o kaisipan. Nahahati ang taludtod sa lima at
sound" a composition intended for one or two sukat na 5-7-5-7-7 o 7-7-7-5-5 na may kabuuang 31
instruments. pantig.
CLASSICAL PERIOD . Is the time between the post- HALIMBAWA NG TANKA
baroque era and pre-romantic era. Music during this
period was greatly influenced by the revolutions in TANKA NI KITSURAYUKI
Europe countries.
Hindi ko masasabi
EUNUCHS (castrated men) .It featured the bel canto
Iniisip
which was often sung by castrated men.
O aking kaibigan
OPERA SERIA .this is a serious musical opera which
refers to the noble and serious style of Italian Opera Sa dating lugar
from the 1740s to about 1770 in Europe .
Bukaspa ang ligaya
OPERA BUFFA (italian : comic opera) Genre of comic
opera originating in Haples in the mid-18 th century. HAIKU-Ito ay maiksing tula na nagmula rin sa bansang
Japan. Ito ay may tatlong taludtod na may sulat na 5-7-5
FORTISSMO .It is a term used in musuc dynamics. kadalasan ang tem ang haiku ay tungkol sa kalikasan.
Which means to be played very loudly.
HALIMBAWA NG HAIKU
PIANISSIMO .Very softly used as a direction in music.
HAIKU NI MATSUME SOSEKI
FILIPINO
Sa kagubatan
PAGSASALAYSAY
Hangi’y umaalulong
.Ito ay isang uri ng pagpapahayag na mag layuning
ikwento ang mga pangyayari na maaaring pasalita o Walang matangay
pasulat. Ito ay maaaring ibatay sa sariling karanasan,
PONEMANG SUPRASEGMENTAL
Sa pagbibigkas naroon ang pagtaas at pagbaba ng
intoraksuon, diin at maging antala.
MATUSO BASHO
Siya ay tinaguriang greatest master of haiku noong
panahon niya.
MANYOSHU
‘A collection of thousand leaves’ ito ay naglalaman ng
4,500 na tula, siyamnapung bahagdan ng mga tulang ito
ay tanka.
MURASAKI SHIKIBU
Siya ay isang Japanese novelist, makata at lady-in-
waiting sa Imperial Court noon Heian. Kilala siya bilang
may akda ng ‘the tale of Genji’ malawak ma itinuring na
isa sa mga unang nobela sa mundo, na isinulat sa
Japanese sa pagitan ng mga 1000 at 1012.
RESEARCH
STEPS IN FORMULATING SOP
Step 1: Contextualize the problem
Step2: Show why it matters
Step3: Set your aims and objectives
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOP
It should address a gap in knowledge.
It should be significant enough to contribute to the
existing body of research.
It should lead to further research.
The problem should render to itself to investigation
through collection of data.
It should be interest to the researcher and suits his/her
skills, time and resources.
The approach towards solving the problem should be
ethical.
PARTS OF SIP
ABSTRACT is a short summary of your completed
research, describe your work without going into the
great detail.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY they pointed out the
reason of why did they choose that particular topic.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM points out the main
issue, describe what you’re trying to find out
HYPOTHESIS is a positive answer, if-format and a
tentative answer to your problem.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY General contribution of
their study such as the importance to the society and its
contribution to individuals that aimsto solve prevalent
problems.
SCOPE SND LIMITATION states the coverage and extent
of the study; budget and time allotment. Highlights or
any weaknesses upon conducting the investigation.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE compare and
contrast different point of views of authors for further
development of the study, it is a detailed review of
existing literature.
METHODOLOGY Must avoid using the ‘recipe style’
when starting step-by-step procedure, provides details
so thata competent individual can repeat the
experiment.
CONCLUSION helps the reader to understand why your
research should matter to them after they finished
reading your research paper.
RECOMMENDATION highlights specific solutions and
measures. Use to call for action or solutions to the
problems you have investigated in your research paper.
KINDS OF HYPOTHESIS
THE STATISTICAL OR NULL HYPOTHESIS a hypothesis
that states that there is no exsistence of effect or
interaction of relationships and difference .
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS is considered as the
operational or statement of the problem of the
research hypothesis. A statement which is assumed yo
formulate solutions to the given problems.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD HYPOTHESIS

It can be empirically tested .

It should state in definite terms the relationships

between the variables under study.

It is based on the question raised in the study and is

stated in such way that it logically answers the
questions.

COMMON MISTAKES WHEN WRITING BOTS

(BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY)

Don’t write a background that is too long or too short.

Don’t be ambiguous.

Don’t discuss unrelated themes.

Don’t disorganized.