Pyramidal lobe: Vestige of the thyroglossal duct –

PTH :

HISTOLOGY:

- Light stained: chief cells/principal – pale staining w/ nucleus polygonal

- As PTH gets older == Oxiphill cell : pinkish cells : oxiphills cells – they are non-functional
acidophilic

Not PTH !!

Biochem :

Maintenance of : 70-110 mg/dl * glucose*

- Glut 4 – glucose to muscles

- Glucagon, epinp, thyroxine, cortisol – marinating blood glucose level
- Random / fasting glucose >200 – hyperglycemia
- 2% pancrese –
- Alpha cell syn glycogen
- Beta cell syn insulin – in response to high blood sugar level/glucose – glut 4 – glycolytic pathway
---
- Delta cell syn somatostain—brain , GI, brain, pancrease
- Beta cell also syn amylin peptide – target organ muscle , adipose tissue
- It inhbit glycogen
- 51 aa
- Cystine—cysteine * disulifide linkages* link a/beta chains
- Intrachain disulfide linkage – internalize glucose in ms and adipose tissue
- Gly-phe-phe-tyr * it has to be present like this *
- C-peptide * connecting peptide* doesn’t have biology activity
- Measuree c- peptide * how much insulin is admistered* / destroyed in kidney
- Insulin half life is 5 mins
- Insulin release in two spikes , spike relase follow maintenance
- Beta cell – glut 2 affinity high , km low

** def of vit D / LESS SUNLIGHT PROCESS – Develop diabetics

- Insulin binds to alpha receptor

- Beta- unit located in the cytoplasmic area
- Alpha-alpha * disulphide linkage*
- Once insulin binds – change the confirmation –
- Autophoryaltion – intrinsic tyronsine kinase activity --- tyrosine residues w/ phosphate
attachment
- IRS – insulin receptor substance ---PKB
- PKA---Camp
- Irs-- PkB—akt—glut 4 -- translocated into transmembrane -- insulin released-- brings glucose
to normal level
- Know the glucose transporter w/ km
- Glut – decides how much glucose will be distributed
- Fructosamine – glucose attached to albumin * glycosation *