HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

NURFITRI ANUGRAH
200512501028

In this Review Section, you are to make 5 Essay Questions and Answers for
each topic from Meeting 9 to Meeting 14 (from Great Vowel Shift to Future
English). That means you will have 30 questions in total and 30 answers in
total.

Great Vowel Shift

1. What was the impact of great vowel shift?

 The Great Vowel Shift permanently affected the English language and the
way it is taught. The shift changed English letters, sounds, and spellings,
and given its significance, any study of the history of the English language
typically includes discussion of the Great Vowel Shift.
2. Why was the great vowel shift important?
 Through this vowel shift, the pronunciation of all Middle English
long vowels was changed. English spelling began to become
standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the Great Vowel Shift is
the majorreason English spellings now often considerably deviate from
how they represent pronunciations.
3. What is a long vowel sound?
 Long vowel is the term used to refer to vowel sounds whose
pronunciation is the same as its letter name. The five vowels of the English
spelling system ('a', 'e,' 'i,' 'o,' and 'u') each have a corresponding long
vowel sound /e?/, /i/, /??/, /o?/, /yu/.
4. What is the Great Vowel Shift?
 The Great Vowel Shift or GVS refers to a period of radical change in how
the English language is spoken. It is a process of systematic changes in
the pronunciation of all Middle English long vowels in their transition to
Modern English.
5. What happaned in the Great Vowel Shift?
 Concerning the cause of the Great Vowel Shift, L.M. Myers said, "Nobody
knows why it happened, so there is no use to worry about that" (Myers,
1966). Although it is true that there is no consensus on precisely why the
GVS occurred, an examination of the theories surrounding this issue can
be quite revealing. The nature of the GVS and its probable cause tum out
to be closely intertwined, and contribute to an assessment of the GVS as a
"natural" process.
Renaissance

1. What made the Renaissance Period so significant?

 The Renaissance period cultivated a new change in art, knowledge, and
culture. It changed the way the citizens thought, with first the rediscovery
of classical philosophy, literature, and art, as well as the new discoveries in
travel, invention, and style.
2. How did the Renaissance change the culture?
 Renaissance thinkers considered the Middle Ages to have been a period
of cultural decline. They sought to revitalize their culture through
re-emphasizing classical texts and philosophies. They expanded and
interpreted them, creating their own style of art, philosophy and scientific
inquiry.
3. How did the Renaissance affect society?
 The renaissance marked a renewed interest in many things such as the
arts but also brought about change in the areas of class structure; trade;
invention and science. These changes have influenced nearly every social
class and industrialized society in the modern world
4. What is Renaissance
 The Renaissance or the Age of Renewal is the period from the 15th to the
16th century in European history which is a period of transition from the
Middle Ages to the Modern Age. The Renaissance began after the Crisis
of the Late Middle Ages, and was associated with massive social change.
5. How did the Ranaissance affect politics?
 Governments in the Renaissance focused on reducing the impact religion
had on the economy and politics of their society. Wealth began to impact
politics more, such as the Medecci family, who accumulated huge profits
and which were used to finance cultural and political activities.

Early Modern English

1. What is Early Modern English?

 Early Modern English or Early New English is the stage of the English
language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English
Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English,
in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the
mid-to-late 17th century.
2. What is the difference between Early Modern English and Modern
English?
 The main thing about Early Modern English is that it was an early version
of Modern English and is accessible to all of us. The differences between
the two are mainly the loss or change in meaning in Modern English of
some words that were common in Early Modern English.
3. Where was Early Modern English spoken?
 Before and after the accession of James I to the English throne in 1603,
the emerging English standard began to influence the spoken and written
Middle Scots of Scotland.
4. When was Early Modern English?
 In the Early Modern English period (1500–1700), steps were taken toward
Standard English, and this was also the time when Shakespeare wrote, but
these perspectives are only part of the bigger picture. This chapter looks
at Early Modern English as a variable and changing language not unlike
English today
5. What is the early modern period in literature?
 The Early Modern period precedes the development of the modern novel
in the 18th century. During this time, the transition between the epic poem
and a new novel form emerges in the plays of William Shakespeare,
Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson.

Late Modern English

1. When did the Late Modern english begin?

 In many periodizations of human history, the late modern period followed
the early modern period. It began approximately in the mid-18th century
and depending on the author either ended with the beginning of
contemporary history after World War II, or includes that period up to the
present day.
2. When did the late modern english period occur?
 The latter period starts with the Augustan Age – called after the reign
Augustus, a period of peace and imperial grandeur – which begins after
the Restoration period (1660-1690) and ends in the middle of the 18th
century.
3. Who is the main and most famous writer in late modern english?
 Jane Austen
4. In what year did England experience great technological development?
 Between 1750 and 1830 England experienced great technological
developments.
5. What comes after late modern english?
 In many periodizations of human history, the late modern period followed
the early modern period. It began approximately in the mid-18th century
and depending on the author either ended with the beginning of
contemporary history after World War II, or includes that period up to the
present day
World Englishes

1. What are the classificqtion of world englishes

 Perhaps the most common classification of Englishes, especially in the
language teaching world, has been to distinguish between English as a
native language (ENL), English as a second language (ESL) and English as
a foreign language (EFL).
2. What is the difference between world english and world englishes
 World English refers to the English language as a lingua franca used in
business, trade, diplomacy and other spheres of global activity, while
World Englishes refers to the different varieties of English and
English-based creoles developed in different regions of the world.
3. What is the important of world englishes?
 With 2 billion speakers worldwide, English is the largest language by the
number of speakers. It is also the third largest language by the number of
native speakers. As the most common language, English has the power of
connecting people from many different cultures, building relationships
and understanding.
4. What are the factors of World Englishes?
 Ecological, historical, sociolinguistic, and cultural.
5. In what year was the British East India Company founded?
 Founded in 1600 and monopolized all trade, initially mainly spices, in the
East Indies.

English in the future

1. How many areas speak English for the first time?

 English spoken as a first language in more than 30 regions.
2. Why English education is such a sensitive matter in many countries?
 Because the distri- bution of English proficiency may affect the ‘balance of
power’ between ethnic groups and for that reason be subject to political
management.
3. Name three types of English speakers in today's world, each of which
has a different relationship to the language!
 First-language (L1) speakers are those for whom English is a first – and
often only – language. Second- language (L2) speakers have English as a
second or additional language, placing English in a repertoire of
languages where each is used in different contexts. The third group of
English speakers are the growing number of people learning English as a
foreign language (EFL).
4. Name four factors that may disrupt the universal trend towards
English!
 First there is growing competition from other langua- ges outside Europe,
Second, the education system in any multilingual country must cater for
 several languages used within that country, Third, regionalisation may
encourage the use of a non-English lingua franca for trading purposes,
And fourth, a new political spirit of ‘neighbourliness’ may encourage the
study of languages from adjacent countries, rather than those from a diffe-
rent cultural and economic region.
5. How does language change?
 1. Some kinds of change occur quickly, others slowly.
2. Individuals act as agents of change as do governments and institutions.
3. Innovation in language tends to diffuse through social networks.